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El E. in Simpler Glycosides Differ from the Saponins in That VIII

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El E. in Simpler Glycosides Differ from the Saponins in That VIII Patented Feb. 19, 1946 2,395,337 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,395,337 sAPOGENIN DERIVATIVEs AND PREPARA TON OF SAME Russell Earl Marker, Mexico City, Mexico, and Harry Means Crooks, Jr., and Eugene Leroy Wittle, Detroit, Mich., assignors to Parke, ofDavis Michigan & Company, Detroit, Mich., a corporation No Drawing. Original application May 15, 1941, Serial No. 393,666. Divided and this applican tion May 24, 1944, Serial No. 537,196 5 Claims. (C. 260-210) The invention relates to the preparation of steroidal compounds, and this application is a CH CH division of our copending application, Serial No. -Y CB Y/ CH-CH CH-CH 2,352,851,393,666, filed issued May July 4,15, 1944. 1941, now Patent No. Yo-cf. This application relates more particularly to 5 the preparation of glycosidic derivatives of pseu do-Sapogenin compounds unacylated at least at \/ the exo-hydroxyl group and in the sugar residues, oxidizing said derivatives in the side chain at- 0 gh CB producttached to to ringobtain D andA18-20-keto hydrolyzing compounds the oxidation having CBOBbrot; ) l bHoHbuoh . hydroxyl groups in place of the sugar residues. According to this invention, the pseudo-sap- bHoH bHoH Ogenins or their ring A and/or B glycosidic de- 5 bH &H rivatives are prepared by reacting glycosidic de- bH &H,0H rivatives of the sapogenins with acidic agents, for ww.v w example, acylating agents such as acid anhy- IX. Trillarin drides, under conditions more vigorous than those CB C required merely for acylation. s20 By glycosidic derivatives of the sapogenins We CE of CH-ce duesmeans are sapogenin attached derivatives through a inhemi-acetal which sugar linkage resi- r - C(Yo-c CH-CH to the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucle- /N N / us. In general, the exact nature of the structures 25 of these substances are not known with certainty. /Y Thethe above following Sapogenin formulae glycosides: illustrate various types of /\/\/ CB o?, CH C H. " 30 CF C O-ceC-C E.BIOB N- Yoh-c?, bH(hot 35 BOBE X, Trilin B C Generally speaking the glycosides of the steroin gh C gh 40 dal sapogenins may be classified as (1) saponins; CIO & HoH gton (2) simpler glycosides. The former usually con &HoH & HoH CHOH Q tain from three to six sugar units, all of which may be the same, or they may be different. The most commonly occurring Sugar units are those of glucose, galactose, rhamnose, and xylose. The El E. in simpler glycosides differ from the Saponins in that VIII. Sarsasaponin (1) they contain fewer, i. e., one to three, sugar units; (2) they are more readily obtained crystal 2 2,395,837 line; (3) they do not show marked capillary active the fact that they contain a new type of side chain properties. In most cases, including the com which undergoes distinctive reactions. Thus the pounds represented by VIII, IX, and X, the exact pseudo-Sapogenins are unsaturated to bromine nature of the glycosidic linkages is not definitely and therefore readily decolorize a Solution of known; that is, it is not known whether the Sugars bromine in acetic acid. On treatment with acids, have a furanose or pyranose structure, nor which for example, with alcoholic hydrochloric acid, carbon atoms of the different Sugar units are the pseudo-Sapogenins are isomerized to the cor (through oxygen) united. In many cases even responding steroidal Sapogenins. The side chain the number and kind of Sugar units present are of the pseudo-Sapogenins contains a reactive hy not known. 0. droxyl group which may be acylated, for ex See further, Fieser, Chemistry of Natural Prod ample, acetylated. ucts Related to Phenanthrene, 2nd ed., p. 333 ff. It is believed that the properties of pseudo (Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York city, Sapogenins are best explained if the side chain 1937). attached to ring D of the cyclopentanoperhy Since the steroidal sapogenins occur in nature, drophenanthrene nucleus be represented by one not in the free form, but combined. With Sugar of the following partial formulae: units as glycosidic derivatives, the present inven tion makes it unnecessary to isolate the Sapoge CH o-ce nins. Instead, their more readily available N / =c, CH-CH glycosides may be converted directly to pseudo 20 D CH-off, sapogenin derivatives. This elimination of a formerly essential step results in higher yields M-OH of steroidal hormones from plant sources. As naturally occurring glycosidic derivatives of I. steroidal sapogenins which may be used in the 25 Ces CI o-ce practice of this invention, there may be men N &H-c CH-CE tioned amolonin, SarsaSaponin, digitonin, or like steroidal Saponins. Also, there may be used par D tially degraded glycosidic derivatives of these sap e? In-cf. Onins, such as trillarin or trillin. Such partially 30 degraded glycosidic derivatives of saponins are I. obtained by hydrolyzing the saponin at some of the oligosacharide linkages by means of enzymes CH CH C or dilute acids or similar reagents. Again, there Sn may be used synthetic glycosidic derivatives of 'c-CH-OH-bti-Chaoh steroidal sapogenins, such as the synthetic w galactosides, glucosides, ribosides, and other glycosides of Sapogenins such as sarsasapogenin, diosgenin, or other steroidal sapogenins contain II. ing reactive nuclear hydroxyl groups. Synthetic 40 Of these formulae, III seems to account best glycosides suitable for the practice of this inven for the transformations described in the present tion may also be prepared from sapogenins which invention. It will be observed that the partial have reactive nuclear hydroxyl groups, but which formulae I, II and III all contain a reactive hy are not agly cones of naturally occurring sap droxyl group. The prefix exo in the term exo Onins. For example, although neither epi hydroxyl group has the same significance that it SarsaSapogenins nor its glycosides occur in nature, does in other branches of organic chemistry, glycosides of epi-Sarsasapogenin may be prepared namely, that the particular function involved is Synthetically from Sarsasaponin by converting exterior to a ring system and in a position not the latter into its aglycone, sarsasapogenin, and known with greater certainty. then converting this into epi-sarsasapogenin. 50 The glycosidic derivative of a pseudo-Sapogenin. The epi-Sarsasapogenin may then be treated to unacylated at least at the exo-hydroxyl group and form the glycoside as for example by treatment in the sugar residues is then mildly oxidized in with bromoacetoglucose. ( . the side chain attached to ring D, thus producing The conversion of the glycosidic derivative of 55 an Oxidation product in which the sugar residues the steroidal Sapogenin into an acylated glycosidic are not acylated. pseudo-Sapogenin may be effected by treating This oxidation product, which is a new inter the former with an acylating agent under condi mediate compound, is subjected to hydrolysis with tions more vigorous than those required for mere an acidic reagent with production of a steroid acylation. This step may be effected, for example, 80 having in ring D the structure by treatment of the glycosidic derivatives of the CH Sapogenins with a carboxylic anhydride at CE b=0 175-250 C. We have found that best results are obtained with lower fatty acid anhydrides while maintaining the reaction temperature in the 65. neighborhood of 200° C. The product thus formed is an acylated glycosidic pseudo-sapogenin and having in the remainder of the steroid skele derivative acylated at least at the exo-hydroxyl ton hydroxyl groups in place of the sugar residue. group and in the sugar residues. The step of oxidation referred to in the above The acylated glycosidic pseudo-sapogenin de 70 description is best accomplished under relatively rivatives may be hydrolyzed with alkaline re mild conditions. We have found that best results agents with production of a glycosidic derivative are obtained if the pseudo-Sapogenin derivatives of a pseudo-Sapogenin unacylated at least at the are oxidized below 50° C. by means of an oxidizing exo-hydroxyl group and in the sugar residues. agent of the class consisting of chromic and per The pseudo-Sapogenins are characterized by 75 manganic acids and their salts. However, other 2,395,887 3 oxidizing agents such as Ozone, hydrogen per oxide, and the like may effectively be employed in It is then hydrolyzed with alkaline reagents to this step. Particularly satisfactory results are remove the acetyl groups, all as described above, obtained when the oxidation is conducted at to produce the corresponding 3-hydroxy-A6-20 20-35° C. in acetic acid, using chromic anhydride keto compound. as the oxidant. What we claim as our invention is: Suitable reagents for the alkaline hydrolysis 1. The process which comprises subjecting a previously described are cold sodium methylate glycosidic derivative of a pseudo-sapogenin un solution, barium hydroxide solution, calcium hy acylated at the exo-hydroxyl group, to mild oxi droxide solution and cold sodium hydroxide solu dation in the side chain attached to ring D, and tion. The acidic hydrolysis required to remove subjecting the oxidation product to hydrolysis the sugar residues from the steroid nucleus is best with an acidic agent, with production of a steroid achieved by boiling the substance with alcoholic having in ring D the structure C hydrochloric acids. However, other acidic re CE agents such as dilute sulfuric acid, or other min 5 eral acids may be used instead. -/ theOur following invention examples. may be further illustrated by |D Eacample 1 /N/ The saponin from Trillium erectum is obtained 20 and having in the remainder of the steroid skele and converted into the acetate of Trillium erec ton, hydroxyl groups in place of the sugar resi tum pseudo-Saponin as described in our applica dues.
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