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Colonial History Tuques, Two-Fours, and Tourtieres: Things You (Probably) Didn’t Know About Canada, Eh? (An encore presentation) Week 1: Colonial History Dr. Danny Szpiro [email protected] Course Overview • Encore presentation and update of previous October 2018 course • Goals • Mine: share some interesting information about the United State’s greatest ally and, historically, largest trading partner (until quite recently) • Yours? • Structure • 4 sessions: History, Culture, Geography, Fun facts • Interaction – lots, eh? Today: Some History (Colonial Era) • Colonial history of North America actually intertwines the United States and Canada • For example: • What is the link between Nova Scotia and New Orleans? • Who wanted Quebec, Nova Scotia, and PEI to join the Second Continental Congress? • Who traveled to Montreal to enlist Canada to join the revolution? • Article 11 of the Articles of Confederation….what if? • What is the link between the Province of Ontario and the American Revolution? Colonial North America • By 1700’s, mostly France, Spain, and Britain control North America • Many additional holdings in Central and South America The Seven Years Wars (1754-1763) • The French and Indian War was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years War • Sometimes called Guerre de la Conquête in Quebec today • Fighting in North America (mostly) ended in 1760 with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763 • French were offered New France (“a few acres of snow” - Voltaire) or Guadeloupe & Martinique • Result: Britain now had 80,000+ French-speaking, Roman Catholic subjects • Policies: expel (Acadians) & placate (The Quebec Act) Placating the French Colonists with… • The Seven Years War doubled Britain’s national debt • Britain was keenly interested to avoid further war, especially “civil” war with new French-speaking subjects of the Crown • The Quebec Act of 1774 created a permanent administration in Canada replacing the temporary government created at the time of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 • It gave the French colonists complete religious freedom, the ability to participate in government, and restored the French form of civil law • Britain also hoped it would dissuade Quebec from throwing in with increasingly disgruntled 13 colonies …an Intolerable Act, Leading to… • However, the Quebec Act also angered many in the 13 colonies who saw it as: • enlarging the rule of the Crown at a time when more independence was sought, • supporting Catholicism (“Papacy” as it was referred to then), and • restricting access to new territory (especially Ohio) …The First & Second Continental Congress and The American Revolution, but: • Why didn’t Quebec or PEI or Nova Scotia attend the First or Second Continental Congress or the Revolution? • Unlike the 13 colonies, not originally British • Under the British Crown for only ~10 years • The three Letters to the Inhabitants of Canada by the First Continental Congress sought encourage participation and raise anger with treatment by the Crown • Benjamin Franklin went to Montreal in 1776 to encourage Quebec to join the revolution • George Washington was certain Nova Scotia would join due to many resettled New Englanders • But…Quebec, PEI, and Nova Scotia had too much to lose should dissent and revolution fail After the Revolution • Not all in the 13 colonies supported revolution: some wished to remain loyal to the Crown • The British encouraged Loyalists to migrate to Quebec and Nova Scotia – promise of land • The British settled many of the Loyalists along the St. Lawrence River above (upstream) from where it is joined by the Ottawa River • These resettled Americans wanted the British laws and infrastructure they had come to know in the 13 colonies Upper & Lower Canada • The influx of American Loyalists led Britain to divide Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada (1791) • Merged in 1841 • Eventually, this would evolve into modern Ontario and Quebec (1867) Seven Years War Quebec (Canada) French and Nova Scotia In review… Indian War PEI Expulsion Quebec Invitations from Act to Join L’Acadie Continental American Congress Revolution United Dominion of States Canada United Upper & Empire Lower Loyalists Canada Canadian History Trivia (time permitting) • Who was the first Prime Minister of Canada? • For extra points, where was he born and where is he buried? • Candidate for Republican nomination for 2016 Presidential election born in Canada? • What (who?) started the War of 1812? • For extra points, which side won the War of 1812? • In what years were the two referenda for the separation of Quebec from Canada? • For extra points, was the percentage of “Yes” votes in each referendum? Thoughts? Comments? • I hope you had fun, eh? • Next week – more stuff you (probably) didn’t know about Canadian culture • Until then, don’t be a hoser, eh? Sorry!.
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