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Digitaria Eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk

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Digitaria Eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk TAXON: Digitaria eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Digitaria eriantha Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): common finger gras Synonym(s): Digitaria decumbens Stent digit grass Digitaria pentzii Stent pangola grass Digitaria smutsii Stent woolly finger grass Digitaria valida Stent Assessor: Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 10 Dec 2014 WRA Score: 8.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized Grass, Environmental Weed, Forage, Non-Seeding, Flammable Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 10 Dec 2014 (Digitaria eriantha) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Digitaria eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 y 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 n 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 10 Dec 2014 (Digitaria eriantha) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Digitaria eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Assessment of non-seeding genotype. Both seedless and seeding genotypes exist, each with the ability to spread and naturalize] "This is such a diverse species (see Table 1), that from time to time it has been necessary to refer to some of the former species in the text." ... "An extremely variable species, comprising a number of morphologically different former species. In general, a perennial, sometimes stoloniferous, or tufted and rhizomatous, rhizomes Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., knotty and unbranched, stolon internodes glabrous or hairy; culms, Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., simple or branched, 35-180 cm tall. Basal leaf sheaths mostly silky Partridge, I.J., Peters, M, & Schultze-Kraft, R. 2005. and hairy (rarely glabrous); leaf blades 5-60 cm long, 2-14 mm wide, Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool., [CD-ROM], glabrous or hairy; ligule an unfringed membrane, 2-5 mm long. SIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI. Inflorescence a digitate (single whorl) or subdigitate (2 or more http://www.tropicalforages.info/index.htm. [Accessed 10 whorls) panicle comprising 3-17 racemes, 5-20 cm long. Spikelets 2- Dec 2014] 4 mm long; lower glume a membranous scale, upper glume ½ʹ²/3 as long as spikelet; upper glume and lower lemma purple and silvery, covered with 1 mm long hairs. 3.3 million seeds/kg. Morphologically very similar to D. milanjiana , the only consistent difference being that nerves of the lower lemma are smooth in D. eriantha , and scaberulous in D. milanjiana . Also similar to D. didactyla (syn. swazilandensis), but differs in being more robust (culms of D. eriantha >2.5 mm diameter at base)." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Native: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) AFRICA [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources South Tropical Africa: Angola; Mozambique; Zimbabwe Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa; Swaziland" grin.gov/. [Accessed 10 Dec 2014] 202 Quality of climate match data High Creation Date: 10 Dec 2014 (Digitaria eriantha) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Digitaria eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 10 Dec 2014] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., [Elevation range may exceed 1000 m, demonstrating environmental Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., versatility] "The species extends from about 14-34ºS, and from near Partridge, I.J., Peters, M, & Schultze-Kraft, R. 2005. sea level in South Africa to 2,250 m asl in Lesotho. Warm to hot Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool., [CD-ROM], summers, and cold winters, often with frosts, are experienced over SIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI. most of this distribution. Average annual temperatures are mostly http://www.tropicalforages.info/index.htm. [Accessed 10 of the order of 16-24ºC." Dec 2014] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Native: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) AFRICA [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources South Tropical Africa: Angola; Mozambique; Zimbabwe Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa; Swaziland" grin.gov/. [Accessed 10 Dec 2014] Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes [Widely introduced and naturalized] "Naturalized: PACIFIC USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) SOUTHERN AMERICA [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Caribbean: Cuba; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands (U.S.) Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Mesoamerica: Costa Rica grin.gov/. [Accessed 10 Dec 2014] Brazil: Brazil Western South America: Colombia Southern South America: Argentina; Paraguay" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 10 Dec 2014 (Digitaria eriantha) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Digitaria eriantha SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Although Herbst & Clayton (1998: 23) reported specimens from cultivated material on O͚ahu and Maui in 1940 and 1939, respectively, they considered the first naturalized record of pangola grass to be from Hawai͚i Island in 1942. Recently this species was documented as naturalized on Kaua͚i (Staples et al., 2003: 17). On Oppenheimer, H. L. 2004. New Hawaiian plant records for Maui, this is a widespread and abundant pasture grass, sometimes 2003. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 79: 8-20 observed to occur in adjacent waste areas as well. Material examined: MAUI: East Maui, Makawao Distr, Haleakalä Branch Station, good growth, spreading, 9 Apr 1939, E.Y.Hosaka 2446 (BISH); mauka of Pu͚u Pi͚iholo, 610 m, abundant in pasture, 8 Sep 2002, Oppenheimer, F. Duvall, & P. Baldwin H90204." "Digitaria eriantha previously had been documented from the islands of O͚ahu, Kaho͚olawe, Maui, and Hawai͚i, although it was considered naturalized only on the island of Hawai͚i (O͛Connor in Staples, G.
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