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Diseases Workshop ANTDIV98 .2 DISEASES OF ANTARCTIC WILDLIFE A Report on the “Workshop on Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife” hosted by the Australian Antarctic Division August 1998 Prepared by Knowles Kerry, Martin Riddle (Convenors) and Judy Clarke Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, 7050, Australia E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] I TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................... VI GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................. VI 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1 1.1 INFORMATION PAPER AT ATCM XXI................................................................ 1 1.2 ORGANISATION OF THE WORKSHOP.................................................................... 1 1.3 WORKSHOP ON DISEASES OF ANTARCTIC WILDLIFE.......................................... 1 1.4 WORKING GROUP SESSIONS............................................................................... 2 1.5 PRESENTATION OF REPORT TO ATCM XXIII.................................................... 2 2.0 DISEASE IN ANTARCTICA: SUPPORTING INFORMATION...................... 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 ISOLATION OF ANTARCTIC WILDLIFE................................................................. 5 2.3 THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND DISEASE............................................... 6 2.4 ENDEMIC (ENZOOTIC) DISEASES......................................................................... 7 2.5 OUTBREAKS OF DISEASE IN ANTARCTICA AND THE SUB-ANTARCTIC ISLANDS .. 8 2.5.1 Birds...................................................................................................... 8 2.5.2 Seals ...................................................................................................... 9 2.6 EXPOSURE TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS ................................................................... 9 2.6.1 Exposure to Viral Diseases................................................................... 9 2.6.2 Exposure to Bacterial and Fungal Diseases........................................ 10 2.7 DETECTION OF DISEASE IN ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC SPECIES ............ 11 2.8 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF DISEASE........... 12 2.8.1 Animal Behaviour............................................................................... 12 2.8.2 Human Activity................................................................................... 13 2.8.3 Environment........................................................................................ 14 2.8.4 Disease Vectors................................................................................... 15 2.9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 15 3.0 REPORTS OF WORKING GROUPS................................................................ 19 3.1 RISKS ............................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Risks from Infectious Agents.............................................................. 19 3.1.2 Risks from Non-infectious Agents...................................................... 19 3.1.3 Awareness of Risk .............................................................................. 19 3.2 MONITORING.................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Objectives of Monitoring.................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Parameters for Monitoring.................................................................. 20 3.2.3 Priorities for Monitoring..................................................................... 20 3.3 PREVENTION .................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1 Factors Influencing Preventative Measures........................................ 20 3.3.2 Principles for Preventative Measures.................................................. 20 3.3.3 Preventative Measures ........................................................................ 21 II 3.4 RESPONSE........................................................................................................ 21 3.4.1 Generic Disease Response Plan.......................................................... 21 3.4.2 Readiness and Coordination................................................................ 21 3.4.3 Graduated Response............................................................................ 22 3.5 RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................. 22 3.5.1 Research to Understand the Risks....................................................... 22 3.5.2 Research to Understand Disease Status of Antarctic Wildlife............ 23 3.5.3 Research in Support of Monitoring..................................................... 23 3.5.4 Research in Support of Response Plans.............................................. 23 3.5.5 Coordination of Research.................................................................... 24 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ARISING FROM THE WORKSHOP...................... 25 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 25 4.2 AWARENESS OF RISK ....................................................................................... 25 4.3 INFORMATION EXCHANGE................................................................................ 25 4.4 RESPONSE TO SUSPECTED DISEASE OCCURRENCE............................................. 26 4.5 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES............................................................................... 26 4.6 RESEARCH AND MONITORING........................................................................... 27 APPENDIX 1 - PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOP.................................................... 29 PROGRAM................................................................................................................ 31 OUTCOMES AGREED BY PARTICIPANTS (REPORTED TO ATCM XXIII)... 35 ABSTRACTS............................................................................................................. 39 Campylobacter Species in Sub-Antarctic Birds.................................................. 41 Tina Broman, Mats Sellin, Helena Palmgren, Dominic Mccafferty, Sven Bergström and Björn Olsen Occurrence of Disease in Antarctic Penguins..................................................... 41 Judy Clarke New Zealand sea lion mass mortality event: lessons learnt................................ 42 Nick Gales and Padraig Duignan Investigations of Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic Infections in Antarctic Penguins ............................................................................................................................ 43 J.M. Gallagher, K. Kerry, H.I. Jones and G.R. Shellam Disease in Penguins in Antarctica: The Use of Risk Analysis as an Approach 44 Heather Gardner Ecological factors influencing the introduction of disease into Antarctic birds. 46 Knowles Kerry, Rupert Summerson and Eric Woehler Mortality of Brown and South Polar Skuas by Hyphomycetes at Hope Bay, Antarctica............................................................................................................ 47 G.A. Leotta, M.A. Petruccelli, D. Montalti and E.H. Reinoso Management of Disease Risk in the Ross Sea Region....................................... 48 Alan D. Hemmings Morbidity and Mortality of the Weddell Seal, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica 1990–1991: difficulties in assessing the health of ice seals............................... 48 Ro McFarlane Screening for Diseases in Penguins and Skuas................................................... 49 Gary D. Miller Antarctic Tourism - size and scope of the industry, and standard industry procedures for interacting with wildlife.............................................................. 50 III Greg Mortimer The Development of Studies on Wildlife Diseases in the Antarctic .................. 51 M.D. Murray Methods for controlling the introduction and spread of infectious disease: preparedness and response plans......................................................................... 51 Mike Nunn and David Adams Viral diseases in seals ......................................................................................... 52 Albert Osterhaus Salmonella Isolated from sub-Antarctic Animals at Bird Island, South Georgia. ............................................................................................................................ 53 Helena Palmgren, Mats Sellin, Tina Broman, Dominic McCafferty, Anna Aspan, Sven Bergström and Björn Olsen Environmental factors influencing disease in Antarctic wildlife........................ 53 M.J.Pook Bacterial and Viral Infections of Antarctic Penguins ......................................... 54 G. R. Shellam The international and domestic legal framework for the regulation of disease among Antarctica’s wildlife................................................................................ 55 Donald R Rothwell Microbiological Issues of Sewage Disposal from Antarctic Bases: Dispersion, Persistence, Pathogens, and "Genetic Pollution"...............................................
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