Characterization of the Substrate Specificity of Squalene- Hopene

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Characterization of the Substrate Specificity of Squalene- Hopene Characterization of the substrate specificity of squalene - hopene cyclases (SHCs) Untersuchungen zur Substratspezifität von Squalen -Hopen Zyklasen (SHCs) Von der Fakultät 3: Chemie der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Miriam Seitz aus Rastatt Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hauer Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Bernd Plietker Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Cosima Stubenrauch Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 6. Februar 2013 Institut für Technische Biochemie der Universität Stuttgart 2012 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand auf Anregung und unter Anleitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hauer in der Zeit von Oktober 2009 bis Dezember 2012 am Institut für technische Biochemie an der Universität Stuttgart. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden folgende Publikationen vorab veröffentlicht: “Substrate specificity of a novel squalene-hopene cyclase from Zymomonas mobilis ”; M. Seitz, J. Klebensberger, S. Siebenhaller, M. Breuer, G. Siedenburg, D. Jendrossek, B. Hauer; J. Mol. Cat. B: Enzymatic 2012 (84) 72 –77. “Activation -Independent Cyclization of Monoterpenoids” ; G. Siedenburg, D. Jendrossek, M. Breuer, B. Juhl, J. Pleiss, M. Seitz, J. Klebensberger, B. Hauer; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012 (78) 1055 –1062. “Synthesis of Heterocyclic Terpenoids by Promiscuous Squalene-Hopene Cyclases” ; M. Seitz, P.-O. Syrén, L. Steiner, J.Klebensberger, B. M. Nestl, B. Hauer; ChemBioChem 2013 (14) 436-439. “Squalene hopene cyclases: highly promiscuous and evolvable catalysts for stereoselective C-C and C-X bond formation” , S. C. Hammer, P.-O. Syrén, M. Seitz, B. M. Nestl, B. Hauer; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2013 (17) DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.016. Erklärung über die Eigenständigkeit der Dissertation Ich versichere, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „Untersuchungen zur Substratspezifität von Squalen-Hopen Zyklasen ( SHCs)“ selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe; aus fremden Quellen entnommene Passagen und Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Declaration of Authorship I hereby certify that the dissertat ion entitled “Characterization of the substrate specificity of squalene-hopene cyclases (SHCs)” is entirely my own work except where otherwise indicated. Passages and ideas from other sources have been clearly indicated. Name/Name: Miriam Seitz Unterschrift/Signed: ________________________________ Datum/Date: ________________________________ Danksagungen Mein erster und größter Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hauer, der mir ein sehr spannendes Thema zugetraut und es mir ermöglicht hat, meine Promotion innerhalb der letzten drei Jahre durchzuführen. Für die ausgezeichnete Betreuung möchte ich mich sehr bedanken. Des Weiteren möchte ich besonders Dr. Bettina Nestl und Dr. Per-Olof Syrén danken, die mich durch ihre gute Betreuung sehr unterstützt, diese Arbeit sorgfältig korrigiert, mir viele wertvolle Ratschläge gegeben haben und mir immer sowohl fachlich als auch emotional zur Seite standen, sowie bei Dr. Janosch Klebensberger und Dr. Katja Koschorrek für ihre Betreuung. Auch dem „Team Zyklase“, bes tehend aus Jörg Dominicus, Stephan Hammer, Per-Olof Syrén und Silvia Racolta sowie Sascha Siebenhaller, Michael Pohl und Lisa Steiner, die das Projekt mit gestaltet und vorangebracht haben, gilt ein herzlicher Dank für die tolle Zusammenarbeit, interessante Diskussionen und den stetigen Ideenaustausch. Des Weiteren möchte ich Dr. Gabi Siedenburg, Dr. Michael Breuer und Dr. Dieter Jendrossek für gute Zusammenarbeit danken. Jessica, Eric, Bernhard und Peter danke ich für das Korrekturlesen von meiner Arbeit. Dem Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) und „KYROBIO: Develo ping biocatalysts for industrial chiral compounds“ gilt ein besonderer Dank für die Finanzierung des Projekts. Meine letzten drei Jahre am ITB haben mich nicht nur auf fachlicher Seite, sondern auch persönlich sehr bereichert. Deswegen ist es mir wichtig, einige Leute, die mich auf meinem Weg begleitet haben, besonders zu erwähnen. Zuerst würde ich gerne Bettina und Bernd danken, die immer ein offenes Ohr für meine Sorgen hatten und auf deren Unterstützung ich mich stets verlassen konnte. Daniel, Sumire, Björn, Marko und Christian waren meine stetigen Wegbegleiter und haben mir so manches Mal sehr zur Seite gestanden. Stephan, Dennis, Sumire und Bettina möchte ich danken für die unvergessliche Biotrans-Konferenz, die ein absolutes Highlight meiner Zeit am ITB darstellt. Meine beiden Labor-Kollegen Christine und Jörg haben mich vor allem in der Endphase meiner Doktorarbeit stets motiviert, meine Sorgen angehört und mir immer geholfen. Hierfür möchte ich besonders danken. Die Liste mit lieben Leuten am ITB könnte an dieser Stelle noch eine Weile fortgesetzt werden. Aber statt alle einzeln aufzuzählen, möchte ich hier einfach allen Kollegen danken, die täglich für gute Stimmung gesorgt und mir meine Arbeit damit sehr erleichtert haben. Danke für gute fachliche Diskussionen und Hilfsbereitschaft, für die Freundlichkeit und Freundschaft sowie für zahlreiche schöne Erlebnisse im und außerhalb des Instituts. Auf persönlicher Seite möchte ich zuerst meinen Eltern danken für ihre liebevolle Erziehung und dafür, dass sie mich immer unterstützt und mir meine Ausbildung ermöglicht haben, die ich nun mit der Anfertigung meiner Doktorarbeit abschließe. Meinen Brüdern Niklas und Fabian und meiner Schwägerin Anita danke ich für unseren guten Zusammenhalt, für viele wichtige und lustige Gespräche und für ihre große Hilfsbereitschaft. Peters Familie, besonders Doris, möchte ich danken für ihre Herzlichkeit und für die jahrelange Unterstützung in allen Lebenslagen. Meiner kleinen Nichte Carolina und meinem kleinen Neffen Linus danke ich dafür, dass sie uns so viel Freude bereiten. Den Rastatter Freunden möchte ich für viele schöne Erlebnisse danken, und dafür, dass sie so lustig sind wie eh und je, und dass wir es geschafft haben, uns nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren. Besonders meinen lieben Freundinnen Anja, Carolin und Virginia möchte ich für beinahe 20 Jahre Freundschaft danken, in denen sie immer ein offenes Ohr für meine Sorgen hatten. Allen meinen Mitbewohnern, die ich in acht Jahren WG-Leben in Stuttgart hatte, und vor allem meinen derzeitigen Mitbewohnern Simon, Dennis und Peter danke ich für die Freundschaft und Fröhlichkeit, für aufmunternde und ernste Gespräche und den unermüdlichen Zusammenhalt während all der Jahre. Ein besonderer Dank gilt meiner Dienstagsgruppe und vor allem Tanja für unzählige tolle gemeinsame Erlebnisse. Meinem Lacrosse-Team Neckarnixen und allen von Stuttgart Lacrosse e.V., mit denen ich einen großen Teil meiner Freizeit verbringe, danke ich für tolle Trainings, Spiele, Team- Events, Turniere, wichtige Unterhaltungen auf langen Autofahrten und vor für allem die Freundschaft, die wir teilen. Zuletzt und am allermeisten danke ich meinem Freund Peter, mit dem ich seit dem ersten Semester gemeinsam durchs Leben gehe. Er hat mich stets in meinen Eigenschaften gestärkt, mich in schwereren Zeiten aufgemuntert und unterstützt, und schöne Tage zu etwas besonderem gemacht. Miriam Seitz Table of content 1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 1 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Theoretical Background ................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Occurrence and biosynthesis of terpenoids ............................................................ 7 3.2 Monoterpenoids ............................................................................................................. 12 3.3 Sesquiterpenoids ........................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Diterpenoids .................................................................................................................... 18 3.5 Sesterpenoids .................................................................................................................. 20 3.6 Triterpenoids .................................................................................................................. 22 3.6.1 Functions and occurrences ...................................................................................................... 22 3.6.2 Biosynthesis of triterpenoids, reaction mechanisms and approaches for the evolution of the triterpene cyclases ..................................................................................... 23 3.6.3 Squalene-hopene cyclases ........................................................................................................ 27 3.6.4 Substrate specificity of SHCs ................................................................................................... 36 3.7 Organic syntheses of cyclic terpenoids .................................................................. 38 3.7.1 Ambroxan and sclareolide ....................................................................................................... 39 3.7.2 Caparrapioxide ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.7.3 Sclareoloxide and hexahydrochromene ............................................................................. 46 3.7.4 Ambraoxide, ambreinolide
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