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Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda L.) William Pinson Shepherd Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]

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Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda L.) William Pinson Shepherd Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Wpshepa@Lsu.Edu Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 Biology and host finding of predaceous hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) associated with Ips spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) William Pinson Shepherd Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Shepherd, William Pinson, "Biology and host finding of predaceous hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) associated with Ips spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)" (2004). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1030. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1030 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BIOLOGY AND HOST FINDING OF PREDACEOUS HISTER BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: HISTERIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH IPS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA L.) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by William P. Shepherd B.S., Washington and Lee University, 1995 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely thank Dr. Richard A. Goyer, my dissertation advisor, for all of his aid, patience, and guidance over the last five years. Much of what I am today as a scientist, I owe to him. I also want to thank my committee members, Drs. Kier D. Klepzig, Seth J. Johnson, and Michael J. Stout for their advice and encouragement during the conduct of my research project. I am indebted to Brian Sullivan for all of his help with the electroantennogram device and olfactometer used in my study. I also thank the U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station for allowing me the use of their equipment and facilities. I am especially grateful for all of the hard work and good company that Gerald Lenhard provided both in the field and laboratory. Thanks to Keith Lovell for his help in setting up the logs and sticky traps used to collect visual attraction data, and to Alexey Tishechkin for his verification of my histerid species determinations. I thank the staff of the Idlewild Research Station for providing me with a study site and allowing me to cut down numerous pine trees to infest with bark beetles. I also want to thank my fellow graduate students, Wood Johnson, Rebecca Souther, and Tessa Bauman for all of their help and camaraderie. Finally, I want to express my sincere appreciation to my wife, Tonya, for everything she did to support me during my graduate studies. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments...................................................................................................... ii List of Tables.............................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................ vi Abstract..................................................................................................................... ix Chapter I Introduction and Literature Review ....................................................... 1 1.1 Pine Bark Beetles – Biology and Attack Dynamics............................... 1 1.2 Current Bark Beetle Control Methods................................................... 5 1.3 Alternative Bark Beetle Control Methods – Semiochemicals and Biocontrol.............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Histeridae ............................................................................................. 9 Chapter II Seasonal Abundance, Arrival, and Emergence Patterns of Predaceous Hister Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Associated with Ips Engraver Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Louisiana .................................... 13 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 13 2.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................... 14 2.3 Results................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Discussion .......................................................................................... 24 Chapter III Electrophysiological and Short-Range Behavioral Responses of Platysoma and Plegaderus Predators (Coleoptera: Histeridae) to Three Pine Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Kairomones...................... 29 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 29 3.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................... 31 3.3 Results................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Discussion .......................................................................................... 45 Chapter IV Impact of Platysoma parallelum and Plegaderus transversus (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Predation on Developing Ips calligraphus and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Brood .................................. 58 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 58 4.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................... 59 4.3 Results................................................................................................ 62 4.4 Discussion .......................................................................................... 66 Chapter V Summary and Conclusions................................................................. 73 iii References............................................................................................................... 80 Vita...........................................................................................................................98 iv LIST OF TABLES 3.1 EAG experiment sample sizes, numbers of males and females utilized, and pheromones evaluated.................................................................................. 34 3.2 EAG perception thresholds to serial dilutions of racemic ipsenol, ipsdienol, and frontalin for male, female, and overall Pla. parallelum and Ple. transversus histerid beetles .............................................................................................. 41 3.3 G-tests for goodness-of-fit with a hypothesized 50:50 ratio for two-choice odor tests in a Y-tube olfactometer using three histerid species and three pine bark beetle aggregation pheromones (and a hexane-only control). An asterisk (*) represents a significantly higher response to an odor at a significance level of P = 0.05......................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Mean parental gallery length (cm) in logs infested by I. calligraphus or I. grandicollis with either Pla. parallelum, Ple. transversus, or no histerid adults added ............................................................................................................ 64 v LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Most common Histeridae associated with pine bark beetles in the southern United States. (Photo by G.J. Lenhard)......................................................... 10 2.1 Schematic diagram of the sampling protocol to determine Ips spp. and histerid emergence patterns from felled loblolly pine trees in southern Louisiana ..... 16 2.2 Seasonal abundance of histerids captured in Lindgren funnel traps baited with turpentine and either racemic ipsenol or racemic ipsdienol, in Louisiana...... 19 2.3 Emergence of Ips spp. and histerid adults from 85 loblolly pine logs sealed in metal rearing drums June-August 2000, in Louisiana. These data were pooled and set to the first week of Ips spp. emergence from each tree (= Week 0).. 21 2.4 Abundance of four species of histerid beetles that emerged from 85 loblolly pine logs sealed in metal rearing drums June-August 2000, in Louisiana. These data were pooled and set to first week of Ips spp. emergence from each tree (= Week 0).............................................................................................. 22 2.5 Preferences of four species of histerids for vertical vs. horizontal log surfaces during April and May 1999. An asterisk (*) represents a significantly higher catch using ANOVA with a priori contrasts at a significance level of P = 0.05. Error bars depict standard errors of the means ............................................. 23 2.6 Abundance of Ips spp. and four species of histerid adults captured in sticky traps on 16 recently felled loblolly pine logs during April and May 1999, in Louisiana....................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Electroantennogram recording device with major components labeled. (Photo by B.T. Sullivan) ............................................................................................ 33 3.2 Y-tube olfactometer with major components labeled. (Photo by G.J. Lenhard).......................................................................................................
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