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Phytophthora and Pythium Species Detected in Rivers of the Polish-Ukrainian Border Areas

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Phytophthora and Pythium Species Detected in Rivers of the Polish-Ukrainian Border Areas BALTIC FORESTRY PHYTOPHTHORA AND PYTHIUM SPECIES DETECTED IN RIVERS OF THE /.../ I. MATSIAKH ET AL. Phytophthora and Pythium Species Detected in Rivers of the Polish-Ukrainian Border Areas IRYNA MATSIAKH1*, TOMASZ OSZAKO2,3, VOLODYMYR KRAMARETS1 AND JUSTYNA ANNA NOWAKOWSKA4 1Institute of Forestry and Park Gardening, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Gen. Chuprynka St. 103, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine 2Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland 3Forest Faculty in Hajnówka, Bialystok Technical University, Piłsudskiego 8, 17-200 Hajnówka, Poland 4Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland *Corresponding author: Iryna Matsiakh, e-mail: [email protected], phone +380952291087 Matsiakh, I.*, Oszako, T., Kramarets, V. and Nowakowska, J. A. 2016. Phytophthora and Pythium Species Detected in Rivers of the Polish-Ukrainian Border Areas. Baltic Forestry 22(2): 230-238. Abstract There are many records in the literature demonstrating that species belonging to the genus Phytophthora and Pythium cause damage to fine root and trunk collars of many forest tree species. Natural water courses can be an important but often neglected source of these phytopathogens. The detection of pathogenic Oomycetes organisms in the Ukrainian and Polish rivers was performed with the methods of baiting and filtering of water. The former was applied in Ukraine, and the latter in Poland. Branches with young leaves of beech, oak and black alder were used as baits and floated on the river surfaces for 3 days. Three Phytophthora species (Ph. gonapodyides, Ph. lacustris and Ph. cactorum) were detected in Ukrainian rivers presumably moving naturally towards the EU border. Species of the Pythium genus, and among them the most common ones like P. lycopersicum, P. sylvaticum, P. citrinum and P. terrestris, were detected in Polish rivers. Keywords: water courses, Oomycetes, phytopathogens, seedlings, watering, nurseries Introduction and Alabama, including three new species. In spite of these findings, watercourses as natural spread pathways of phy- Invasive plant pathogens, especially those of the ge- topathogens are still very often neglected in contemporary nus Phytophthora are recognized as an emerging threat to forest protection prevention. The first record dates back as natural ecosystems, as well as to horticultural production early as 1921, when Phytophthora cryptogea was found in systems (Hansen 2015, Jankowiak et al. 2015, Rahman et the water used for watering plants in a nursery greenhouse al. 2015). Species of the genus Phytophthora can be divid- (Bewley and Buddin 1921). Later, e.g. a survey by Hüberli ed into three groups: airborne, soil-borne and waterborne et al. 2013 in Western Australia waterways and survey of (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996, Martin et al. 2012, Park et al. soil and water in South African natural ecosystems by Oh 2013). The first group has the advantage of being able to et al. 2013 revealed a wide Phytophthora distribution and transfer zoospores via air and water splashes, and can sur- diversity. In addition, the species responsible for alder de- vive in soil. The biological life cycle of the second group is cline was frequently found in riparian ecosystems of west- strongly linked with specific soil properties, most of these ern Oregon, USA (Sims et al. 2015). Especially, plants like organisms are fine root pathogens that infect plant tissues the aforementioned alders (nota bene considered to be a via zoospores, especially when soil is saturated with water, forest as an ornamental species), growing along rivers are e.g. Huai et al. (2013) identified severalPhytophthora spe- in danger because of a new species, Ph. alni, spreading cies baited and isolated from forest soil in north-western within the water courses. This species specializes in dam- Yunnan province, China. The third group of Phytoph- aging only alders and probably, being very virulent, has thora resides in water ecosystems, which are fundamental already killed millions of trees across Europe (Streito et to their biological lifecycle (sporangia with zoospores). al. 2002). This opinion was accepted at the end of 20th Copes et al. (2015) recovered many organisms of the Phy- century by other scientists, when mass dying of alder plan- tophthora genus from irrigation reservoirs in Mississippi tations (known as alder dieback) has occurred in Britain, 2016, Vol. 22, No. 2 (43) ISSN 2029-9230 40230 BALTIC FORESTRY PHYTOPHTHORA AND PYTHIUM SPECIES DETECTED IN RIVERS OF THE /.../ I. MATSIAKH ET AL. France and Germany, especially near the river banks in the occurrence of Phytophthora gonapodyides, P. lacustris riparian ecosystems (Gibbs 1999, Jung 2000). In Poland, and Pythium litorale in analysed water sources. the possibility of spread of zoosporic organisms via water The aim of this work was to study the diversity of courses has been demonstrated several times in the horti- pathogenic Oomycetes with special regard to species of culture sector, especially in ornamental plant cultivation Phytophthora genus, in the border areas between Poland (Nowak et al. 2015, Orlikowski 2006, Orlikowski et al. and Ukraine. 2007, 2008, Ptaszek and Orlikowski 2015). In the case of oaks the greatest danger exists, when zoospores multiple Materials and Methods quickly in forest soil and together attack the fine roots, i.e. in such a case even 80-90% of fine roots could be lost by Sampling sites adult trees. Periodical stand flooding or even a precipita- The water to be studied for the occurrence of Oo- tion in the period of the optimal temperature favours the mycetes was taken from six rivers crossing the Polish- development of sporangia releasing zoospores into the Ukrainian border (or being their tributaries). The geo- water accumulated among soil particles. In addition, struc- graphic coordinates of eight observation plots are given tures such as oospores and chlamydospores can survive a below (Table 1) and their localizations are marked in the long time without any rain and can readily infect plants in map (Figure 1). The rivers were adjacent to the forests, the next favourable period (Schlenzing et al. 2014). where Phytophthora symptoms were observed. Riparian In Ukraine, disease symptoms indicative of Phytoph- vegetation was dominated mainly with such tree species thora infections, have been recorded during the last decade like alder, ash and willow, residential or agricultural de- in forest stands and nurseries. They included appearance of velopment was not pronounced upstream and downstream lesions and cankers, as well as the atrophy of leaves in the of the sampling sites. In general, in the analysed rivers the tree crowns. Taking into account the economic and ecologi- thread of stream is from east to west direction cal threats posed by Phytophthora species, a study in Ukrai- nian ecosystems started in 2010, aiming to determine the di- Isolation of Phytophthora spp. versity of these pathogens (Kramarets et al. 2011). The first The detection of Oomycetes in the Ukrainian and report of Phytophthora species in water sources in Ukraine Polish rivers was performed with two methods: baiting and the occurrence of Phytophthora species in the rivers and filtering of water with the help of “multilayer” micro- Stryj and Yasenytsya and in the lake situated in „Skoliwski filters. The baiting method was performed in Ukraine and Beskidy” National Park was documented in 2012 (Matsiakh water filtration in Poland (Figures 2, 3). et al. 2012). The detection of the pathogen was carried out in Branches with young leaves of beech, oak and black October and November in 2011 using baiting technique for alder were used as baits and floated on the river surfaces the isolation of microorganisms from water with rhododen- for 3 days (Figure 2). After appearance of the first ne- dron leaves, the cultivar Nova Zembla. Our studies showed crotic spots on the leaves, pieces were aseptically cut out Figure 1. Water sampling points are situated on the both sites of the Po- lish-Ukrainian border (white line) 2016, Vol. 22, No. 2 (43) ISSN 2029-9230 23141 BALTIC FORESTRY PHYTOPHTHORA AND PYTHIUM SPECIES DETECTED IN RIVERS OF THE /.../ I. MATSIAKH ET AL. Table 1. The locations of water sampling sites in Ukraine and Poland UKRAINE POLAND The WESTERN BUG RIVER The WESTERN BUG RIVER Nearest town Sokal town Strzyżów city, town Geographic 35U 309191,34 m East 35U 289035,55 m East coordinates 5602298,36 m North 5636415,54 м m North Additional The Western Bug r. (ukr. Західний Буг, Zachidnyj Buh, belar. Заходні Буг, Zachodni Buh) (its name derives from ‘Old information God’ as a worshiped river) flows through territories of Ukraine, Belarus and Poland (where it is called simply Bug), and on the sam- is the left tributary of the Narew r. (Vistula). The length of the Western Buh is 772 km (the Ukrainian part is 392 km, pling areas and the Polish one is 587 km), the river basin is 73,500 km² (in Ukraine: 11,205 km², in Poland: 39.420 km²). The in- clination makes 0,3 m/km. The Western Buh is the plain river that is characterized by significant meandering, swampy floodplains and many basin lakes, including the Shatski Lakes. In the territory of Ukraine, the esternW Bug is flowing through the territory of the Small Polesie (within Nadbuzhanskiy Basin), between Sokal and the strand of the Nadbuz- kiy Upland (a part of the Volyn Upland) and along the western edge of the Polesie lowland. In the territory of Poland, the Western Bug is flowing into the artificial lake Zegrzyńskie (previously in the Narew r.). The interesting fact is that the Vistula r. in Poland could be a tributary of the Bug r. because the Bug r. is longer than the Vistula r. However, it prevails the Vistula flows and sinks into the Baltic Sea. Opposite to the other rivers, the Western Bug r. does not begin on small streams but on a spring and relatively affluent flow from the well in village Verkhobuzh.
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