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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1985 The mpI act of Individual Species and Complexes of Pest Arthropod Species on Soybean Grown on Various Row Spacings (Insect Pest Complexes, Non-Conventional Row Spacing). Jaime Yanes Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Yanes, Jaime Jr, "The mpI act of Individual Species and Complexes of Pest Arthropod Species on Soybean Grown on Various Row Spacings (Insect Pest Complexes, Non-Conventional Row Spacing)." (1985). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4081. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4081 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting- through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Micixjfilms Inter national 300 N, Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8517764 Yanes, Jaime, Jr. THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES AND COMPLEXES OF PEST ARTHROPOD SPECIES ON SOYBEAN GROWN ON VARIOUS ROW SPACINGS The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Ph.D. Col. 1985 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 46106 THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES AND COMPLEXES OF PEST ARTHROPOD SPECIES ON SOYBEAN GROWN ON VARIOUS ROW SPACINGS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Jaime Yanes, Jr. B.S., Oklahoma State University, 1979 M.S., Oklahoma State University, 1981 May 1985 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses his sincere appreciation to his major professor, Dr. David J. Boethel, for his guidance, encouragement, and patience throughout his endeavors as a Ph.D. candidate. His timely advice and friendship was much appreciated. Appreciation is also expressed to other members of the author's graduate advisory committee, Drs. L. D. Newsom and Jerry B. Graves, Department of Entomology; Dr. Kennth L. Koonce, Department of Experimental Statistics; and Dr. Gerard T. Berggren, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology. Thanks are given to all of the committee members for their critical review and helpful suggestions. A special thanks to Dr. Koonce for his counsel and assistance with statistical analyses. The author would like to thank Mr. Robert Thevis, a cooperating farmer, for use of his land and equipment where the study was conducted. Sincere appreciation is expressed to Noel Troxclair, Ruth Healy, Sherry Bagent, Kenny, Chris and Tim Daigle, Margaret and Patti Sheng, Matt Scheck, Oliver Raffray, and Allan Stewart for their valuable technical assistance. The author also thanks Dr. Thomas C. Sparks and his wife Sandi for their assistance and use of their computer graphics equipment. In addition, the author expresses his sincere appreciation to Monique Ardoin for typing the dissertation. A special thanks to his parents Clyde and Virginia Lechlider and his in-laws Jack and Fran Spiers for their support and encouragement throughout his graduate studies. Most of all, the author's greatest appreciation goes to his wife, Celeste, who sacrificed a great deal for little in return. Her love, understanding and encouragement was given unselfishly. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................... ............................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................... xlv ABSTRACT ...............................................................xvi INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................... 3 I. ROW SPACING EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN YIELD..................... 3 II. ROW SPACING EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN INSECTS..... ............. 4 III. ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS AND ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS ......... 7 A. Definitions ................ ................. 7 B. Methods Of Establishing Economic Injury Levels .... 7 C. Economic Injury Levels Reported In The Literature.. 10 D. Benefits From Use of Economic Injury Levels In Pest Control........................................ 12 E. Present Research Needs ............................ 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................... 15 I. SITE ESTABLISHMENT AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES ............................................... 15 II. ESTABLISHING POPULATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES AND COMPLEXES OF INSECT PEST SPECIES........................ 15 A. Experimental Design ................................ 15 B. Subterranean Insects .............................. 15 C. Above-ground Insects ............................... 16 PAGE III. SAMPLING ................................................. 17 A. Subterranean Insects .............................. 17 B. Above-ground Insects .............................. 19 IV. DEFOLIATION.............................................. 19 V. YIELD .................................................... 20 VI. STATISTICAL ANALYSES .................................... 20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................. 21 I. SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSES .................................... 21 II. POPULATIONS OF ABOVE GROUND INSECTS ...................... 55 A. Row Spacing Effects ................................ 55 B. Soil Treatment Effects.............................. 59 C. Foliar Treatment Effects .......................... 65 1. Bean leaf beetle ................................. 65 2. Colaspis beetle .................................. 65 3. Soybean nodule fly ............................... 72 4. Banded cucumber beetle .......................... 79 5. Southern green stink bug ......................... 79 6. Soybean looper .................. ................ 88 7. Threecornered alfalfa hopper .................... 91 8. Geocorls spp...................................... 98 9. Nabis spp......................................... 98 10. Lebia analis ..................................... 105 11. Summary .......................................... 105 III. DEFOLIATION MEASUREMENTS ................................ 114 IV. YIELD .................................................... 118 A. Response To Row Spacing ........................... 118 v PAGE B. Response To Subterranean Insects .................. 118 C. Response To Above-ground Insects .................. 124 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................... 133 LITERATURE CITED ........................ ............................ 135. APPENDIX ............................................................. 143 VITA ........... 146 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Effects of soil treatments with isofenphos and chlorpyrifos on nodules and insect populations, Hamburg, Louisiana, 1982: Main plots treated with soil applications (isofenphos, chlorpyrifos, and.untreated)................... 22 2. Effects of soil treatments with isofenphos and chlorpyrifos on nodules and insect populations, Hamburg, Louisiana, 1983: Main plots treated with soil applications (isofenphos, chlorpyrifos, and.untreated)................... 23 3. Effects of soil treatments with isofenphos and chlorpyrifos on nodules and Insect

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