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Análisis Bibliográfico Sobre La Interacción Entre Carya Illinoinensis Y

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Análisis Bibliográfico Sobre La Interacción Entre Carya Illinoinensis Y Trabajo Final de Carrera Título: Análisis bibliográfico sobre la interacción entre Carya illinoinensis y hongos del género Tuber. Alumno: Rocío Quiroga N° legajo: 28249/4 D.N.I.: 40.622.852. Correo electrónico: [email protected] Teléfono: 1165982418 Director: Gabriela Andrea Morelli Co- director: Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat Fecha de entrega: 12/07/2021 1 1 1- MODALIDAD 2 Investigación bibliográfica. 3 2- RESUMEN 4 Carya illinoinensis o Nuez Pecán es hoy en día un cultivo que está adquiriendo 5 importancia en el país por su alto valor nutricional como alimento. Debido a esto, surge 6 la necesidad de buscar alternativas que sean sustentables, para lograr un mejor 7 desarrollo y calidad del cultivo. Aquí es donde entran en juego las micorrizas como una 8 de las alternativas y, principalmente las ectomicorrizas que se forman como resultado 9 de la simbiosis del árbol con algunas especies de hongos, lo que otorga tanto 10 beneficios a la planta como al hongo. Uno de los géneros de hongos ectomicorrícicos 11 que se puede nombrar es Tuber sp., el cual se caracteriza por formar un cuerpo 12 fructífero hipogeo que se conoce con el nombre de Trufa, la cual hoy en día se 13 comercializa en muchos países del mundo y tiene un gran valor económico. Por eso 14 mismo, el objetivo de este trabajo final fue indagar la información disponible sobre la 15 interacción entre Carya illinoinensis y hongos del género Tuber y analizar su potencial 16 en la producción de plantas de vivero. Luego de realizar esta investigación 17 bibliográfica se puede inferir el gran potencial de esta interacción para la producción 18 de ambos cultivos en conjunto, ya que hay una gran diversidad de trabajos que 19 demuestran que es factible lograr una interacción entre Carya illinoinensis y algunos 20 hongos del género Tuber, como T. melanosporum, T. brumale, T. borchii, T. aestivum 21 y T. lyonii. Sin embargo, sería ideal que se pueda explorar e investigar más sobre 22 Tuber lyonii que es la especie que se asocia naturalmente con Carya illinoinensis. 23 24 3- INTRODUCCIÓN 25 En la actualidad, en Argentina, existe un gran número de viveros destinados a la 26 propagación de diferentes especies leñosas. Entre ellas, encontramos a la especie 2 27 Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch “Nuez Pecán”, la cual ocupa una creciente 28 superficie de plantación en nuestra región, que se traduce en una constante demanda 29 de plantas. Esta especie, perteneciente a la familia de las Juglandáceas (Orden 30 Fagales), es originaria de América del Norte, del centro y este de los EE. UU., y los 31 valles de los principales ríos del norte de México. A la Argentina, llegó en el siglo XIX, 32 a través de semillas traídas por Domingo F. Sarmiento para ser usada como 33 ornamental (Larrea et al., 2019). Actualmente, el cultivo de Nuez Pecán presenta un 34 gran interés ya que el fruto posee un alto valor nutricional como alimento, por su 35 elevado contenido de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, fibra, vitaminas, minerales, 36 flavonoides (antioxidantes) y por ser fuente de ácido fólico (Cadena de Nuez Pecán, 37 2019). 38 La Argentina cuenta con condiciones agroecológicas óptimas para la producción de 39 Nuez Pecán. Se estiman en la actualidad más de 8000 ha implantadas, con una tasa 40 de implantación de 1.500 ha anuales distribuidas desde la Patagonia hasta el NOA, 41 ubicándose las mayores producciones (80%) en las provincias de Entre Ríos, 42 Corrientes, Misiones, Buenos Aires y Santa Fe, siendo la primera la de mayor 43 superficie implantada (54,67%) (Cadena de Nuez Pecán, 2019). 44 El árbol de Nuez Pecán puede alcanzar los 30 m de altura. Si bien entra en producción 45 entre el 4º y 5º año, recién alcanza la etapa de plena producción a partir de los 15 46 años. La vida útil productiva supera los 100 años. Una característica significativa que 47 presenta esta especie es el comportamiento alternante, que supone una producción 48 irregular durante los ciclos de producción, es decir se suceden años de elevada 49 cosecha y otros años de bajos rendimientos (Sparks, 1992). 50 Por esta razón, resulta alentador buscar alternativas sustentables para minimizar los 51 momentos menos productivos de la Nuez Pecán, obteniendo otros productos 52 comestibles y que asimismo mantengan el bienestar de la planta. 3 53 Esta especie se propaga en viveros mediante semillas estratificadas. Las plantaciones 54 comerciales se realizan con plantas injertadas (Madero et al., 2017). El injerto de la 55 Nuez Pecán es uno de los más difíciles de realizar en la práctica, con lo que resulta 56 una oferta restringida en el mercado de plantas (Babuin, 2009). El injerto de yema en 57 parche efectuado a fines de verano y principios de otoño es el método de propagación 58 más importante, el cual se lleva a cabo cuando las plántulas alcanzan un diámetro 59 aproximado de 1,0 a 1,5 cm; generalmente esto se logra recién en el segundo año. El 60 trasplante se hace a raíz desnuda en el invierno, cuando la planta se encuentra en 61 reposo invernal (Hartmann & Kester,1968). En los últimos años, algunos viveros 62 comenzaron a producir plantas en contenedores, las que pueden plantarse a campo 63 en cualquier época del año. Como las plántulas desarrollan una importante raíz 64 pivotante no deben permanecer en el vivero más de 3 años. 65 Es conocido que la misión de todo vivero es obtener plantas de calidad, que 66 garanticen una buena supervivencia y crecimiento en el lugar donde se establezcan en 67 forma definitiva. Desde un enfoque que integra la visión ecológica, la producción de 68 plantas, se debe orientar en aumentar la productividad de los cultivos de manera 69 sostenible y cuidadosa del medio ambiente. 70 Se define como calidad de planta a la capacidad que tienen los individuos para 71 adaptarse y desarrollarse en las condiciones climáticas y edáficas del sitio donde se 72 establecen (Rodríguez, 2008). Esto es condicionado por las características genéticas 73 del germoplasma y por las técnicas utilizadas para su reproducción (Prieto et al., 74 2009). 75 Existen referencias que indican que mientras más grande es la planta obtenida, mayor 76 es su potencialidad de supervivencia (Aguiar & Mello, 1974). Por lo tanto, los 77 parámetros morfológicos como altura, diámetro del cuello de la raíz, biomasa de la 78 parte aérea y de la raíz, así como las relaciones que se establecen entre ellos, pueden 4 79 correlacionarse exitosamente con la supervivencia y el crecimiento inicial en terreno de 80 muchas especies (Ramírez Contreras & Rodríguez Trejo, 2004). 81 Por otro lado, el contenedor a utilizar, el tipo de substrato, la fertilización, el bioinsumo 82 aplicado, el manejo del agua y de la luz o el preacondicionamiento al estrés hídrico 83 son, entre otras, herramientas que pueden garantizar la calidad deseada (Luis et al., 84 2004). 85 86 Necesidad de incrementar la productividad en Carya illinoinensis utilizando 87 estrategias sustentables. 88 89 Aunque existen diferentes estrategias para incrementar la productividad, hoy en día se 90 busca reducir el aporte de la fertilización química en reemplazo a la utilización de 91 biofertilizantes. Estos últimos son productos a base de microorganismos benéficos del 92 suelo, en especial bacterias y/o hongos, que viven asociados o en simbiosis con las 93 plantas. Estos microorganismos ayudan de manera natural a la nutrición de la planta, 94 solubilizando algunos nutrientes pocos móviles en el suelo y poniéndolos a su 95 disponibilidad; además influyen sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal, 96 incrementando calidad y productividad (Mamani de Marchese & Filippone, 2018) 97 Entre éstos, los hongos formadores de micorrizas son una alternativa. Las micorrizas 98 son una asociación simbiótica entre el micelio de un hongo y las raíces de una planta 99 terrestre. Esta relación le otorga una serie de beneficios a la planta, como: 100 Incremento del área fisiológicamente activa en las raíces. 101 Incremento de la captación de las plantas de agua y nutrientes como fósforo, 102 nitrógeno, potasio y calcio del suelo. 5 103 Inducen relaciones hormonales que producen que las raíces simbiontes 104 permanezcan fisiológicamente activas por periodos mayores que las no 105 micorrizadas. 106 Sin embargo, esta relación entre el hongo y la raíz de la planta, también trae 107 beneficios para el hongo como la disponibilidad de carbohidratos y vitaminas desde las 108 plantas y otros factores claves para la diferenciación de las estructuras reproductivas 109 del hongo simbionte, siendo incluso condicionante su asociación para el caso de los 110 hongos micorrícicos arbusculares que son biótrofos obligados. 111 Dentro de las micorrizas, hay distintos tipos que se clasifican sobre la base de ciertas 112 características morfológicas del hongo, como la forma y el tipo de hifas, el nivel de 113 penetración en la raíz o en el tejido, así como los taxa involucrados. Los dos tipos más 114 conocidos de micorrizas son las Endomicorrizas y las Ectomicorrizas, las cuales se 115 diferencian por la ubicación relativa de las hifas respecto a las células corticales de la 116 raíz. En cuanto a las Endomicorrizas, las hifas de los hongos simbiontes crecen tanto 117 intercelularmente en la raíz como en el interior del lumen de las células de su corteza 118 sin alcanzar la endodermis. Dentro de este grupo, hay cuatro subtipos: monotropoide, 119 ericoide, orquideoide y micorrizas arbusculares (MA) (Arango et al., 2020). Las MA es 120 el tipo más frecuente y el que más abunda en la naturaleza. Se caracteriza por no 121 provocar cambios en la morfología de raíz de la planta, la cual es simbionte facultativo, 122 a diferencia del hongo que es simbionte obligado.
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    Aanen, D. K. & T. W. Kuyper (1999). Intercompatibility tests in the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex in northwestern Europe. Mycologia 91: 783-795. Aanen, D. K., T. W. Kuyper, T. Boekhout & R. F. Hoekstra (2000). Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Hebeloma based on ITS1 and 2 sequences, with special emphasis on the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex. Mycologia 92: 269-281. Aanen, D. K. & T. W. Kuyper (2004). A comparison of the application of a biological and phenetic species concept in the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex within a phylogenetic framework. Persoonia 18: 285-316. Abbott, S. O. & Currah, R. S. (1997). The Helvellaceae: Systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America. Mycotaxon 62: 1-125. Abesha, E., G. Caetano-Anollés & K. Høiland (2003). Population genetics and spatial structure of the fairy ring fungus Marasmius oreades in a Norwegian sand dune ecosystem. Mycologia 95: 1021-1031. Abraham, S. P. & A. R. Loeblich III (1995). Gymnopilus palmicola a lignicolous Basidiomycete, growing on the adventitious roots of the palm sabal palmetto in Texas. Principes 39: 84-88. Abrar, S., S. Swapna & M. Krishnappa (2012). Development and morphology of Lysurus cruciatus--an addition to the Indian mycobiota. Mycotaxon 122: 217-282. Accioly, T., R. H. S. F. Cruz, N. M. Assis, N. K. Ishikawa, K. Hosaka, M. P. Martín & I. G. Baseia (2018). Amazonian bird's nest fungi (Basidiomycota): Current knowledge and novelties on Cyathus species. Mycoscience 59: 331-342. Acharya, K., P. Pradhan, N. Chakraborty, A. K. Dutta, S. Saha, S. Sarkar & S. Giri (2010). Two species of Lysurus Fr.: addition to the macrofungi of West Bengal.
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