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Forests and Commons-Based Resources Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città Forests and commons-based resources From resources to landscape: institutions, forest products and the case of Tuber magnatum in Piedmont Supervisor Luigi Buzzacchi Correlator Candidate Politecnico di Torino Antonella Contin Simone Mazzero A.A. 2017/18 Index INDEX ..................................................................................................................... III Index of Figures .............................................................................................................................V Index of Graphics ..........................................................................................................................V Index of Tables ............................................................................................................................ VI 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 9 2. FORESTS AND COMMONS ................................................................................. 18 2.1 For a correct terminology ............................................................................................. 19 The concept of property and its ambiguity ..........................................................................20 Defining what is a “forest” ...............................................................................................22 What’s the meaning of “commons”?..................................................................................27 2.2 Forests: present and future role on a global scale ..................................................... 29 Past and present ...............................................................................................................30 Forest economic duality: goods source and services provider .................................................33 Towards the 2030 Agenda: forest benefits to SDGs .........................................................37 2.3 Commons: how they work, tragedies and potentials ................................................... 44 The emerging of the commons’ dilemma and their characteristics .........................................45 The “Tragedy” of commons ..............................................................................................47 Commons’ opportunities in global settings .........................................................................51 2.4 Meeting points: a first conclusion on forest and commons ..................................... 55 3. FOREST PRODUCTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ............................................. 60 3.1 Understanding the terminology .................................................................................... 61 Forest products: not simply wood.......................................................................................62 What are institutions .......................................................................................................65 Defining institutional change ............................................................................................69 3.2 The products of the forest ............................................................................................ 74 Timber and wood products ................................................................................................75 Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFPs) ...................................................................83 Forest resources certification as a way towards sustainability ..............................................95 3.3 Institutions and forest governance ............................................................................ 108 III 3.4 A planner’s perspective on forests governance ....................................................... 114 4. CASE STUDY: ALBA’S WHITE TRUFFLE (TUBER MAGNATUM).................... 118 4.1 Concerning the White Truffle .................................................................................... 119 What is a truffle: denominations and characteristics ....................................................... 120 What about the white truffle of Alba (Tuber magnatum Pico)? ...................................... 126 Truffles between tradition and modernity in Italy and Piedmont ..................................... 131 4.2 Normative framework ................................................................................................. 134 International normative ................................................................................................. 135 National normative ....................................................................................................... 138 Piano nazionale della filiera del tartufo 2017-2020 ...................................................... 142 Regional framework ...................................................................................................... 147 4.3 Comprehending the local framework ........................................................................ 155 The white truffle supply chain in Piedmont ..................................................................... 156 Truffle vs Wine: Market rivalry and Langhe-Roero WHS nominee effects ..................... 163 The institutional side – Interview with Flavia Righi ...................................................... 177 4.4 What future for the Piedmont white truffle? ........................................................... 182 Technological developments in cultivation ........................................................................ 183 Privatization of the landscape ........................................................................................ 186 Market restructuration .................................................................................................. 189 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 191 RINGRAZIAMENTI .................................................................................................. 204 IV Index of Figures Figure 1. Biomes of the world. Source: (Achard, 2009) ............................................................ 26 Figure 2. Sustainable Development Goals developed for 2030 UN Agenda ........................ 38 Figure 3. Map of the "new commons ". Source (Hess, 2008) .................................................. 53 Figure 4. City of Yawnghwe in the Inle Lake, Myanmar .......................................................... 76 Figure 5. Borgund Stave Church in Norway ............................................................................... 76 Figure 6. Metropol Parasol wooden sculpture at La Encarnación square, in Sevilla, Spain. Designed by architect Jürgen Mayer. ........................................................................................... 76 Figure 7. Timber and wood products ©FAO ............................................................................ 82 Figure 8. Country development relationship to forest transitions. Source (García-Fernández, Ruiz-Perez, & Wunder, 2008) ....................................................................................................... 93 Figure 9. Principles for robust governance of environmental resources (on the sides) and their requirements (in the middle). Source (Dietz, Ostrom, & C., 2003) ............................. 113 Figure 10. The Truffle Fair of Alba: past and present ............................................................. 133 Figure 11. A “trifolau” harvesting truffles with guiding dog and “vanghetto” © Jan Dahlqvist ......................................................................................................................................................... 158 Figure 12. Reimburse scheme for truffle ground maintenance in Cuneo province ............ 161 Figure 13. Distribution of vineyards across Piedmont and comparison with Tuber magnatum productive grounds distribution ................................................................................................. 165 Figure 14. Vineyard lifecycle. Source (Fregoni, 2013) ............................................................. 167 Figure 15.Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato. Source: UNESCO ....................................................................................................................................... 172 Figure 16. Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato ................... 173 Figure 17. Truffles as "sustainability indicator" ........................................................................ 185 Index of Graphics Graphic 1. Value added by forestry and logging by income category. Source (FAO, 2015) 78 Graphic 2. Contribution of forestry and logging to GDP. Source (FAO, 2015) .................. 78 Graphic 3. Tuber magnatum production per region (medium 2002, 2006 and 2007). Source ISTAT ............................................................................................................................................. 127 Graphic 4. Vineyard land value yearly price variation between 2011 and 2016 (%). Source CREA.............................................................................................................................................. 175 V Index of Tables Table 1. Distribution and structure of the world’s forests (and other woodlands) ..............
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    Aanen, D. K. & T. W. Kuyper (1999). Intercompatibility tests in the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex in northwestern Europe. Mycologia 91: 783-795. Aanen, D. K., T. W. Kuyper, T. Boekhout & R. F. Hoekstra (2000). Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Hebeloma based on ITS1 and 2 sequences, with special emphasis on the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex. Mycologia 92: 269-281. Aanen, D. K. & T. W. Kuyper (2004). A comparison of the application of a biological and phenetic species concept in the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex within a phylogenetic framework. Persoonia 18: 285-316. Abbott, S. O. & Currah, R. S. (1997). The Helvellaceae: Systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America. Mycotaxon 62: 1-125. Abesha, E., G. Caetano-Anollés & K. Høiland (2003). Population genetics and spatial structure of the fairy ring fungus Marasmius oreades in a Norwegian sand dune ecosystem. Mycologia 95: 1021-1031. Abraham, S. P. & A. R. Loeblich III (1995). Gymnopilus palmicola a lignicolous Basidiomycete, growing on the adventitious roots of the palm sabal palmetto in Texas. Principes 39: 84-88. Abrar, S., S. Swapna & M. Krishnappa (2012). Development and morphology of Lysurus cruciatus--an addition to the Indian mycobiota. Mycotaxon 122: 217-282. Accioly, T., R. H. S. F. Cruz, N. M. Assis, N. K. Ishikawa, K. Hosaka, M. P. Martín & I. G. Baseia (2018). Amazonian bird's nest fungi (Basidiomycota): Current knowledge and novelties on Cyathus species. Mycoscience 59: 331-342. Acharya, K., P. Pradhan, N. Chakraborty, A. K. Dutta, S. Saha, S. Sarkar & S. Giri (2010). Two species of Lysurus Fr.: addition to the macrofungi of West Bengal.
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