Cell Organelles & Their Function Structure (Organelle) Function

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Cell Organelles & Their Function Structure (Organelle) Function

Cell Organelles & Their Function Structure Function Location Found in Plant or (Organelle) Animal material inside the Between the cell Cytoplasm cell membrane—not membrane & the Both including the nucleus nucleus Jelly-like substance Between the cell that fills the cell & membrane & the Both Cytosol surrounds the nucleus organelles The center of the atom which contains Animal: Nucleus the protons and Right in the center of neutrons; in cells, the cell structure that Both contains the cell's Plant: off to the side genetic material of the vacuole (DNA) and controls the cell's activities Layer of two Between the nucleus membranes that & cytoplasm (outside Both Nuclear Envelope surrounds the of the nucleus) nucleus of a cell Granular material visible within the Chromatin nucleus; consists of Inside the nucleus Both DNA tightly coiled around proteins Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the Chromosome genetic information Inside the nucleus Both that is passed from one generation of cells to the next Small, dense region within most nuclei in Nucleolus which the assembly Middle of the nucleus Both of proteins begins Small particle in the Ribosomes cell on which proteins On Rough ER & are assembled; made within the cytoplasm Both of RNA and protein Rough: Makes “simple” Rough: proteins from RNA Directly next to the Endoplasmic nucleus Reticulum Smooth: Both Makes lipids, phospholipids, Smooth: steroids, & Directly next to the detoxification of nucleus drugs stack of membranes in the cell that Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and Right next to the ER Both packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum cell organelle filled with enzymes needed Found throughout the Both Lysosomes to break down certain cells materials in the cell; digests food for cell cell organelle that stores materials such Vacuoles as water, salts, Huge part of the cell Plant proteins, and (90% almost) carbohydrates cell organelle that converts the chemical Found within different Mitochondria energy stored in food parts of the Both into compounds that cytoplasm are more convenient for the cell to use Organelle found in cells of plants and Chloroplasts some other Found within different organisms that parts of the Plant captures the energy cytoplasm from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy Strong supporting layer around the cell The outermost layer Cell Wall membrane in plants, of the plant cell Plant algae, and some bacteria Microfilaments: Threadlike structures made of actin protein. Microfilaments: Help for cell Network throughout movement and the cytoplasm Cytoskeleton support the cell Microtubules: Microtubules: Both Hollow structures Network throughout made up of tubulin the cytoplasm. Cilia protein. Very and flagella are important in helping located on outside of cell maintain shape the cell Also help for cilia or flagella One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the Near the nuclear Centrioles nuclear envelope envelope Animal Formed from Tublin Extremely important in cell division .

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Size Changes in Eukaryotic Ribosomes
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 3021-3025, December 1971 Size Changes in Eukaryotic Ribosomes (diffusion constant/sedimentation constant/ribosomal dissociation/chick embryo) JOHN VOURNAKIS AND ALEXANDER RICH Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 Contributed by Alexander Rich, September 20, 1971 ABSTRACT Evidence is presented that ribosomes two particles are similar. However, these changes suggest active in protein synthesis and attached to messenger that when the ribosome is attached to messenger RNA it has a RNA on polysomes have a smaller diameter than free cytoplasmic single ribosomes. Measurements have been smaller diameter than is found for the free cytoplastic ribo- made on these two types of ribosomes of differences in some. This more compact form of the ribosome is maintained sedimentation velocity and diffusion constant. Differences even when the nascent polypeptide chain is relased by puro- in these quantities suggest about a 20-A decrease in the mycin. We thus infer that there are substantial differences diameter of the ribosomes from chick embryo muscles in the interactions between the ribosomal subunits when when they are attached to messenger RNA. Similar dif- they ferences are also observed in rabbit reticulocytes and are attached to messenger RNA as compared to the free cyto- mouse ascites tumor cells. These two ribosomal states plasmic single ribosome, which is inactive in protein synthesis. have different sensitivity to Pronase digestion and dis- sociate into ribosomal subunits at different KCI concen- METHODS AND MATERIALS trations. This size difference is not associated with a sig- nificant difference in overall ribosomal mass and appears Preparation of Ribosomes.
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A Global Analysis of Enzyme Compartmentalization to Glycosomes
pathogens Article A Global Analysis of Enzyme Compartmentalization to Glycosomes Hina Durrani 1, Marshall Hampton 2 , Jon N. Rumbley 3 and Sara L. Zimmer 1,* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; [email protected] 2 Mathematics & Statistics Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; [email protected] 3 College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 March 2020; Accepted: 9 April 2020; Published: 12 April 2020 Abstract: In kinetoplastids, the first seven steps of glycolysis are compartmentalized into a glycosome along with parts of other metabolic pathways. This organelle shares a common ancestor with the better-understood eukaryotic peroxisome. Much of our understanding of the emergence, evolution, and maintenance of glycosomes is limited to explorations of the dixenous parasites, including the enzymatic contents of the organelle. Our objective was to determine the extent that we could leverage existing studies in model kinetoplastids to determine the composition of glycosomes in species lacking evidence of experimental localization. These include diverse monoxenous species and dixenous species with very different hosts. For many of these, genome or transcriptome sequences are available. Our approach initiated with a meta-analysis of existing studies to generate a subset of enzymes with highest evidence of glycosome localization. From this dataset we extracted the best possible glycosome signal peptide identification scheme for in silico identification of glycosomal proteins from any kinetoplastid species. Validation suggested that a high glycosome localization score from our algorithm would be indicative of a glycosomal protein.
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Cilia and Flagella: from Discovery to Disease Dylan J
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The Flagellum and Flagellar Pocket of Trypanosomatids
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Cell Organelle Review You Need…
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Cell Nucleus: the Nucleus
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Editorial overview: Cell nucleus: The nucleus: a dynamic organelle Michael P Rout and Gary H Karpen Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2014, 28:iv–vii For a complete overview see the Issue Available online 4th June 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.005 0955-0674/Published by Elsevier Ltd. The nucleus is perhaps the defining feature of ‘eukaryotes’ (Greek ‘eu-’ Michael P Rout (with) ‘-karyon’ (kernel, nucleus)), and the emperor of all eukaryotic Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, organelles in terms of scale and complexity of organization. It is, of course, NY 10065, United States the repository for almost all genomic information, encoded in DNA e-mail: [email protected] sequences wrapped into chromatin as discrete polymer packages termed chromosomes, surrounded in turn by a double-membrane nuclear envelope Michael P Rout received his Ph.D. in 1990 (NE). Our investment in genomics in humans and other eukaryotes has been from the Medical Research Council rightly huge; however, the return has been slow, as we discovered that Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Cambridge, working with John sequence assemblies alone reveal little about how genetic information is Kilmartin. He joined Rockefeller in 1990 as a utilized. Instead, genome functions are greatly influenced by processes that postdoctoral fellow in Gu¨ nter Blobel’s control nuclear and chromosome architecture and dynamics — chromatin laboratory and was appointed assistant factors and modifications, epigenetic mechanisms, and pathways for con- professor and head of laboratory in 1997 and trolling transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus.
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