DOCSLIB.ORG

Globalisation of Financial Services DOCUMENTATION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Globalisation of Financial Services DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION Globalisation of Financial Services Political Struggles, Experiences and Alternatives Documentation of an International Conference Bonn, Gustav Stresemann Institut December 2nd to 4th. 2005 Imprint Globalisation of Financial Services Political Struggles, Experiences and Alternatives published by: World Economy, Ecology and Development e.V. (WEED) www.weed-online.org Editor: Isabel Lipke Translation: Ann Stafford Layout: Alexander Kiehne Print: Pegasus Druck, Berlin WEED Office Bonn Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz 13 53111 Bonn Tel.: +49 - (0)228 - 766 13 – 0 Fax: +49 - (0)228 - 766 13 – 13 WEED Office Berlin Torstraße 154 10115 Berlin Tel.: +49 - (0)30 - 27 58 - 21 63 Fax: +49 - (0)30 - 27 59 - 69 28 [email protected] This Documentation was published with the financial support of the NRW-Foundation and the Commission of the European Union. WEED takes exclusive responsibility for the content. Bonn, April 2006. Table of Content INTRODUCTION 1 I ENFORCED MARKET OPENING: PLAYERS FROM THE NORTH - EXPERIENCES FROM THE SOUTH AND EAST________________________3 1.1 THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF FINANCE CORPORATIONS LEADS TO 3 MORE POVERTY AND INSTABILITY IN THE SOUTH (WEED-SOMO Positionspapier) 1.2 PIONEER FOR “LIBERALIZATION”: ARGENTINA AND CHILE 8 (Lydia Krüger) 1.3 GO EAST: THE EXPANSION OF WESTERN BANKS INTO EASTERN EUROPE 11 (Hannes Hofbauer) 1.4 ENFORCED MARKET OPENING BY WAR: FOREIGN BUSINESSES AND BANKS IN IRAQ 21 (Karin Leukefeld) 1.5 FINANCIAL MARKETS LIBERALISATION AND BANK PRIVATISATION 26 IN KOREA SINCE THE ASIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS (Heykyung Cho/Thomas Kalinowski) 1.6 GLOBAL PLAYERS MADE IN CHINA: CHINA’S CHANGING 33 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Simona Thomas) 1.7 RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT THE 11TH ANNUAL REGIONAL LABOUR 39 SYMPOSIUM ON “MORE TRADE – LESS JOBS” (Windhoek, Namibia, 6.-7. Dezember 2005) II FINANCIAL MARKETS: RISKS AND EFFECTS OF LIBERALIZATION__42 2.1 THE CONSOLIDATION OF GLOBAL BANKING INDUSTRY 42 (Kavaljit Singh) 2.2 GATS NEGOTIATIONS IN FINANCIAL SERVICES: THE EU REQUESTS 50 AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Myriam Vander Stichele) 2.3 INTRANSPARENT, UNCONTROLLED AND CRISIS PROMOTING: 57 TRADE WITH DERIVATIVES (Isabel Lipke) 2.4 OUT OF CONTROL - HEDGE FUND ACTIVITIES 62 (Lydia Krüger) 2.5 PRIVATIZING PENSIONS: EXPERIENCES FROM LATIN AMERICA 67 (Katja Hujo) 2.6 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN PENSION SYSTEMS 72 (Martin Beckmann) Table of Content III LET YOUR MONEY WORK FOR DEVELOPMENT - BUT HOW?_________78 3.1 CODES OF CONDUCT FOR FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS 78 (Antje Schneeweiss) 3.2 ARE CODES OF CONDUCT THE SOLUTION? 80 (Florian Butollo) 3.3 BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. RATING AGENCIES AS 86 AGENTS OF SOLVENCY (Suleika Reiners) 3.4 INTERNATIONAL TAXATION, AN INSTRUMENT FOR 93 REGULATING GLOBALIZATION (Peter Wahl/Thomas Kalinowski) 3.5 STRUCTURAL POLICY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, THE 101 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SAVINGS BANK SECTOR (Stefan Gärtner) 3.6 SAVINGS BANKS - INDISPENSABLE FOR REGIONAL 110 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (Verdi, Fachbereich Finanzdienstleistungen) Introduction 1 Introduction In recent decades foreign trade has be- countries. To achieve this and to secu- come increasingly important to banks, re international long-term expansion, insurance companies and investment the companies have to rely on their houses. A current study by UNCTAD respective governments or on interna- shows that companies such as Allianz tional organisations such as the World achieved more than two thirds of their Trade Organisation (WTO). The US turnover abroad, and the proportion is government as well as the EU, Canada, even higher for other insurance compa- Japan, Switzerland, and Australia are nies. According to estimates by Mercer especially active within the framework Oliver Wyman1 , the trade in financial of the WTO as well as in bilateral trade services will continue to grow rapidly agreements for the liberalisation of over the next years: from currently 2 trade in financial services - they have billion US dollars to 6 billions US dol- extremely competitive banks, insuran- lars in 2020. The highest growth rates ce companies and investment houses. are expected in the emerging market The EU alone has issued requests to countries such as China, India, Brazil, 85 WTO members to liberalise the fi- Mexico or Russia. The global financial nancial sector. However, developing market sector amounted to 15% in 2005 countries predominantly disapprove of and will continue its strong growth. further financial liberalisation. Never- theless, the financial sector is among The savings in Asian emerging market those services - besides tourism – for countries are especially attractive for which developing countries have made the financial sector; although India and most “commitments” - i.e. binding ob- China are still relatively poor countries. ligations to open the market. Even if only a small percentage of the population achieves prosperity in the- The liberalisation of trade in financial se countries, these represent a great services is a relatively new phenome- amount of people in absolute numbers. non: the Financial Services Agreement Meanwhile, there are 299,500 millio- was not adopted until December, 1997 naires in China - 4.3 percent more than - three years after the conclusion of the in the year before. About 70,000 mil- general services agreement (GATS) at lionaires live in India - 14.6 percent the WTO - coming into effect in March, more than in the previous year (Han- 1999. The agreement was celebrated delsblatt, 18.07.05). In addition, the as a great success in the financial press markets in the USA and Europe are sa- because of its “broadness”: 25 develo- turated to quite a considerable extent. ped countries and 77 developing coun- This is different in China and India, tries had made commitments to libe- because these countries have only re- ralisation that covered 95 percent of cently opened their financial markets. the entire financial services business. Since the General Agreement on Trade The trade in financial services must in Services (GATS) includes enhanced be “liberalised”, that are existing rules liberalisation, negotiations on further and regulations must be removed so concessions have taken place. that big banks, insurance companies and investment companies houses can Until now, negotiations on the libera- profit from the growing wealth in other lisation of financial services have not 1 see: www. http://www.merceroliverwyman.com/en/default.xml 2 WEED Conference Documentation drawn much attention from the scienti- these important and difficult interrela- fic side or from the global social justice tions and topics and to inspire various movement. This is all the more alar- participants to get involved in practical ming because the financial sector plays co-operation beyond the conference. In a key role in the financial stability of a conclusion, we would like to thank all country and the well-being of its popu- speakers and participants of the confe- lation. Liberalisation of this especially rence that enhanced an interesting pro- sensitive sector can have far-reaching cess of capacity building on the topic consequences. Additionally, dramatic of financial services and corporate re- changes have occurred during the last sponsibility with important steps. ten years: As a result of serious finan- cial market crises and IMF-controlled structural adjustment programmes, many emerging market countries and developing countries have opened their markets to trans-national financial cor- porations, have privatised former sta- te banks and often started to “reform” their social security systems. Conse- quently, the market share of trans-na- tional private banks and insurances has risen rapidly – and not always with po- sitive effects. To focus attention on the problems caused by the global expansion of fi- nancial corporations, WEED organised a conference in December 2005 at the Gustav Stresemann Institute in Bonn. The aim of this conference was, on the one hand, to increase the awareness of the great importance of a topic which only received little attention until now in circles discussing trade and deve- lopment politics. Furthermore, shortly before the WTO Ministerial in Hong Kong, we wanted to attract the attention of decision makers from the respective ministries (BMWi, German Federal Ministry of Economics and Techno- logy) and international organizations (WTO, Committee on Financial Ser- vices) to the great risks involved in the liberalisation of trade in financial ser- vices. Finally, we wanted to extend our knowledge (and that of our guests) on The Global Expansion of Finance Corporations lead to more Poverty and Instability 3 I Enforced Market Opening: Players from the North - Experiences from the South and East 1.1 The Global Expansion of Finance Corporations leads to more Poverty and Instability in the South For some time, the liberalisation of fi- financial services sector in the coun- nancial services is being negotiated at tries concerned. The majority of liber- the WTO. Prior to the WTO Ministerial alisation requests refers to market ac- in Hong Kong, a new momentum has cess and freedom of establishment for entered the debate. Nearly every week, the transnational corporations from the EU trade representative Peter Man- North. They are to guarantee that there delsohn and his US colleague Robert are no trade barriers or obstacles re- Portman are imposing pressure on the maining that impede profit-making for countries of the South: Only if they transnational corporations.2 agree to a services deal – only if they open their markets
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kieler Studien
    Institut für Weltwirtschaft The Kiel Institute for World Economics Annual Report 2003 Contents I. The Institute in 2003: An Overview 3 II. Research and Advisory Activities 6 1. Main Areas of Research 6 2. President’s Department 7 3. Growth, Structural Change, and the International Division of Labor (Research Department I) 10 4. Environmental and Resource Economics (Research Department II) 21 5. Regional Economics (Research Department III) 27 6. Development Economics and Global Integration (Research Department IV) 35 7. Business Cycles (Research Department V) 43 8. Interdepartmental Research 53 9. Cooperation with Researchers and Research Organizations 53 10. Advisory Activities and Participation in Organizations 61 11. Commissioned Expert Reports and Research Projects 64 III. Documentation Services 72 1. The Library 72 2. The Economic Archives 75 IV. Teaching and Lecturing 77 1. Universities and Colleges 77 2. Advanced Studies Program 77 3. Guest Lectures and Seminars at Universities 79 V. Conferences 80 1. Conferences Organized by the Institute 80 2. External Conferences 84 VI. Publications 96 1. In-House Publications 96 2. Out-of-House Publications 103 VII. Appendix 114 1. Recipients of the Bernhard Harms Prize, the Bernhard Harms Medal, and the Bernhard Harms Prize for Young Economists 114 2. Staff (as of January 1, 2004) 116 3. Organization Chart 121 I. The Institute in 2003: An Overview The Kiel Institute for World Economics at the University of Kiel (IfW) is one of the world’s major centers for international economic policy research and documentation. The Institute’s main activities are economic research, economic policy consulting, and the documentation and provision of information about international economic relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Audit Committee Quarterly II/2018: Geschäftsmodell
    Audit Committee Quarterly II / 2018 DAS MAGAZIN FÜR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Gefördert durch Audit Committee Institute e.V. GESCHÄFTSMODELL EDITORIAL Deutschland – Zeit für digitale Geschäftsmodelle Die vierte Revolution der Industrialisierung ist in vollem Gange. Im Gegensatz zu den vorhergehenden industri- ellen Revolutionen mit ihren konkreten Treibern Dampf- maschine, Fließband und Computer ist dieses Zeitalter der sog. Digitalisierung schwer einzugrenzen. Eine Er- kenntnis hat sich trotz allem mittlerweile in den deut- schen Vorstandsetagen durchgesetzt: Digitale Trans- formation ist heute keine Option mehr, sondern Not- wendigkeit. Dennoch betrachten einige Unternehmen die Digitalisierung aufgrund von Erfolgen aus der Ver- gangenheit noch immer durch eine reine Technologie- brille. So sind deutsche Unternehmen gut darin, ihre bestehenden Produkte und Prozesse durch inkremen- telle Innovationen an neue Technologien anzupassen oder sie mithilfe neuer Technologien etwas schneller, besser, effizienter zu gestalten. Doch reicht das? Deutschland ist ein Land zahlreicher Weltmarktführer klassischer Wirtschaftszweige, in denen innovative Geschäftsmodelle das Potenzial haben, industriever- ändernde Umwälzungen auszulösen. Marktbeherr- schende Digitalriesen wie die GAFAs (Google, Amazon, Facebook und Apple) sucht man hierzulande vergeb- lich. Und auch wenn sich Berlin als deutsches Start- up-Mekka rühmt, so kann es sich mit Hubs wie dem Silicon Valley, Tel Aviv oder der aufstrebenden Szene im asiatischen Raum nicht messen. Während Berlin bisher
    [Show full text]
  • TJF 2-1 On-Screen
    TAX JUSTICE FOCUS the quarterly newsletter of the first quarter 2006 volume 2 number 1 Pulp reality,tax fiction Trade issue The building of a huge pulp factory in Uruguay by Finnish company Botnia not only Letter from Davos 2 represents a threat to the environment. Thanks to the various tax exemptions the Letter from Bamako 3 company has secured, the Botnia investment will bring little real benefit to the country’s economy,writes Jorma Penttinen. Campaigns and TJN news 4 The supply side of corrupt he benefits of foreign direct invest- and according to the calculations pro- the pulp mills on environmental grounds. practices 7 ment are more or less taken for duced by Botnia, the factory would in- According to an opinion poll carried out T Media roundup 7 granted. The transfers of technology, crease the country’s GDP by 1.6 per in August 2005, just over half of Uru- employment opportunities, direct cent. guayans opposed the pulp mills. The is- The WTO and taxation 10 money flows, and revenues for local and sue will be referred to International state government are seen to benefit Botnia’s investment is explained by lower Court of Justice by Argentina, and the Mind the tax gap 11 the host country. costs: fast growing eucalyptus trees and presidents of both countries will meet in cheap labour mean that production costs the near future to discuss the two pulp The hidden face of corporate It was no surprise then that Uruguay are half of those in Finland. The pulp is mills. corruption - unmasked 12 was more than keen to accept the not destined for South American mar- building of huge pulp factories on the kets; it will be transported to Europe As well as the environmental concerns, Reviews and new research 13 banks of river Uruguay, on the other and China.
    [Show full text]
  • De Financiële Lobby Op Haar Knieën Na De Financiële
    DE FINANCIËLE LOBBY OP HAAR KNIEËN NA DE FINANCIËLE CRISIS? DIACHRONISCHE COMPARATIEVE CASESTUDIE: DE IMPACT VAN SALIENCE OP FINANCIËLE LOBBYSTRATEGIEËN INZAKE DE EUROPESE FINANCIËLE TRANSACTIETAKS Wetenschappelijke verhandeling Aantal woorden: 26491 Nele Debyser Stamnummer: 01614280 Promotor: Prof. dr. Ferdi De Ville Commissaris: Prof. dr. Niels Gheyle Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de richting EU-Studies Academiejaar: 2019-2020 Inhoudsopgave VOORWOORD .................................................................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 AFKORTINGEN ................................................................................................................................................. 6 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. LITERATUUROVERZICHT ............................................................................................................................ 11 1.1. Definities ............................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1.1. (Financiële) lobby .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sozialalmanach Schwerpunkt: Steiergerechtegkeet
    2015 Sozialalmanach Schwerpunkt: Steiergerechtegkeet 2015 Sozialalmanach Schwerpunkt: Steiergerechtegkeet Sozialalmanach 2015 Sous la direction de Nathalie Georges, Danielle Schronen et Robert Urbé Caritas Luxembourg 29, rue Michel Welter L-2730 Luxembourg Tél. +352 40 21 31 200 Fax +352 40 21 31 209 www.caritas.lu Tous droits réservés. © Caritas Luxembourg Par cette publication, Caritas Luxembourg n’entend pas prendre à son compte les opinions émises dans cet ouvrage qui devront être considérées comme étant propres aux auteurs. Conception graphique et impression : saint-paul luxembourg Photo : © Claudine Bosseler, Studio C ; avec nos remerciements à l’Amicale et Mutuelle des Universitaires en Sciences Economiques Asbl, organisatrice du séminaire « Comment réussir ma déclaration d’impôts ? » du 12 février 2015 Imprimé sur papier 100% recyclé Avril 2015 ISBN: 978-2-919974-18-4 Inhalt Vorwort .............................................................. 11 Introduction........................................................... 13 1. Teil Zur sozialen Lage Luxemburgs 2014-2015 Robert Urbé...........................................................................17 1. D’Ried zur Lag vun der Natioun den 2. Abrëll 2014 ..............................19 2. Rückblick auf das Sozialjahr 2014-2015 ..........................................25 3. Luxembourg 2020 : le semestre européen et le Programme National de Réforme ..53 4. Die Lage der Nation am Vorabend des 5. Mai 2015 ...............................83 Etudes sélectionnées du service Caritas
    [Show full text]
  • The Movers and the Makers
    Building global solidarity The movers and the makers The notion of a financial transaction tax has been circulating for years. The United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals, held on 20-22 September 2010 was a perfect opportunity to see if world leaders were able to put their money where their mouth is. his is not the first time there has been a call for All this support T innovative sources of financing to meet development Taxing financial transactions is an idea that had been goals and raise money for funding global public goods receiving gradual international support prior to the UN (GPGs). In fact, some innovative measures already exist, Summit. Former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown such as a tax on airline tickets, which is used to fund presented this and other ideas related to the implementation international public health initiatives. But are these piecemeal of a global bank tax at the Group of Twenty summit in measures enough? The UN Summit on the Millennium Scotland in November 2009. Lord Turner, chairman of the Development Goals, held on 20-22 September 2010, UK Financial Services Authority, advocated the introduction provided a golden opportunity to discuss more far-reaching of an FTT in an interview in September of that same year in measures, such as a financial transaction tax (FTT). The Prospect magazine, characterizing a global tax as a ‘sensible question is, will the commitments announced at the summit revenue source for funding global public goods.’ The be translated into action? manifesto of the Liberal Democrats, now part of the United Signs that the FTT question is being taken seriously came Kingdom’s coalition government, clearly endorses the from a high-level side event on the second day of the introduction of an FTT and urges its use to support summit.
    [Show full text]
  • How Effective Is the Tobin Tax in Coping with Financial Volatility?
    How Effective is the Tobin Tax in Coping with Financial Volatility? Tobin Vergisi Mali Oynaklığı Azaltmada Ne Kadar Etkindir? Yrd.Doç.Dr. M. Mustafa ERDOĞDU* Yrd.Doç.Dr. Hale BALSEVEN** Abstract: The last two decades have witnessed increasingly frequent and severe financial crises that many related to short-term speculation. Consequently, James Tobin’s proposition of a small tax on cross-border currency transactions to reduce such speculation has featured prominently in the discussions on the future of the international financial system. Opponents claim that such a tax can easily be circumvented and would not be effective. This paper scrutinizes these claims in the light of recent refinements made in the literature to make an assessment for the Tobin tax’s effectiveness in coping with financial volatility. Evaluation of the paper suggests that such a tax, indeed, would not only be effective in reducing financial volatility but also technically feasible and relatively easy to apply. Key words: Globalization, Short-Term Capital Movements, Tobin Tax Öz: Son yirmi yılda çoğu gözlemcinin kısa vadeli spekülasyonla ilişkilendirdiği, giderek artan sıklık ve şiddette mali krizlerle karşı karşıya kalınmıştır. Bu durum, kısa vadeli spe- külasyonları azaltmak için James Tobin’in döviz işlemleri üzerinden ufak bir vergi alın- ması şeklindeki önerisinin, uluslararası mali sistemin gelecekteki yapısını şekillendirme tartışmalarında ağırlık kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Karşıtları, böyle bir vergiden kolayca kaçınılabileceği ve sonuçta verginin etkin olmayacağı iddiasındadırlar. Bu makale, Tobin vergisinin mali oynaklığı (volatility) azaltmadaki etkinliğine ilişkin söz konusu iddiaları literatürdeki gelişmeler ışığında irdelemektedir. Makaledeki değerlendirmeler, böyle bir verginin sadece mali oynaklığı azaltmada etkin olmadığı, aynı zamanda teknik olarak uy- gulanmasının olanaklı ve oldukça kolay olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuaderno De Documentacion
    SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE ECONOMIA Y APOYO A LA EMPRESA MINISTERIO DE ECONOMÍA Y DIRECCION GENERAL DE POLÍTICA ECONOMICA COMPETITIVIDAD '$' S.G. ANÁLISIS POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA Y FINANC. EMP. CUADERNO DE DOCUMENTACION Número 108 Anexo Alvaro Espina 11 de Octubre. de 2016 Entre el 22-VII-2016 y el 1-X-2016 Anti-globalists Why they’re wrong Globalisation’s critics say it benefits only the elite. In fact, a less open world would hurt the poor most of all Oct 1st 2016 | From the print edition IN SEPTEMBER 1843 the Liverpool Mercury reported on a large free-trade rally in the city. The Royal Amphitheatre was overflowing. John Bright, a newly elected MP, spoke eloquently on the merits of abolishing duties on imported food, echoing arguments made in The Economist, a fledgling newspaper. Mr Bright told his audience that when canvassing, he had explained “how stonemasons, shoemakers, carpenters and every kind of artisan suffered if the trade of the country was restricted.” His speech in Liverpool was roundly cheered. It is hard to imagine, 173 years later, a leading Western politician being lauded for a defence of free trade. Neither candidate in America’s presidential election is a champion. Donald Trump, incoherent on so many fronts, is clear in this area: unfair competition from foreigners has destroyed jobs at home. He threatens to dismantle the North American Free Trade Agreement, withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and start a trade war with China. To her discredit, Hillary Clinton now denounces the TPP, a pact she helped negotiate. In Germany, one of the world’s biggest exporters, tens of thousands took to the streets earlier this month to march against a proposed trade deal between the European Union and the United States (see article).
    [Show full text]
  • Taxation of Financial Transactions, a Means for More Sustainable
    vulnerable groups of society hardest. Also financial resources, needed to anticipate to climate change and to meet the globally Taxation of Financial agreed Millennium Development Goals, are under threat. transactions, A means for more sustainable development This is in harsh contrast with the conduct of a part of the financial industry, which in the by Burghard Ilge past successfully lobbied for financial deregulation which is now being identified 1– Introduction to have contributed to the crisis. Not only has the finical sector been highly under- The financial crisis as a wake up call taxed, it also made huge profits from the financial turbulences caused by the crisis. During the summer of 2007 a growing [For the example of Goldman Sachs see Box 2] number of US based financial institutions started to face serious problems. The Various reasons have been given why a growing uncertainty about the exposure of crisis of such dimensions could develop. investors to increased risks of default led However, it quickly became apparent that banks to hoard liquid assets which led to a this crisis could not just be explained by sharp increase of the cost for lending the irresponsible behavior of a few between banks, causing the biggest individuals, but that the causes are more financial crisis in the western hemisphere systemic. since World war II During the last decades, the governance of Investors were forced to realize that they increasingly integrated international were unable to quantify the value and risk financial markets [I1] was further of the increasingly complex financial challenged by the pace of financial products, which directly or indirectly were innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Crises, Capital Controls and the Tobin Tax: Answers to Globalisation of Financial Markets
    Seminar Paper Financial Crises, Capital Controls and the Tobin Tax: Answers to Globalisation of Financial Markets Seminar on International Economic Relationships, Europa Institut University of Basel, Switzerland Abstract: This paper analyses capital controls with a focus on conversion taxes as proposed by Tobin and Spahn. To understand the problems associated with these models, it first offers a description of the foreign exchange markets and their decentralized, concentrated form of organization. In a second part, the paper turns to financial crises, their causes and their costs both domestic and international. Central issues are bad allocation of resources, loss of information in the banking sector and contagion. In a third part, the paper analyses capital control models as preventive measures to such events, with a focus on conversion taxes. The paper shows possible advantages of capital controls in general (a more independent monetary policy) and of conversion taxes in special (systemic stability and tax payoffs). It then turns to counterarguments to conversion taxes. A Tobin tax would punish all short-term investors indiscriminately. It would rise hedging costs. There is a tax evasion problem not easily to be overcome. The paper ends with a simple, qualitative model where a Tobin tax increases volatility contrary to expectations. The paper concludes, that Spahns proposal shows most promise, it the remaining issues, mainly related to hedging costs, can be overcome. Daniel Frank 99-051-450 Spalenvorstadt 9 4051 Basel Phone: +41-79-366-14-10
    [Show full text]
  • Excise Or Excise Tax (Sometimes Called a Duty of Excise Or a Special Tax
    excise or excise tax (sometimes called a duty of excise or a special tax) may be defined broadly as an inland tax on the production for sale; or sale, of specific goods,[1] or narrowly as a tax on a good produced for sale, or sold, within the country. Excises are distinguished from customs duties, which are taxes on importation. Excises, whether broadly defined or narrowly defined, are inland taxes, whereas customs duties are border taxes. An excise is an indirect tax, meaning that the producer or seller who pays the tax to the government is expected to try to recover the tax by raising the price paid by the buyer (that is, to shift or pass on the tax). Excises are typically imposed in addition to another indirect tax such as a sales tax or VAT. In common terminology (but not necessarily in law) an excise is distinguished from a sales tax or VAT in three ways: (i) an excise typically applies to a narrower range of products; (ii) an excise is typically heavier, accounting for higher fractions (sometimes half or more) of the retail prices of the targeted products; and (iii) an excise is typically specific (so much per unit of measure; e.g. so many cents per gallon), whereas a sales tax or VAT is ad valorem, i.e. proportional to value (a percentage of the price in the case of a sales tax, or of value added in the case of a VAT). Typical examples of excise duties are taxes on gasoline and other fuels, and taxes on tobacco and alcohol (sometimes referred to as sin tax) Excise tax is notable for the vagueness of its definition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Proposed Financial Transaction Tax – Extraterritorial Effect, Tax Evasion and Other Legal Problems Facing the Proposal
    The Proposed Financial Transaction Tax – Extraterritorial Effect, Tax Evasion and Other Legal Problems Facing the Proposal Tiina Laitila, 79166 Pro Gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2016 Turun Yliopisto Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta; Re-examining the Foundations of EU Law TURUN YLIOPISTO Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta LAITILA TIINA: The Proposed Financial Transaction Tax – Extraterritorial Effect, Tax Evasion and Other Legal Problems Facing the Proposal. Pro Gradu, 71 s. Euroopan Unionin oikeus Toukokuu 2016 Turun yliopiston laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin Originality Check -järjestelmällä. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – The main topic of this master’s thesis is the proposed EU directive on a financial transaction tax. Ten Member States which want to enact the directive by using enhanced cooperation are currently negotiating the contents of the proposal. This tax would be levied on specific products which are traded on the financial markets. As an example the transaction of stocks would be taxed at a percentage of 0.1 percent, and the transaction of derivatives at a percentage of 0.01 percent. The proposed financial transaction tax would enter into force in said ten countries but it would still have effects on those countries, which are not planning on participating in this taxation system. This is one of the main reasons why this tax has faced a lot of opposition in several European Union countries. The main legal problems the tax is predicted to have are tax evasion, double taxation, and extraterritorial effect. The Commission has stated that it is aiming to reach certain objectives with the financial transaction tax. These objectives are for example to stabilise the financial markets following the financial crisis, and to deter tax evasion.
    [Show full text]