DOCSLIB.ORG

Terpene and Terpenoid Emissions and Secondary Organic Aerosol Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terpene and Terpenoid Emissions and Secondary Organic Aerosol Production Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2013 TERPENE AND TERPENOID EMISSIONS AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL PRODUCTION Rosa M. Flores Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Atmospheric Sciences Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons Copyright 2013 Rosa M. Flores Recommended Citation Flores, Rosa M., "TERPENE AND TERPENOID EMISSIONS AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL PRODUCTION", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/818 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Atmospheric Sciences Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons TERPENE AND TERPENOID EMISSIONS AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL PRODUCTION By Rosa M. Flores A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Environmental Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2013 © Rosa M. Flores This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Environmental Engineering. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Dissertation Advisor: Paul V. Doskey Committee Member : Chandrashekhar P. Joshi Committee Member : Claudio Mazzoleni Committee Member : Lynn Mazzoleni Committee Member : Judith Perlinger Department Chair: David Hand To dad and mom Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2. Terpenoid Signatures of Conifer Essential Oils: New Measurements and a Review 14 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 17 2.2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 20 2.2.1. Biological and chemical materials ......................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods ................................................ 20 2.3. Results and discussion ................................................................................................. 22 2.3.1. Essential oil composition of Pinus sylvestris, Picea mariana, and Thuja occidentalis ....................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2. Variations related to taxonomy .............................................................................. 24 2.3.3. Variations related to season and age ...................................................................... 33 2.3.4. Variations related to geographical location and stresses ......................................... 39 2.3.5. Variations related to isolation and analytic methods ............................................... 44 2.4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 46 2.5. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 48 2.6. References ................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 3. Estimating Terpene and Terpenoid Emission Signatures from Conifer Oleoresin Composition ........................................................................................................................... 95 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 97 3.2. Methods ...................................................................................................................... 99 3.2.1. Modeling Approach ............................................................................................ 100 3.3. Results and discussion .............................................................................................. 103 3.4. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 105 3.5. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 107 3.6. References ................................................................................................................. 108 Chapter 4. Comparison of Multistep Derivatization Methods for Identification and Quantification of Oxygenated Species in Organic Aerosol .................................................... 118 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 120 4 4.2. Experimental Method ................................................................................................. 122 4.3. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................... 125 4.4. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 130 4.5. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 130 4.6. References ................................................................................................................. 132 Chapter 5. Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography to Define a Carbon Number- Functionality Grid for Characterizing Oxidation of Organic Aerosol ..................................... 149 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 151 5.2. Methods .................................................................................................................... 154 5.2.1. Estimation of theoretical retention indices ........................................................... 155 5.2.2. Measurement of gas chromatographic retention times for assessment of non-additive effects ........................................................................................................................... 158 5.2.3. Error Analysis ..................................................................................................... 158 5.3. Results and discussion .............................................................................................. 159 5.3.1. Estimated retention indices vs. experimental retention times of multifunctional species .......................................................................................................................... 161 5.3.2. GC u GC and GC u 2GC retention index diagrams. ............................................. 163 5.3.3. Error analysis. ..................................................................................................... 164 5.4. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 165 5.5. Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... 167 5.6. References ................................................................................................................. 168 5.7. Supplementary Material ............................................................................................. 183 Chapter 6. Vapor- and Aerosol-Phase Atmospheric Organic Matter in the Midwestern United States: Methods and Measurements ...................................................................................... 197 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 200 6.2. Experimental Methods ............................................................................................... 203 6.2.1. Chemicals and solvents. ...................................................................................... 203 6.2.2. Sample Collection. .............................................................................................. 203 6.2.3. Glassware Preparation. ........................................................................................ 204 6.2.4. Sample processing. .............................................................................................. 204 6.2.5. GC-MS analysis. ................................................................................................. 205 6.2.6. Method Detection Limits and Quantification. ...................................................... 206 5 6.3. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................... 207 6.3.1. Extraction Efficiencies and Method Detection Limits for n-Alkanes and PAH. .... 207 6.3.2. Temporal Trends in HSVOCs, Monoterpenes, and Monoterpenoids..................... 209 6.3.3. Temporal Trends in Functionalized OA Species .................................................. 212 6.3.4. GC × GC-ToF-MS Capabilities.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution of the Brazilian Phytogeography Classification Systems: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation
    Ciência e Cultura 51(5/6): 331-348, 1999. Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation. JOLY, C.A.1; AIDAR, M.P.M.2;KLINK, C.A.3; McGRATH, D.G.4,5; MOREIRA, A. G.6; MOUTINHO, P.5; NEPSTAD, D.C.5,7; OLIVEIRA, A. A.8; POTT, A.9; RODAL, M.J.N.10 & SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B.11 1 Depto. Botânica, IB, UNICAMP, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP (mailto:[email protected]) 2 Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, Instituto de Botânica, CP 4005, 01061-970, São Paulo, SP ([email protected])([email protected]) 3 Depto. de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasilia, C.P. 04631, 70919-970, Brasilia, DF. ([email protected]) 4 Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, UFPa, Campus Guamá, 66075-970, Belém, PA. 5 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Trav. Enéias Pinheiro, 1426, Marco, 66095-100 Belém, PA. ([email protected])([email protected]) 6The Woods Hole Research Center &Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, SCLN 210, bloco C, sala 209, 70865-530, Brasilia, DF ([email protected]) 7The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 8Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Instituto de Biociências, Ecologia. Rua Matão 321, trav. 14.05008-900. São Paulo, SP. 9Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, EMBRAPA, R. 21 de Setembro, 1880 , 79.320-900, Corumbá, MS (mailto:[email protected]) 10Departamento de Energia Nuclear, UFPE, Av. Prof. Luís Freire 1000, 50740-540, Recife, PE ([email protected]) 11Departamento de Biologia, UFRPE, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Polar Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Biomass-Burning Emissions and Their Chemical Transformations During Aging in an Oxidation flow Reactor
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8227–8250, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8227-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Polar semivolatile organic compounds in biomass-burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor Deep Sengupta, Vera Samburova, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Adam C. Watts, Hans Moosmüller, and Andrey Y. Khlystov Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA Correspondence: Vera Samburova ([email protected]) Received: 20 December 2019 – Discussion started: 23 January 2020 Revised: 7 May 2020 – Accepted: 18 May 2020 – Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract. Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emit- 350 g mol−1 decreased after OFR aging, while abundances ted from open biomass burning (BB) can contribute to chem- of low-MW compounds (e.g., hexanoic acid) increased. This ical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols and indicated a significant extent of fragmentation reactions in also may cause adverse health effects. The polar fraction of the OFR. Methoxyphenols decreased after OFR aging, while SVOCs is a prominent part of BB organic aerosols, and thus a significant increase (3.7 to 8.6 times) in the abundance of it is important to characterize the chemical composition and dicarboxylic acids emission factors (EFs), especially maleic reactivity of this fraction. In this study, globally and region- acid (10 to 60 times), was observed. EFs for fresh and ratios ally important representative fuels (Alaskan peat, Moscow from fresh-to-aged BB samples reported in this study can be peat, Pskov peat, eucalyptus, Malaysian peat, and Malaysian used to perform source apportionment and predict processes agricultural peat) were burned under controlled conditions occurring during atmospheric transport.
    [Show full text]
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Resin Acids in Rosin (Colophony) Solder Flux Fume Laboratory Method Using Gas Chromatography
    Health and Safety Executive Resin acids in rosin (colophony) solder flux fume Laboratory method using gas chromatography Scope 1 This method describes the measurement of time-weighted average concentrations of rosin (also known as colophony) based solder flux fume collected onto membrane filters with analysis of the resin acid components, after derivatisation, by gas chromatography (GC). Summary 2 A measured volume of air is drawn through a membrane filter mounted in a sampling head close to the breathing zone. The filter is solvent desorbed, the resin acids derivatised and then quantified using GC with a flame ionisation detector (FID). If confirmation of the resin acid components’ identities is required, samples may also be analysed by GC with a mass spectrometer (MS) detector. However, MS is not recommended for quantitative analysis as, unlike an FID, the MS detector gives different response factors for the various resin acids. The use of alternative methods not included in the MDHS series is acceptable provided they can demonstrate the accuracy and reliability appropriate to the application. Recommended sampling 3 For long-term exposures: Maximum sampling time: 8 hours; Sampling rate: 1–2 l-1min; Sampled volume: up to 960 litres. For short-term exposures: Sampling time: 15 mins; Sampling rate: 2 lmin-1; Sampled volume: 30 litres. Prerequisites 4 Users of this method will need to be familiar with the content of MDHS14.1 Safety 5 Users of this method should be familiar with normal laboratory practice and MDHS83/3 carry out a suitable risk assessment. It is the user’s responsibility to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Design a Database of Italian Vascular Alimurgic Flora (Alimurgita): Preliminary Results
    plants Article Design a Database of Italian Vascular Alimurgic Flora (AlimurgITA): Preliminary Results Bruno Paura 1,*, Piera Di Marzio 2 , Giovanni Salerno 3, Elisabetta Brugiapaglia 1 and Annarita Bufano 1 1 Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; [email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; [email protected] 3 Graduate Department of Environmental Biology, University “La Sapienza”, 00100 Roma, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Despite the large number of data published in Italy on WEPs, there is no database providing a complete knowledge framework. Hence the need to design a database of the Italian alimurgic flora: AlimurgITA. Only strictly alimurgic taxa were chosen, excluding casual alien and cultivated ones. The collected data come from an archive of 358 texts (books and scientific articles) from 1918 to date, chosen with appropriate criteria. For each taxon, the part of the plant used, the method of use, the chorotype, the biological form and the regional distribution in Italy were considered. The 1103 taxa of edible flora already entered in the database equal 13.09% of Italian flora. The most widespread family is that of the Asteraceae (20.22%); the most widely used taxa are Cichorium intybus and Borago officinalis. The not homogeneous regional distribution of WEPs (maximum in the south and minimum in the north) has been interpreted. Texts published reached its peak during the 2001–2010 decade. A database for Italian WEPs is important to have a synthesis and to represent the richness and Citation: Paura, B.; Di Marzio, P.; complexity of this knowledge, also in light of its potential for cultural enhancement, as well as its Salerno, G.; Brugiapaglia, E.; Bufano, applications for the agri-food system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alcohol Textbook 4Th Edition
    TTHEHE AALCOHOLLCOHOL TEXTBOOKEXTBOOK T TH 44TH EEDITIONDITION A reference for the beverage, fuel and industrial alcohol industries Edited by KA Jacques, TP Lyons and DR Kelsall Foreword iii The Alcohol Textbook 4th Edition A reference for the beverage, fuel and industrial alcohol industries K.A. Jacques, PhD T.P. Lyons, PhD D.R. Kelsall iv T.P. Lyons Nottingham University Press Manor Farm, Main Street, Thrumpton Nottingham, NG11 0AX, United Kingdom NOTTINGHAM Published by Nottingham University Press (2nd Edition) 1995 Third edition published 1999 Fourth edition published 2003 © Alltech Inc 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers. ISBN 1-897676-13-1 Page layout and design by Nottingham University Press, Nottingham Printed and bound by Bath Press, Bath, England Foreword v Contents Foreword ix T. Pearse Lyons Presient, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA Ethanol industry today 1 Ethanol around the world: rapid growth in policies, technology and production 1 T. Pearse Lyons Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA Raw material handling and processing 2 Grain dry milling and cooking procedures: extracting sugars in preparation for fermentation 9 Dave R. Kelsall and T. Pearse Lyons Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA 3 Enzymatic conversion of starch to fermentable sugars 23 Ronan F.
    [Show full text]
  • H4R Position on Rosin As One Substance For
    H4R Position Statement on Rosin, Rosin Salts and Rosin Esters Registered as One Substance 7th February 2019 REACH registrations of Rosin, Rosin Salts and Rosin Esters H4R Position Statement on One Substance Registration Historically, various names, CAS, and EINECS numbers have existed for rosin. REACH1 mandates “One Substance – One Registration”. This obliged the Rosin registrants to carefully examine the composition of their substances of interest. They concluded that, although Rosin is historically listed under different names and EINECS and CASRNs (e.g. Rosin; Tall-oil rosin; Resin acids and rosin acids; etc.), it needed to be considered as one and the same substance. In addition, the registrants concluded that rosin is a chemical substance of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products and Biological Materials (UVCB). In other words, rosin was listed on EINECS and CAS under different names, but the rosin registrants determined that differentiation was not justified and appropriate as these are the same UVCB substances. Therefore, Rosin with CAS 8050-09-7 was chosen. Appendix 1 to this document outlines the registrations that cover each of these substances. This decision and its rationale for one rosin registration is well documented in two papers: “Justification for grouping rosin and rosin derivatives into families” by Gary McCallister (Hercules), Bert Lenselink (Hexion), Jerrold Miller (Arizona Chemical), Bill Grady (Arizona Chemical) and Leon Rodenburg (Eastman Chemical), 24 August 20102 “Justification for considering Rosin as a Single Substance” by H4R Consortium, 22 February 20103 Based on these papers, it was concluded that, for rosin and the derived rosin salts, fortified rosin, fortified rosin salts, rosin esters and fortified rosin esters, the starting rosin is not relevant.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany List 121
    bookfever.com list 121 ETHNOBOTANY We are pleased to present our first list dedicated to books in the general area of Ethnobotany. The study of useful plants is an ancient discipline, but the term ethnobotany to indicate a sepa- rate and distinct branch of the natural sciences did not come into use until 1895. It is, by defini- tion, interdisciplinary, drawing from botany, medicine, anthropology, religion, religion, history, pharmacology, phytochemistry and conservation and the books we offer reflect this wide range of disciplines. Although simply listed alphabetically by author, there are many books related to the use of plants in Africa, Hawaii and the Pacific, Asia and the Americas, and others describing the use of psychoactive plants in ancient religions and modern times. Brief terms: Please call or email to hold. Prices include media mail shipping in the USA. Other countries incremental cost. Payment may be by credit card, Paypal or check. Institutions may request an invoice. 1. Adler, Leonore Loeb and B. Runi Mukherji, editors. SPIRIT VERSUS SCALPEL: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy. Westport, CT & London: Bergin & Garvey, (1995) First printing. "Unique presentation of traditional and modern healing and mental health practices." Fore- words by Albert Pepitone and Uwe P. Gielen, introduction by the editors. Contains 15 papers, including J. Beatty "Cultural Perceptions of Life & Death"; D.A.Louw & E. Pretorius "The Traditional Healer in a Multicultural Society: The South African Experience"; E. Golomb "Oracles in Ladakh: A Personal Experience"; N.R. Mrinal, et al: "Traditional Healing in India"; S.S. de Silva & W.J. Epps "A Study of Curative Options Available in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka"; A.
    [Show full text]
  • 8341 No Clean Flux Paste
    8341 No Clean Flux Paste MG Chemicals UK Limited Version No: A-1.0 2 Issue Date:26/04/2018 Safety Data Sheet (Conforms to Regulation (EU) No 2015/830) Revision Date: 14/01/2021 L.REACH.GBR.EN SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE / MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY / UNDERTAKING 1.1. Product Identifier Product name 8341 Synonyms SDS Code: 8341; 8341-10ML; 8341-10MLCA, 8341B-10ML | UFI: HGH0-205D-2003-EPAT Other means of identification No Clean Flux Paste 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Relevant identified uses For use with leaded and unleaded solder during soldering process Uses advised against Not Applicable 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Registered company name MG Chemicals UK Limited MG Chemicals (Head office) Heame House, 23 Bilston Street, Sedgely Dudley DY3 1JA United Address 9347 - 193 Street Surrey V4N 4E7 British Columbia Canada Kingdom Telephone +(44) 1663 362888 +(1) 800-201-8822 Fax Not Available +(1) 800-708-9888 Website Not Available www.mgchemicals.com Email [email protected] [email protected] 1.4. Emergency telephone number Association / Organisation Verisk 3E (Access code: 335388) Not Available Emergency telephone numbers +(44) 20 35147487 Not Available Other emergency telephone +(0) 800 680 0425 Not Available numbers SECTION 2 HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 H319 - Eye Irritation Category 2, H317 - Skin Sensitizer Category 1, H334 - Respiratory Sensitizer Category 1 [CLP] [1] 1. Classified by Chemwatch; 2. Classification drawn from EC Directive 67/548/EEC - Annex I ; 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Managing the Transition Using Essential Oils Vs
    MENOPAUSE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING ESSENTIAL OILS VS. TRADITIONAL ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE by Melissa A. Clanton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Aromatherapy 401 Australasian College of Health Sciences Instructors: Dorene Petersen, Erica Petersen, E. Joy Bowles, Marcangelo Puccio, Janet Bennion, Judika Illes, and Julie Gatti TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures............................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................ v Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 – Female Reproduction 1a – The Female Reproductive System............................................. 4 1b - The Female Hormones.............................................................. 9 1c – The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy....................................... 12 Chapter 2 – Physiology of Menopause 2a – What is Menopause? .............................................................. 16 2b - Physiological Changes of Menopause ..................................... 20 2c – Symptoms of Menopause ....................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Allopathic Approaches To Menopausal Symptoms 3a –Diagnosis and Common Medical Treatments........................... 27 3b – Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy ...... 32 3c – Retail Cost of Common Hormone Replacement
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptide BM2, Against Mono-Species Biofilms, with Detergents
    Enhancing the efficacy of Antimicrobial peptide BM2, against mono-species biofilms, by combining with detergents A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (Endodontics) Arpana Arthi Devi Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 2016 Abstract Title Enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial peptide BM2, against mono-species biofilms, by combining with detergents. Aim To investigate if a detergent regime could enhance the antimicrobial ability of BM2. Method Strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were grown from glycerol stocks after confirmation of the strains. After subculturing single colonies were cultured in TSB and CSM liquid media for 24hr to obtain a microbial suspension which was adjusted to OD600nm = 0.5. Dilution series of the peptidomimetic BM2 and detergents were prepared in aqueous solution and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using a broth micro-dilution method. Further on planktonic cells and monospecies biofilms were exposed to the detergent and BM2 combinations. The efficacy of BM2 and detergents at causing biofilm detachment was measured using a crystal violet based assay. Results Planktonic cells were easier to kill with some of the detergents in isolation or in combination with BM2. SDS and CTAB in combination with BM2 increased the efficacy of BM2 against the test organisms. Tween 20 did not kill any of the test organisms alone or in combination. Biofilms were harder to eradicate and detergent, BM2 combinations gave varied results for the different species tested. Detergents in combination with BM2 did not increase the efficacy of the antimicrobial peptide in disrupting S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany of Natural Products - D
    PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY – Ethnobotany of Natural Products - D. D. Soejarto, C. Gyllenhaal, M. C. Riley and H. Zhang ETHNOBOTANY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS D. D. Soejarto, C. Gyllenhaal, M. C. Riley and H. Zhang Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A. Keywords: Ethnobotany, natural products, medicinal plants, plant-derived drugs, economically useful plants, ethnobotanical field collection method, bioprospecting, intellectual property rights, benefit-sharing Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Ethnobotany 2.1. Western Sources (Written Tradition) 2.2. Non-Western Sources (Written Tradition) 2.3. Oral Tradition 3. Age of Discovery 4. Modern Ethnobotany 4.1. Early Ethnobotanical Studies – Intersection with Cultural Anthropology 4.2. Expanded Fieldwork 4.3. Role of Anthropology 4.4. Ethnobotany and the Discovery of New Medicines 4.5. The Continuing Search: Contemporary Ethnobotanical Field Methods 4.5.1. Field Interviews 4.5.2. Prior Informed Consent 4.5.3. Documentation 4.5.4. Data Elements in Medicinal Plant Interview 4.5.5. Academic Research and Bioprospecting 4.5.6. Grass Roots Community Oriented Research 5. Contributions of Ethnobotany to Modern Medicine 5.1. Drug Discovery since the CBD 5.2. Urban Ethnobotany and Modern Medicine 6. Challenges Facing Ethnobotany-Guided Natural Product Drug Discovery 6.1. Commercial Valuation of Economic and Medicinal Plants 6.2. IntellectualUNESCO Property Rights and Trad –itional EOLSS Botanical Knowledge Systems 6.3 Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing 6.4. Research andSAMPLE Funding for Ethnobotany CHAPTERS 6.5.
    [Show full text]