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Home , Glass beadmaking, Warring States period, Western Zhou, Western Zhou (state)

52 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 well established, with the former using sophisticated sophisticated were using former industries the stone with and established, well then, By Zhou the dynasty. of periods (W.S.) States Spring the in Autumn/Warring and and frit silicates, composite 1000 and about B.C. faience East; Near the behind lagging , still are which and 1996-1997). Liu 1995; (Murphy looting, available by sourced often markets, antiquities world the on 1990s the least at since sold widely important cultural relics, of the Zhou/ times were 2013; 2005, and 2013; Lankton 2006, 2013; 2001, Dussubieux Kwan 2009; (Gan beads bearing sites such excavated of number Raman the in despite increase used, enormous and or made were XRF they how typology, or their to chronology like attention little with but techniques spectroscopy, to non-destructive begun have sophisticated through themselves composition, their study intensively Chinese decades past the in stylistics, and age makeup, chemical their researched China of outside Chinese or scientists foreign mostly previously B.C. Transparent hexagonal glass in right corner, similar in shape to glass and Chinese purple rods; this bead also occurs in barrel shape. shape. barrel in occurs also Liu/ bead K. this century Robert rods; by third purple to Photographs Chinese and dating glass to shape eyebeads, in glass similar corner, right square-section in bead two pottery, glass are hexagonal glazed right To are Transparent B.C. examination. perforations showing microscopic by beads six determined The pottery/ cores, clay glazed perforation. or is around right faience To with carefully eyes. extending remnant designs frit-like eyes, almost and stratified with decorations bead glazed core, composite sintered with eyebead striped is to right to appearance and in similar Adjacent bead glass eyed Zhou is right slumped. the barely are dots glass to core; faience sintered a with but rosettes, below, glass seven/eight-dot with bead is left to and Slightly Below prototypes. Western eyes. green/yellow with bead, frit eyed is by Below colored bead Purple. pottery Chinese composite/glazed is beads disk to Adjacent faience. is bottom by bead turquoise cylindrical shortest beads; disk and BEADS centimeters. 1.93 POTTERY to 0.45 GLAZED from OR ranging B.C., COMPOSITE 1046-221 AND Period, States GLASS Warring FRIT, FAIENCE, GLASSY FAIENCE, STATES ZHOU/WARRING S Faience, composite silicates and glass came late to to late came glass and silicates composite Faience, field has undergone a sharp dichotomy. While While dichotomy. sharp a undergone has field other this and 1975, in Dynasty Zhou the of ornaments glass silicate faience, the studying began I ince Z an hou et al et ., 2013; 2013). Now regarded as as regarded Now 2013). Zhu 2013; ., d Ornament Ornament et al et

., 2015; Liu 1975, 1991, 1991, 1975, Liu 2015; ., S unless otherwise noted. noted. otherwise unless D ilicate ynasty emperor down to at least minor officials, evident from from evident and glass Eyed goods. officials, grave as found only are which beads, minor least at to the down from spread emperor use its Dynasty, Zhou the in while elite, the to restricted more been have may glass 2014), (Rehren Egypt and Mesopotamia Aegean, the in But 94-95). 2008: the Mycenaeans, in the Late Aegean (Nightingale by practiced also was swords like weapons with glass fragile of use the Interestingly, represented. not are Periods W.S. on page 57, although glass sword furniture shown of theartifacts by Mid-to-Latethe evident as of period, States usage foment Zhou/Warring intellectual and silicate warfare constant other of times and glass turbulent very these during deeply society Chinese into penetrated how realize to nor typology, data and this dating/chronology apply their to towards easily difficult is it ornaments Dynasty, Zhou silicate the of from array fascinating the in interested ceramics. early of role the implicates also beads composite on research own My artifacts. glass Han and Zhou finished glass their ornaments, as seen in fabricating mold-cast, press-moldedfor and lapidary- techniques same these of some had adapted glassworkers Chinese early these that I realized employed 1970s, the in Even technology. latter lapidary advanced the similarly while core-casting, and piece-mold From left to right, top to bottom to top right, to left From While much information is now available to those those to available now is information much While J ewelry G Robert K.Liu lass : Glassy faience bicone/cylindrical bicone/cylindrical faience Glassy : dating from the to to Zhou Western the from dating

glaze decorations are directly applied (not efflorescence or or efflorescence (not applied directly are decorations glaze faience states (2013) Yang although understood, little still is beads such to applied is glaze or components glass How beads. pottery glazed and faience glassy both color oxides, barium/lead containing Purple, Chinese and Blue Chinese with either faience or clay cores that are hard to differentiate. beads, glazed or composite frit, is it beads; glass real as well as beads, faience glassy and faience simple of terms in easy, and cores of ornaments. such on appear that appearances surfaces and colors, typology, to to motifs, exposure enough easier had has one much if silicate of especially is ornaments, categories it various the page, identify or this differentiate on image even or right-hand intact views upper the like one magnification lower a if at specimens, broken But situation. trees the for forest the see to able being not a virtual silicates, Zhou with 20-40x under types; these stereoscopic microscopy; this is also my personal experience differentiate to is difficult it very states Yang visually, examined When silicates. other these to relationship close a demonstrating glass, or frit to one with clay core and all were decorated with glazes related cores, faience with beads as confirmed were Three glass. or were they if cores) clay (with pottery glazed frit, quartz), (glazed faience examination visual from tell not B.C.); could (475-221 they Period W.S. Late to Middle the of tomb technology. glass Chinese in role Hurrian a postulated Persian- called the the called Persian-Scythians especially Hurrians, the like tribes to nomadic Road via Xinjiang, Oasis the along Asia West from China into came technology glass/silicate believes 67) 64, (2009: Gan are artifacts only to used by Chinese, like produced objects unique the of being some that time and glass, this Chinese during found silicates many of composition the to due 2009), (Gan “self-invention” of result the ornaments silicate other eye and glass faience, Zhou calling as well now regard scientists glass Chinese Some as of by hotworking. versa, vice instead a is misunderstanding, which inlaid, as and decorations frit, or full as faience misidentified been hampered has Glass have data. their of which application terminology incorrect and or not well fragmentary, photographed, are as well figured, as not subject to either misidentificationsthe are of tested many silicates that problem the exists still beads. there W.S. of However, stylistics the detail in discussed has 1997) Western co-author, have helped greatly. Chang (in Chinese, a with sometimes journals, language English in of publishing now chart researchers 5 Chinese Fig. prominent many (2001: and eyebeads) glass/silicates Chinese ancient of survey extensive of Kwan’s (2013) Keller like at translation, efforts recent although literature, glass Chinese to accessing probably 2013). (Keller coffins outer and inner necklaces, of in used been earrings, strung sparsely on belts and as amuletic protection have Zhou beads Such B.C. silicate 221 about ending about years, for hundred objects three funerary as popular glazed were and cores) decorations, clay or faience (with beads composite Identification at either ends of the spectrum is relatively is relatively of ends at the spectrum either Identification al. et Yang The language barrier had been the primary hindrance hindrance primary the been had barrier language The (2013) tested four eyed beads from a Henan a from beads eyed four tested (2013) Sai and cicadas. However, . Engle (1976) also also (1976) Engle . or or JEWELRY: SILICATE AND GLASS STONE, ZHOU Walker . Qin. Walker by 2014 in photographed display Museum Ontario Royal a is This row. second photograph, top in shown bead glass superb with terminating in 1975atandcourtesyoftheRoyalOntarioMuseum(ROM),Canada. pentagonal rosettes, author by Photographed long. centimeters five approximately is bead Largest workmanship. precision as well acentric/horned), as microdots, and enclosures (some eyes, BEADS, stratified GLASS/COMPOSITE STATES WARRING carnelian beads and glassy faience bicone beads in excellent excellent in emperor. beads bicone the by worn be only disk can faience seven with and adornment this condition; glassy cylindrical and with beads interspersed carnelian huang, similar of necklace huang , strung with eyebeads (probably glass, Kwan 2001: 158-159), 158-159), 2001: Kwan glass, (probably eyebeads with strung , Photograph by Walker Qin, courtesy of Henan Museum. Henan of courtesy Qin, Walker by Photograph orey f ROM. of Courtesy Lower image is closeup of Zhou Zhou of closeup is image Lower upper image of arc arc jade of image upper with design motifs of of motifs design with

53 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 54 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 hand-dotting. Illustrates why some think stratified eyes are inlaid. Microdots vary between 7 and 9, sometimes in a 7.0 millimeters distance. millimeters 7.0 a in sometimes 9, and 7 between vary Microdots inlaid. are eyes stratified think some why Illustrates hand-dotting. by hotworked not and inlaid, was glass white the that impression the giving thus pits, and grooves concentric leaving off, fallen has microdots and (2003). it is 2.1 centimeters high with eight-layereyes,withcentimetershigh 2.1 is it like this one. W.S. GLASS BEAD WITH STRATIFIED EYES AND ROSETTES, in excellent condition, with first dot under rosettes pulled into a cruciform pattern; is specimen known other no rosettes, with some eyebeads, horned glass W.S. other of number a shows 148-153) (2001: Kwan While price. original dotting (Liu 1995, Holland and Holland 2003). Purchased in 1986 from a French collector, it sold after the death of the owner for some forty times the a medium transparent blue color under the corrosion; composed of at least 169 separate pieces of glass, it was most likelyperforation. centimeters fabricated0.8 with high, by component- centimeters 1.9 Dynasty, Zhou the of precise and complex most the perhaps ROSETTES, EYE - 7 WITH EYEBEAD HORNED STRATIFIED STATES WARRING light at SHMOG exhibit (Liu 2013b). Note rosettes vary primarily between six or seven eyes in five of the beads shown. beads the of five in eyes seven or six between primarily vary rosettes Note 2013b). (Liu exhibit SHMOG at light exhibition. SHMOG 2013 at Benesh-Liu Patrick light. EYEBEAD GLASS W.S. shape,similar inmotif tobead onpage 53; dated 475-221 B.C., 3.0 centimeters high. long. CRESCENT-SHAPED GLASS ORNAMENT, diamond pattern and stratified eyes, dated 475-221 B.C.; some have persimmon calyx pattern or microdots (Kwan 2001: 177-187), 4.4 centimeters long. REPRESENTATIVEWARRINGSTATESGLASSBEADS, W.S. CYLINDRICAL BEAD BEAD CYLINDRICAL W.S. W.S. GLASS BARREL BEAD W.S. GLASS EYEBEAD WITH MICRODOTS CONNECTING EYES, with three registers of rosettes and eyes, 2.5 centimeters high, transparent green when transilluminated, brown with reflective reflective with brown transilluminated, when green transparent high, centimeters 2.5 eyes, and rosettes of registers three with with elaborate lines of dots, rosettes and stratified eyes, on diamond-shaped dots, result of first dot being pulled into this with stratified eyes, rosettes, zig-zag lines and reticello around perforation, 3.5 centimeters high. high. centimeters 3.5 perforation, around reticello and lines zig-zag rosettes, eyes, stratified with not perforated, with stratified eyes/microdots (KWAN 2001: 216-217), Late W.S., third century B.C., 2.9 centimeters Courtesy of the late Albert Summerfield Albert late the of Courtesy courtesy of W. SeifriedW. courtesyof

W.S. BEAD W.S. from left to right, top to bottomtoright,top toleftfrom with ten layer acentric eyes, rosettes and pulled dots, under reflective/transillumination reflective/transillumination under dots, pulled and rosettes eyes, acentric layer ten with 1.8 centimeters high, well-made but devitrified, so that the white glass of the eyes . Sage and Tom Holland believe this bead was made by hand-dottedmethodby made was beadthis believeHolland Tom and Sage . . Although devitrified and repaired, it is in excellent condition, being condition, excellent in is it repaired, and devitrified Although . : W.S. GLASSCYLINDRICALW.S. BEADS Photographscourtesy ofShanghai Museum ofGlass (SHMOG) , intact and broken,intactanddecorated, with Photographed by by Photographed . FABRICATION: FOR KILN/FURNACE POSSIBLE AND BEADS W.S. DECORATING OR MAKING FOR TECHNIQUES BEADS; STATES WARRING ACTUAL/FAKE INTERPRETATIONS, BYSAGE HOLLAND, 2.36 centimeters diameter, with double-lines of microdots connecting eyes; 12 microdots in a curved 1.0 centimeter distance. KILN Likely made in China, 6.0 centimeters long. from book by H.S. Chang (1996). About twenty-four were purchased in Khartoum by John Kowalski in 2012, sign of the worldwide trade in such beads. beadwith applied cone of stratified eyes (Holland and Holland 2003). tde ta Mr Knyr ( Kenoyer Mark that studies or molded components are involved. Perhaps the replication pre-made beads, frit the of some in that and cementation) used for Zhou beadmaking, since no excavated examples examples excavated no since beadmaking, Zhou for used faience nor frit Neither page. fashion. this in hotworked be can decorations opposite on and examples in 53 as page registers, distinct and star-shapes or beads have bordered lines of dots, dots pulled into cruciform glass Only 53. 52, pages on as lines, pentagonal with eyes of as tall. Another diagnostic glazed not bead but feature beads, is theglass enclosingon those like multilayered be can eyes by (?) although brush due to application crude, more much rosettes, microdots and other decorative features are usually or glazed beads, whether with faience or clay cores, the eyes, number of eyes or dots, but often six or seven. On composite single or double lines of microdots, and rosettes with varying by connected often glass, only for horned or acentric some monochrome for eyes, stratified possess Zhou frit and ornaments beads, glass Except 130-131). pattern, lattice- with work/trellis or B.C. century third 214-215, 2001: (Kwan nipples protruding with ones rare the except photograph, page opening the on shown are beads faience faience/glassy simple Most proceed? perspective craft and history art an techniques. and equipment laboratory bead samples and cannot be confirmed without sophisticated four (2013) Yang’s with difficult appear does composition or material of type of identification However, issues. these of some resolve will colleagues Chinese with undertaking by Dudley Giberson, similar to vintage and contemporary Japanese glass beadmaking kilns (Blair 1973, Zhu 2013). We do not know what types of kilns or furnaces were were furnaces or kilns of types what know not do We from ornaments Zhou How do who then research those

Left to right, top to bottom: to top right, to Left with microdots byBeau Anderson. es comm pers. GLASS BEADMAKERS,

COMPONENT-DOTTING PhotographbySage ., 2013) is is 2013) ., method of making W.S. beads, with hotworked bar, lapidary-worked cone, and cone, lapidary-worked bar, hotworked with beads, W.S. making of method ARTIFICIALLYAGED FAKE . working around circular clay kiln (Kan and Liu 1984). TOMHOLLAND on opposite page, are very difficult to achieve, unless the the unless achieve, to difficult very Tom are page, opposite on beadmakers. glass those like eyes, stratified well-spaced that believes Holland contemporary for difficult is surface. bead refractory the to due slumped, barely but hot, applied dots the with made, was dots glass be the opening image with rosettes of seven or on eight blue/green materials bead faience glazed silicate the cannot how two understand to us these enabled with Faience experience feat. His a torch. with worked be can difficult but refractory very a is fire-polished, beads, own faience his to glass applied has who know I artist only the is He features. decorative their of most replicate to ability his show will interpretations Holland’s Tom with beads glass actual the of comparison A beads. glass W.S. of types most for account can component-dotting and hand-dotting that were beads glass and have demonstrated (2003) and Holland Holland fabricated. pottery glazed frit, States Warring how be in the possibly area promise of determining greatest microdots. like tasks for required were flames point or Blair (1973) might also offer clues. SageJapanese has suggested focused contemporary by beadmakers.Vintage, possibly used portable furnaces asshown in as torches, vertical function like might that furnaces vertical small or and 1984), (Kan Liu Shandong in used those like kilns beadmakers for rim glass to furnace similar be may they the Or components. on pre-warming vessels with beads, glass wound making are beadmakers where charcoal, by fueled furnace, clay open an of illustration an shows 122) (2013: Zhu exist. But achieving the same level of precision of W.S. beads beads W.S. of precision of level same the achieving But may artists bead glass contemporary of work The

W.S. compared to possibly real cylindrical glass W.S. bead BEAD INTERPRETATIONS W.S. GLASS STRATIFIED EYEBEAD , largest, 5.0centimeters high. FOUR DIRECTIONS BEAD VOLCANO/VERTICAL ,

55 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 56 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 their dating, typology/description/characteristics and possible manufacturing techniques and references. references. and techniques manufacturing possible Seifried. W. and and Ross D. Lindstrom, N. late the , A. Chang, H.S. of Courtesy typology/description/characteristics dating, their BEADS: POTTERY GLAZED AND GLASS FRIT, FAIENCE, GLASSY FAIENCE, STATES DYNASTY/WARRING ZHOU OF TYPES MAJOR or layers of eyes, often just a contrasting ring (Yang (Yang ring contrasting a just often eyes, of layers or two-colors have to seem and only beads frit Real value. in co-equal contemporaneous possibly degree some to are they show composite/ and beads glass glazed of dates overlapping the 2005), (Liu usage and again until Merovingian times (Koch 1997). (Koch times Merovingian until again shape; appear into not do eyes, stratified without marvered although eyebeads, were glass square eyebeads bit square perhaps W.S. color. variations, in red slight more and reddish-brown this only times, second these in as corner, each at during made been has glass red true No eyes image. above in left from bead with beads composite/glazed in antecedents had have may EYEBEADS, shape unique This bead. larger of condition STRATIFIED GLASS dating to third century B.C., 1.5-1.8 centimeters long; note excellent glass SQUARE-SECTION STATES WARRING LATE W.S. FRIT BEAD: FRIT W.S. AND CORES FAIENCE WITH BEADS COMPOSITE/GLAZED STATES WARRING core with glazed decorations) or glazed pottery beads are dated dated are beads pottery glazed Li or by B.C. 332-221 between decorations) glazed with core (faience Composite diameter. centimeters 1.5 is bead frit right-hand the (Yang researchers Western Zhou to , 1046-500 B.C. (Li (Li B.C. 1046-500 Period, Autumn and Spring to Zhou Western the from Dated East. Near the in as natron, than rather ashes, plant with ancient faience ornaments of the world (Liu 2000), unlike the very very oxides. the lead/barium by colored unlike richly more 2000), below, shown (Liu beads faience heavy and world dense glassy, the Zhou of distinctive ornaments faience other many ancient to similar is surface weathered blue, pale rather their are and these friable long; centimeters 1.1 bead cylindrical Shortest 2015). but they were also used in emperors’ necklaces. emperors’ in used also were they but Kwan (2001) states that faience beads were of little value and widespread, Visually, some of these glassy faience are hard to differentiate from glass. to the eighth to third centuries B.C. (cf Photo1.2, Gan 2009; Li like these and octagonal rods colored by these lead/barium oxides date beads faience Chinese 2013). Zhu 53; page (see jade with strung often was beads; disk for except faience, glassy dense Very centimeters. 3.0 2009). Diameters range from 0.7 to 1.3 centimeters, while longest cylindrical eyebeads, as frit beads cannot be made with such stratified eyes. stratified such with made be cannot beads frit as eyebeads, almost is one glass be to have these which composition, glass to due indigenous as claimed of but prototypes eyebeads, Western on Based eyebead. virtually paired middle stratified to identical of but types two East, of Near strand Gan from by shows he , in frit found and as W.S. early are to dated and 1.3) Described Photo (2009: China. two in found those other from indistinguishable while Henan, is bead left from Far diameter. centimeters 1.2-1.3 2009); EYEBEADS (Gan glass soda-lime of silicate B.C., 500 about STRATIFIED dating Chinese/Japanese, by GLASS eyebeads CHINESE EARLIEST (Li faience Afghan and Iranian in used B.C.), Blue and Chinese Purple; pigments are similar to Egyptian Blue (circa 3600 BEADS FAIENCE GLASSY ZHOU K BEADS used FAIENCE (Brill analyses isotope lead through origin indigenous CYLINDRICAL AND BICONE ZHOU flame is still a matter of conjecture, as no Zhou glass or other silicate silicate other or glass known. are Zhou sites no as beadmaking conjecture, 2003), of matter by a point Holland of still type is made and some flame with are and/or kiln (Holland a They in fabricated whether examples. although component-dotting or Chinese in seen hand-dotting precision the with elsewhere, and East nor examples, W.S. Near in as bead, the single a into combined from never were they beads glass rosettes and are ancient eyes in these used stratified or are rosettes; horned While and high. eyes centimeters connecting 1.9-2.1 microdots of or single lines eyes), horned double as (sometimes eyes stratified EYEBEADS of motifs GLASS primary (W.S.) STATES WARRING 2 O or or O first three from left are termed glazed pottery by Chinese Chinese by pottery glazed termed are left from three first 2 O

et al et as flux, colored by copper oxides and were made were and oxides copper by colored flux, as ., 2013). They are 1.1-1.3 centimeters wide, while while wide, centimeters 1.1-1.3 are They 2013). ., et al et , colored by Chinese Blue, Chinese Deep Deep Chinese Blue, Chinese by colored , . (2015). Because of similarities in motifs motifs in similarities of Because (2015). . , dated 475-221 B.C., with with B.C., 475-221 dated , et al et ., 2015; Liu 1996/1997, 1996/1997, Liu 2015; ., , called Dragonfly Dragonfly called , et al et , identified as of of as identified , et al et ., 1991). These These 1991). ., ., 2013). ., et al ., 2015). et al et ., ., ornaments (Lierke 1992). (Lierke ornaments glass early about glassworkers European by discussed also precision, and a delicacy such whether for of required was the issue flame of point the up instead brings used again This were rod. filament thicker fine a if glass, the of up balling the prevents that mass cooler a of remains rod rest the the point, the just heating By microdotting. when thin cane about thick 2-3 to millimeters make a short point, single a uses Holland Tom microdots. may Zhou to close come Anderson Beau like eyesight good experienced with Young, beadmakers 56). 54, pages (see devitrified behave when microdots and eyes stratified in glass the how we if see were likely seem not microdots does this but that filled, then idea and drilled the forth put ancient beads, of Chinese collector experienced and early an Ross, Dirk centimeter. one of distance curved a in dots twelve put to able was 55 page on shown microdots of rows double with eyebead the of maker ancient The distance. millimeters 7 a than less in dots ten place to able were who makers, of Zhou skill the match to able been have beadmakers Western no beads, pottery glazed some and glass W.S. on feature a dot from going oval. In terms of microdots connecting eyes, the prevents which it, on down presses gently and dot the marvers Holland hand-dotting, using when round, dots his keep to order In components. pre-made to resorts maker types. many of furniture sword glass Zhou molded ROM; of courtesy Qin, Walker by photographed W.S. pottery beads, 25.0 centimeters high, plugs, orifice to similar bi, PURPOSES, bottom: FUNERARY AND GOODS LUXURY ADORNMENT, PERSONAL FOR SILICATES OTHER AND GLASS OF USE ZHOU/HAN cicadas, badly devitrified, one very highly stylized, with facetted glass rod showing their original color, color, original their showing rod glass facetted with stylized, highly very one devitrified, badly bead, cicadas, or cabochon glass-eyed and bi jade inset with dynasty, Zhou mirror, bronze corroded badly decorated with seven-eye rosettes, compared to composite/glazed bead with same decoration, decoration, same with bead composite/glazed to compared rosettes, seven-eye with decorated burial suit plaque with designs/gilding and cicada or or cicada and designs/gilding with plaque suit burial glass ear ornaments cast in two-part molds and lapidary finished, finished, lapidary and molds two-part in cast ornaments ear glass Dynasty Zhou

made of jade or glass (Kwan 2001: 272-273); ceramic pot has glazed decorations similar to those on composite/glazed composite/glazed on those to similar decorations glazed has pot ceramic 272-273); 2001: (Kwan glass or jade of made courtesy of SHMOG; Zhou gilded bronze horse furniture, set with stratified glass eyebeads or cabochons, Zhou bronze belt hook, inset with spotted glass bead, bead, glass spotted with inset hook, belt bronze Zhou han , for insertion in mouth of dead (imitations of mutton fat jade?), jade?), fat mutton of (imitations dead of mouth in insertion for , that Sage and Tom Holland (2003) have done, our our done, furthered. be would much have so achieve to able were (2003) craftsmen glass ancient these Holland how of Tom understanding and beadmaking Sage glass that investigative of type the undertake to were Arts of University of Yang Emily like glass artists academic and beadmakers glass Chinese talented of pool if large the No doubt beads. amazing of these typology to able be will and chronology a reliable and construct material this access researchers Chinese hopefully Chinese in museums, now ornaments silicate excavated States of Zhou/Warring database potential enormous the With art. bead glass Chinese studying Glass of Museum of who have provided study specimens, for which I am very thankful, are credited caption. credited cover are front the on thankful, and very article am this in I captions which the in for specimens, Those study literature. provided critical have who provided Lankton Jim and Busch Jürgen on prototypes beads. as W.S. served discussions for beads” of fruitful “Phoenician that many 1970s the had manufacture in have suggested the he I topic; on and this Allen Jamey interpretations their beads. Sage States use invaluable Warring translations. to and provided and director photographs glass Holland permission museum Tom Chinese , his on and for for insights Qin Zhang her Walker for (SHMOG) and Zhu thank Xiaoli literature, Glass I to of grateful as am I Similarly, well Museum as photographs. images. Shanghai collections, my Han the and of publish Zhou to their study to permission permission for Toronto, Museum, Ontario Royal the of Chen Dr. and Dohrenwend Dorie Dr. thank I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Zhu, Zhu, China has had an explosion of glass beadmaking (Xiaoli (Xiaoli beadmaking of glass an had has explosion China pers. comm. pers. courtesy of SHMOG of courtesy 2013), as well as glass artists like Mu Zhi Mu like artists glass as well as 2013), courtesy of ROM of courtesy courtesy of ROM of courtesy courtesy of D. Ross. Ross. D. of courtesy courtesy of ROM. ROM. of courtesy ; cast/press-molded Zhou/Han glass glass Zhou/Han cast/press-molded ; ; Zhou/Han molded glass glass molded Zhou/Han ; from left to right, top to to top right, to left from ; glass shards of vessel vessel of shards glass ; Not shown are cast/ are shown Not Such rods are very very are rods Such courtesy of ROM of courtesy ;

57 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 58 ORNAMENT 38.4.2015 So, J. F. and .C. Bunker. E.C. and F. J. So, Beck. H.C. and C.G. Seligman, Spaer, M. M. Spaer, Zhu, X. Zhu, M. Zhi, T. Yoshimizu, Y. Yang, Stapleton. C.P. and Freestone I.C. N., Wood, T. Rehren, G. Nightingale, (eds) Shaw. I. and P.T. Nicholson, J.D. Murphy, S. Liu, Glass. of Museum Shanghai News. Museum —2013b Minority. and Export Beads. Glass Chinese —2013a Museum. Sackler M. Arthur Museum. Art Harvard News. Museum —2008 Zhou the of Ornaments Faience Unusual Beads. Glazed States Warring Chinese —2005 Artifacts. from Attitudes Deducing —2001 ornaments. faience ancient of Comparisons —2000 Collecting. and Looting Research, Ornaments. Glass Chinese Ancient —1996/1997 —1995 Han. to Zhou Ornaments. Chinese Ancient —1991 —1985 Asian Glass Ornaments. Pt. II II Pt. Ornaments. Glass Asian —1985 — places. other from things other some and China, ancient in glassmaking and Glass —1993 (eds.) Martin. J.H. and R.H. Brill, Gan, F., H. Cheng and Q. Li. Li. Q. and Cheng H. F., Gan, Jr. P.F., Francis, A. Engle, Liu, R. K. R. Liu, Lierke, R. R. Lierke, Q.H. Li, S. Kwan, U. Koch, periods. Han and States Warring the of glass monochrome and Polychrome —2002 Lankton, J.W. Lankton, — Liu. R.K. and P. Kan, Holland. T. and S. Holland, team. Archaeological City Sanmenxia and Archaeology of Institute Provincial Henan H. Chang, —2009 Origin and Evolution of Ancient Chinese Glass. Glass. Chinese Ancient of Evolution and Origin —2009 D. Dohrenwend, —1997 —2013 Early Glass in Southeast Asia. Asia. Southeast in Glass Early —2013 C. Braghin, D. Blair, J. An, REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY — and L. Dussubieux. L. and — (Translated by J.A. Keller) 2013 Early Chinese Faience and Glass Beads and Pendants. Pendants. and Beads Glass and Faience Chinese Early 2013 Keller) J.A. by (Translated R.D. Vocke Jr., S. and F. Zang. F. and Wang S. Jr., Vocke R.D. 1996 1996 et al et of Far Eastern Antiquities Eastern Far of University of Washington Press: 203 p. 203 Press: Washington of University the with association in Institution, Smithsonian Gallery, Sackler M. Arthur London: Fine Arts Publishing House: 356 p. 356 House: Publishing Arts Fine Microanalysis and Microscopy China. Province, Henan Site, Shenmingpu the at Tomb a from Excavated Period, Ceramics Ancient on Symposium International (ed). Guo J. 1999), (ISAC insights technological and Scientific Ceramics: period. States Warring the of bead ceramic map. 1 p., 384 Museum: Israel The East. Near Aegean. pls. 6 p., 232 9: Archaeology Aegean (eds) Wager. E.C. and Jackson C.M. 64-104. Objects: Other and p. 702 Press: University Cambridge Cambridge, China of Republic People’s Archaeological spectrometer. XRF portable high-resolution a using interpretation Ornament Dynasty. Jewelry The Society Journal Society The p. 212 Glass: of Museum Corning papers. supplementary with 1984 7, September , Glass, on Symposium International 1984 the of sessions Glass of Archeometry the (ed). Braghin A.D.), C. century twelfth to B.C. century (fifth period. northern the to States the Warring from artefacts glass of context social and uses the on studies Archaeological Glass. Chinese ancient . Science in China Series E: E: Series China in Science glasses. ancient Chinese p. 305 Press: Hawai’i of 65 (12): 341-348. (12): 65 Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Biomolecular and Molecular A: Part analysis. spectroscopic through artifacts Chinese ancient some Glass, Historic Analysen. Techniken, Archäologie, p. 317 Berg: meaning and culture material Gender, users. Beads abstracts. Japanese and English Press, mu guo Guo Sanmenxia China. from . Road. Silk p. 480 Glass: abstract. English ills., b/w 14 century 10th the before West and East the between (eds). of Academy beads.) of development Interpretation of Compositional Analysis. Analysis. Compositional of Interpretation p. 96 Museum: Bead The 2013 2013 2013 2013 Collectible Beads. A Universal Aesthetic Universal A Beads. Collectible Chinese Warring State Glass Bead Glass State Warring Chinese et al et 2001 2001 et al et 1976 1976 1973 1973 1997 1975 Ancient Chinese glass beads. beads. glass Chinese Ancient 1975 2001 2001 1992 Early history of lampwork - Some facts, findings and theories. and findings facts, Some - lampwork of history Early 1992 1996 1996 2014 and Consumption between Egypt, Mesopotamia and the the and Mesopotamia Egypt, between Consumption and Production Glass 2014 ., ., Xiangqian boli zhu de chuanru fazhno ji chuanru de zhu boli Xiangqian 1998 An archeological investigation into ancient Chinese beads. beads. Chinese ancient into investigation archeological An 1998 25: 3-39. 25: ., ., 2012 Silk Road glass in Xinjiang, China: chemical compositional analysis and and analysis compositional chemical China: Xinjiang, in glass Road Silk 2012 1995 1995 . . Ancient Chinese Glass Exhibition Series Part II Part Series Exhibition Glass Chinese Ancient Zhongguo Gudai Zhuzi. Gudai Zhongguo 1: 25-39, Pl. 2. Pl. 25-39, 1:

2003 2003 1989 1989 A History of Glass in Japan. in Glass of History A 2013 Nondestructive Analysis of Dragonfly Eye Beads from the Warring States States Warring the from Beads Eye Dragonfly of Analysis Nondestructive 2013 Polychrome Perlen in Württemberg/Nordbaden: 142-148, pl.5. pl.5. 142-148, Württemberg/Nordbaden: in Perlen Polychrome 2015 Identification of the man-made barium copper silicate pigments among among pigments silicate copper barium man-made the of Identification 2015 Early Chinese Glass Chinese Early Readings in glass history 6-7 history glass in Readings Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum. Beads and Other Small Objects. Objects. Small Other and Beads Museum. Israel the in Glass Ancient In 2008 Tiny, Fragile, Common, Precious. Mycenaean Glass and Faience Beads Beads Faience and Glass Mycenaean Precious. Common, Fragile, Tiny, 2008 Asia’s Maritime Bead Trade. 300 B.C. to the Present. the to B.C. 300 Trade. Bead Maritime Asia’s Searching for a Good Eye. Good a for Searching Ornament 1980/81 Glass in China. China. in Glass 1980/81 32 (2): 18-19. (2): 32 F. Gan, R.H. Brill and S. Tian. (eds) Tian. S. and Brill R.H. Gan, F. : P. Pfälzner Pfälzner P. : Qatna Studien Supplementa Studien Qatna Plunder and Preservation. Cultural Property Law and Practice in the the in Practice and Law Property Cultural Preservation. and Plunder Journal of Glass Studies Glass of Journal A Bead Timeline. Bead A Eye of the dragonfly (tombodama) dragonfly the of Eye edited by Koen Janssens: 413-441. West Sussex, Wiley and Sons: 746 p. 746 Sons: and Wiley Sussex, West 413-441. Janssens: Koen by edited 1984 Chinese glass beadmakers. beadmakers. glass Chinese 1984 2006 Early Glass in Asian Maritime Trade. A Review and an an and Review A Trade. Maritime Asian in Glass Early 2006 Orientalia Venetiana Orientalia 1995 1995 28 (4): 60-63. (4): 28 2003 Master Class: Warring States Beads. Beads. States Warring Class: Master 2003 39 (7): 2182-2142. (7): 39 2006 Origin of Chinese ancient glasses—study on the earliest earliest the on glasses—study ancient Chinese of Origin 2006 et al. et . (The Guo State tombs of Sanmenxia.). 2 vols. Beijing: Wenwu Wenwu Beijing: vols. 2 Sanmenxia.). of tombs State Guo (The . 1938 Far Eastern glass: some Western origins. origins. Western some glass: Eastern Far 1938 Traders and Raiders on China’s Northern Frontier. Frontier. Northern China’s on Raiders and Traders , Stockholm. (10): 1-64. (10): Stockholm. , . Kong, Oxford University Press: 205 p. 205 Press: University Oxford Kong, Hong . . Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong: 518 p. 518 Kong: Hong of University Chinese the Kong, Hong . 1991 1991 2000 2000 Land Routes of the Silk Roads and the Cultural Exchanges Exchanges Cultural the and Roads Silk the of Routes Land In: Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean Age Bronze Late the in Materials Vitreous In: (eds) Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Ancient the in Inventories Grave Contextualising (eds) : 56-69. : 19 (2): 1-9. (2): 19 (Chinese Ancient Beads). 2nd ed. Nanning, Guangxi Guangxi Nanning, ed. 2nd Beads). Ancient (Chinese

Volume I: Prehistory to 1200 CE. 1200 to Prehistory I: Volume In: Ornament 1991 A note on lead-isotope analyses of faience beads beads faience of analyses lead-isotope on note A 1991 Scientific research in early Chinese glass. Chinese early in research Scientific Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH: 386 p., 26 pls. 26 p., 386 GmbH: Habelt Rudolf Dr. Bonn,

Ancient Egyptian materials and technology and materials Egyptian Ancient . Taipei, Lost City: 156 p. 156 City: Lost Taipei, . Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and and Archaeological Analysing for Methods Modern Taipei, Lost City: 152 p. 152 City: Lost Taipei, Kodansha International Ltd. and Corning Museum of of Museum Corning and Ltd. International Kodansha Oriental Art NS Art Oriental . Jerusalem, Phoenix Publications: 142 p. 142 Publications: Phoenix Jerusalem, . 33: 116-118. 33: Ornament . Oxford, Oxbow Books, Sheffield Studies in in Studies Sheffield Books, Oxbow Oxford, . In: XIV: 3-43. Firenze, Leo S. Olschki Editore: 125 p. 125 Editore: Olschki S. Leo Firenze, 3-43. XIV: The 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: 217-223, pls. 6-7. pls. 217-223, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 3, 1999 Early polychrome glazes on a Chinese Chinese a on glazes polychrome Early 1999 . San Marcos, Ornament, Inc.: 256 p. 256 Inc.: Ornament, Marcos, San . UNESCO and Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Chinese Archaeology, of Institute and UNESCO 9 (1): 34-36, 47. 34-36, (1): 9

Bead Journal Bead Journal of Glass Studies Glass of Journal , L.D. Sciama and J.B. Elder (eds). New York, York, New (eds). Elder J.B. and Sciama L.D. , In . (The transmission and and transmission (The . Ornament Ornament Ornament : 594 p. (In Chinese with English abstract.) English with Chinese (In p. 594 : : International Symposium on Ancient Ancient on Symposium International : 24 (4): 24-31. (4): 24 Ornament . Tokyo, Ribun Shuppan Co., Ltd.: 125 p. 125 Ltd.: Co., Shuppan Ribun Tokyo, . : 1-40. Singapore, World Scientific: 496 p. 496 Scientific: World Singapore, 1-40. : Ornament 138: 609-616. 138: . Beijing, New World Press: 351-367, 351-367, Press: World New Beijing, . In: 26 (4): 426-446. (4): 26 Technological Sciences Technological

. of Glass: 55 p. 55 Glass: of Museum Shanghai . Ancient Glass Research along the the along Research Glass Ancient 19 (1): 46-51, 53, 55. 53, 46-51, (1): 19 2 (2): 9-19. (2): 2 23 (3): 56-61. (3): 23 36 (4): 38-43. (4): 36 36 (5): 66-69. (5): 36 8 (2): 38-40, 87. 38-40, (2): 8 Honolulu, University University Honolulu, Washington, D.C., D.C., Washington, Spectrochimica Acta Acta Spectrochimica Ornament 48: 121-144. 48: Journal of of Journal In:

Bulletin Museum Museum Bulletin Ber. Glastech. In: Perlen. Perlen. In: Proceedings of of Proceedings

49 (6): 701-713. (6): 49 Beads and bead bead and Beads Shanghai: Shanghai: 27 (1): 46-51. (1): 27 Seattle and and Seattle . Jerusalem, Jerusalem, In: , Chinese Chinese 1999 1999 contact Robert @ornamentmagazine.com. contact Robert If interested in photography workshop at Ornament, order from ornamentmagazine.org [email protected] San Marcos, CA 92079 P 760.599.022 available.Wholesale rates foreign$38.95 plus$26.50postage countries. UnitedStates.$38.95 plus$5.75postage technique photographic equipment, models; on or table sweep the on studio; the of out and in clothing and contemporary) to (ancient jewelry,beads photograph to how example by Learn Coeditor Robert K.Coeditor Robert Liu. photographs shot in 40 years by and captions, 160 pages. Over 530 stunning ost OfficeBox 234 photography in one book 2

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