2/25/2010

Advanced Entomology Training

March 1, 2010 8:30 am to 12:30 pm Acadia Parish Extension Office

Introductions & Purpose of training

• Natalie Hummel • Steve Linscombe

Pre-test

Post-test will also be administered – best score on the post-test will win a door prize.

1 2/25/2010

Rice Growth and Development

Dr. Johnny Saichuk, LSU AgCenter, Rice Research Station

8:45 to 9 am

Water Drilled Seeded mesocotyl

Adventitious mesocotyl root

Secondary root

Primary root

2 2/25/2010

adventitious root

mesocotyl

seminal root

Adventitious roots

3 2/25/2010

Growing point, apical meristem

septum

node internode node

Typical rice seedling

4 2/25/2010

Growing point, apical meristem

septum

node

internode

node

5 2/25/2010

nodes

internodes

nodes

node

internode

Intercalary node meristem internode node internode node

Axillary bud

6 2/25/2010

2 mm 4 mm

panicle differentiation

Filament Stamen Anther

Stigma

Stigma of pistil

Style of pistil

7 2/25/2010

Filaments of stamens

Anthers of stamens

milk to soft dough

8 2/25/2010

Rice and Morphology: Personal Details of Some Old and New Foes

Dr. Chris Carlton, Louisiana State Museum LSU AgCenter, Dept of Entomology

9 to 9:45 am

Insects that we will deal with

 BeetlesBeetles--ricerice water weevils, rice levee billbug, leaf , lady beetles

 True bugsbugs--stinkstink bugs, aphids

 MothsMoths--borerborer complex

 FliesFlies--leafminersleafminers

 MitesMites--paniclepanicle rice mite

Beetles (order Coleoptera): adults

M. Ferro

www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/

http://quasimodo.versailles. inra.fr/…/famtot.htm

www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/

www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/ www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/

9 2/25/2010

Beetles (order Coleoptera): adults

Head

Thorax

Abdomen

Elytra Elytra completely Elytra partially covering flight wings exposing flight wings

Beetles of the World 1. Lawrence et al. 1999. Copyright CSIRO 1999.

Beetles (order Coleoptera): larvae

Head Abdomen

Abdomen Thorax

Thorax

Head

Rice water weevils: family Curculionidae

Larva

http://www.aragriculture.org/images/insects Adult /rice/ricewaterweevillarva.jpg Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel Lissorhoptrus simplex (Say) + 17 others in Central and http://www.padil.gov.au/pbt/files/uall/38RWW.jpg South America

10 2/25/2010

How to distinguish L. oryzophilus and L. simplex

Have a look at this part of the hind leg (metatibia).

L. oryzophilus L. simplex

What do rice water weevil larvae use to inflict feeding damage on rice?

Mandibles Like a combination of pointed, Larval head, bottom view. cutting, and gouging chisels.

Rice water weevils cannot breath water, but live under it. How do they breath?

Larval spiracle used to access air pockets inside stem.

Like a can opener + scuba gear, sorta.

11 2/25/2010

Rice levee billbug: family Curculionidae

Sphenophorus spp. At least nine species occur in Louisiana. Species identification is important.

Colaspis leaf beetles: family Chrysomelidae

Larva Adult

Distinguishing Colaspis species

Colaspis brunnea (F.) Colaspis louisianae Blake

Their respective male sex organs (aedeagus).

12 2/25/2010

Colaspis feeding damage in Louisiana rice seems to mainly be caused by C. louisianae

And now for some good news, lady beetles: family Coccinellidae

What people usually think of…

…but a lot of lady beetles are quite small and drab in appearance

Diomus terminatus (Say)

13 2/25/2010

…and are important as natural control agents of aphids.

Mandible

What is this Diomus larva doing to consume the aphid?

Photo series, M. Ferro and W. Akbar

Piercing body wall, injecting digestive fluids, sucking down liquified contents…

+ +

Like a combination of tongs, a syringe, and a shop vac.

True bugs (order Hemiptera))Hemiptera

14 2/25/2010

True bugs

Head

Thorax Beak

Abdomen

Immatures similar to adults, only lacking wings.

Rice stink bug: family Pentatomidae

Oebalus pugnax (F.)

Rice stink bug beak

A simple straw?

15 2/25/2010

Dissection reveals a more complex apparatus. The beak comprises six individual components.

Mand. stylets=catheter Labium=sheath Labrum=upper lip Max. stylets=straw

Southern green stink bug: family Pentatomidae

http://ipm.ncsu….Southern_green_stink_bug_ nymph2.jpg http://insects.tamu.edu/images/insects/color/sgstink1.jpg Immature (nymph) http:// www.ent.iastate.edu/.../greenst Nezara viridula (L.) inkbug.html Adult Compare with: green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say)

Aphids: family Aphidae

 Bird cherrycherry--oatoat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L.L.  Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani

http:// extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2007/issue10/ http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3159/2900753778_69b01dcb30.jpg

16 2/25/2010

Identifying aphids requires microscope slidemounts of WINGED aphids

Detail showing sensory structures on antenna Slide mounted greenbug used in identification collected in 1969

Moths, butterflies, and skippers (order Lepidoptera ))

www.ybis.at/natur/ …Pa163070.jpg www.fcps.k12.va.us/. ../ppolblue.jpg www.fcps.k12.va.us/.. /ppolblue.jpg

www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?.../ThymeSylve.htm www.images.on.ca/.../ Zebra_Swallowtail.jpg www.floridata.com/.../ cloudless_sulphur.jpg

17 2/25/2010

Lepidoptera characters

http:// www.greenville.k12.ny.us/.../cateranat.htm

http://static.howstuffworks. com/gif/butterfly- proboscis.jpg

Caterpiller feeding

Mandibles Like pinking shears. Head, rear view.

The borer complex

 Mexican rice borer: Euroma lofteni (Dyar)

 Rice stalk borer: Chilo plejadellus Zincken

 Sugarcane borer: Diatraea saccharalis (F.)

 European corn borer: Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

18 2/25/2010

Mexican ricer borer Sugarcane borer

http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adult_sugarca...

Rice stalk borer European corn borer

http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/…Crambid%201a.jpg http:// www.ipm.iastate.edu/.../armyworm.html

Comparing personal details of sugarcane borer and

Mexican rice borer…male genitalia. 1 1 2 2

Mexican ricer borer Sugarcane borer Reiss, 1981 2

1 Slide mounted male genitalia of Mexican ricer borer

What about the worms?

rice stalk borer Sugarcane borer Often, live specimens are easier to identify than preserved. From Stehr’s Immature Insects

19 2/25/2010

Worms, cont.

entweb.clemson.edu/.../pages/EuroCornBorer.htm European corn borer Mexican rice borer

Fall armyworm

True flies, mosquitos,mosquitos , midges (order DipteraDiptera))

www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/ biol/diptera.jpg

Thorax

Head Abdomen http:// www.fishing-hotspot.co.uk/fishing-with-maggots/ Typical fly larva, maggot

http:// .howstuffworks.com/.../printable Typical fly adult Mosquito larva, also a kind of fly

20 2/25/2010

South American rice miner: family Ephydridae

Larva with damage Adult Hydrellia wirthi Korytkowski

Egg

Like these swanswan--neckednecked mortise chisels, sorta.

Mites (Acarina): very different from insects ••88 legs, not 6 ••BodyBody not divided into head, thorax, and abdomen ••MouthpartsMouthparts completely different…chelicerate no mandibles ••MoreMore closely related to spiders, ticks and scorpions http:// bugsinmybed.com/mite-biology.php

21 2/25/2010

Rice panicle mite: family Tarsonemidae mites

Female Steneotarsonemus Male spinki Smiley

Drill + syringe on a minute (cellular) level

http:// keys.lucidcentral.org/.../Mite_Glossary.htm

Brown discoloration of sheath

mites J. Saichuk

22 2/25/2010

www.panoramio.com/photo/1057758

Taxonomic services: how you can help us help you Identification and classification: the FIRST step in dealing with pest problems

 We rely of first responders to document new pests and pest outbreaks

 The first responder’s toolkit

Your local taxonomist, always cheerful and ready to help

The first responder’s toolkit

Preservative: Field ethanol notebook

Labeling supplies

Knife w/scissors, handlens

Specimen vials/bottles/ziplocks

23 2/25/2010

A digital camera is also quite useful

•• Images rapidly transmittable ••LiveLive color shots often valuable clues in identification ••AssociatedAssociated damage easy to document ••YouYou don’t have to be a great photographer

Accurate, precise data are essential, at minimum… •State and parish or county ••GeneralGeneral location (e.g., distance/direction to nearest town) ••SpecificSpecific location, GIS coords. if available! ••CropCrop and specific location on plant or other habitat information (e.g., assoc. with damage) ••DateDate of collection ••NameName of collector

Take home messages

 Taxonomists and diagnosticians need your help in early detection of pests and pest outbreaks

 Specialized methods are often necessary to correctly identify species and inform appropriate responses

 The mechanics of feeding and nature of damage differ greatly among different groups and even between stages

24 2/25/2010

Acknowledgments and Sources

 Thanks to Natalie Hummel, staff and students at the LSAM and the LSU AgCenter for paying the bills.

 Images by CEC, AgCenter, or online sources, as indicated in small print.

 Louisiana State Arthropod Museum http://entomology.lsu.edu/lsam/

 Identification service help page: http://entomology.lsu.edu/lsam/public.htm

Questions?

Lifecycles

Insect Internal Anatomy

Dr. Natalie Hummel, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology

9:45 to 10:15

25 2/25/2010

Hemi-metabolous Hemi = partial -metabolous = change Incomplete development Larva looks similar to adult

Egg Nymph Adult

Chinch Bug Amorochrous dubius

Aphids – a J. Saichuk variation on this… Rice Stink Bug

J. Saichuk

26 2/25/2010

27 2/25/2010

Holo-metabolous Holo = complete -metabolous = change Complete development Larva looks different from adult

Rice Water Weevil

Egg Larva Pupa Adult

Rice Leafminer Rice Seed Midge Rice water weevil

J. Saichuk J. Saichuk J. Saichuk SARM Colaspis Skippers

J. Saichuk J. Saichuk

Fall Armyworm J. Saichuk Rice Levee Bill Bug

J. Saichuk J. Saichuk

28 2/25/2010

J. Saichuk J. Saichuk

R. Riggio

Head

Feeding site

R. Riggio

29 2/25/2010

Puparia

J. Saichuk J. Saichuk

30 2/25/2010

A. Meszaros

J. Saichuk

Internal Anatomy

31 2/25/2010

The Nervous Allows the insect to interact with System the environment

Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis

The Brain

• Processes information

• Protocerebrum – Vision • Deutocerebrum – Olfaction • Tritocerebrum – Feeding

Figure source Chapman, 1998

How do Insects Sense the Environment? Tarsal receptors Action are activated potential occurs

Message is sent to brain

Feeding commences

Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis

32 2/25/2010

The Insect Circulatory System

• Circulates blood & hormones

• Hemolymph – Plasma ~ blood – Hemocytes ~ blood cells – Trehalose ~ blood sugar • Pump (heart & dorsal aorta) • Diaphrams (Dorsal & Ventral ) • Neurohormones control

Figure from Chapman, 1998

Figure from Chapman, 1998

Endocrine System - Hormones • Growth (molting) • Reproduction • Feeding • Mating

trw.umbc.edu/~vergil/Pix/insects.html trw.umbc.edu/~vergil/Pix/insects.html

33 2/25/2010

Reproductive tract

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/repro.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/&usg=__JKdknStXraJP7-iF8w7zM5yjwS0=&h=375&w=594&sz=73&hl=en&start=6&sig2=RCZAkgjMqgh1q3MOzNewXA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FFA3R1- 4npnjNM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinsect%2Breproductive%2Btract%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DG%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=t6aGS9KhAaWKNbmozfAL

Digestive tract

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/guts.gif

The Big Picture – Endocrine system

Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis

34 2/25/2010

The Insect Tracheal System • Oxygen & waste products to & from each cell

• Tracheal system – Spiracles – Trachea – Taenidia – Tracheoles – Tracheolar cells

Figure Snodgrass, 1935

Figure Snodgrass, 1935

http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/images/nrg1200-218a-f4.jpg

35 2/25/2010

References

• Chapman, R.F. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function. Cambridge University Press. NY, NY USA. • Snodgrass, 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology • Online resources, as cited in slides. • Peng, C.Y.S. Insect Physiology Lab Manual.

10:15 Break

(refreshments and a light snack)

Insect toxicology - insecticide mode of action

Dr. Jim Ottea, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology

10:30 to 11:15

36 2/25/2010

Why Understand Mode of Action? • Optimize insecticide use

• Increase safety

Insecticides Are Nerve Poisons

• Nervous system is a rich source of target sites • Effects are rapid • Actions are lethal

In the beginning…

37 2/25/2010

Eventually…

Avoid Resistance by…

• Limiting insecticide applications • Select insecticides that preserve beneficial insects • Follow the instructions on the label • If application fails, use an insecticide from a different chemical class

http://www.irac-online.org

Naming Insecticides I • Trade Names : capitalized, with ® • Each insecticide may have many • Example: Karate® Demand® Warrior®

38 2/25/2010

Rice Insecticides: Trade Names

• Proaxis®, Prolex®, Trebon®, Karate®, Mustang Max® • Orthene®, Malathion 57EC®, Cheminova Methyl 4EC®, Sevin® • Cruiser®, Poncho® • Dermacor®, Rynaxypyr®, • Dimilin®

Naming Insecticides II

• Common names : not capitalized • Each insecticide has only one • Example: lamda- cyhalothrin

Rice Insecticides: Common Names

• γ- cyhalothrin, etofenprox, λ- cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin • acephate, malathion, methyl parathion • carbaryl • thiamethoxam, clothianidin, • chlorantraniliprole • diflubenzuron

39 2/25/2010

Naming Insecticides III

• Chemical class : insecticides with common structural features • Not absolute, but almost • Example: lambda- cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid

Rice Insecticides: Classes • Pyrethroids (e.g., cyhalothrin) – Analogs of pyrethrins from pyrethrum – Names end with “cyclopropanecarboxylate” • Organophosphates (e.g., acephate) – Analogs from WWII German companies – Names end with “phosph(on)ate • Carbamates (carbaryl) – Analogs of eserine – Names end with “carbamate”

Rice Insecticides: Classes • Neonicotinoids (e.g., thiomethoxam) – Act like nicotine – Names end in different ways… • Diamides (e.g., Rynaxypyr®) – Completely novel mode of action – Names end with “carboxamide” • Benzoylphenylureas (Dimilin®)

40 2/25/2010

Target Sites • Organophosphates/carbamates Group 1 (Acetylcholinesterase) • Pyrethroids Group 3 (Sodium Channel) • Neonicotinoids Group 4 (Nicotine receptor) • Diamides- Group 28 (Ryanodine receptor)

Insecticide Safety

• Nerve poisons • Read and follow the label • Spray less toxic insecticides

Insecticide Toxicities

Insecticide Chem Class (Group) Toxicity (LD5O ) acephate organophosphate (1) 866 malathion organophosphate (1) 1000 methyl parathion organophosphate (1) 24 carbaryl carbamate (1) 500 γ- cyhalothrin pyrethroid (3) 80 λ- cyhalothrin pyrethroid (3) 3200 etofenprox pyrethroid (3) 42000 zeta-cypermethrin pyrethroid (3) 90 thiamethoxam neonicotinoid (4) 1563 clothianidin neonicotinoid (4) >5000 chlorantraniliprole diamide (28) >5000 diflubenzuron benzoylurea (15) 4640

41 2/25/2010

Contact Info

Dr. Jim Ottea [email protected] 225/578-1841

Integrated pest management in the rice system Incorporating new insecticides

Dr. Michael Stout, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology

11:15 to noon

Insect pests of rice

Early-season pests Late-season pests • Rice water weevil • Rice stink bug • Colaspis • Stem borers • South American rice miner • Aphids/chinch bugs • Armyworms

42 2/25/2010

The “drivers” of pest management decisions in rice

Rice water weevil

Rice stink bug

Insect pests of rice

Early-season pests Late-season pests • Rice water weevil • Rice stink bug • Grape colaspis • Stem borers • South American rice “Reactive” miner approach! • Aphids/chinch bugs • Armyworms “Proactive” approach!

Adult Adult feeding overwintering

Mating and Larval oviposition feeding

43 2/25/2010

Options for control of rice water weevils and other early-season pests • Dermacor X-100 seed treatment • Cruiser Maxx seed treatment • Adulticidal pyrethroids: Karate, Mustang Max, Prolex, etc.

The seed treatments cannot be used in water- seeded rice!!!!

Is the use of seed treatments in Louisiana justified? • More expensive – up to $20 per acre • “Economic threshold” = density of weevil larvae at which benefits > costs • Yield loss from weevils: 0.5% - 1% per larva • For drill-seeded rice, ~3-5 larvae per core sample • In Dr. Hummel’s demo trials, 2009: 11/12 fields exceeded this threshold, 11 larvae per core average • The presence of other sporadic pests further justification

Q: Which of the seed treatments should you choose?

44 2/25/2010

Q: Which of the seed treatments should you choose?

A: it depends on which pests typically infest your fields

Spectrum of activity Cruiser Dermacor X-100

Spectrum of activity: what pests do they control? Dermacor X-100 Cruiser Maxx X Rice water weevil X Rice water weevil Colaspis X Colaspis X Stem borers Stem borers Sucking pests –chinch X Sucking pests –chinch bugs, aphids bugs, aphids X Other Leps – fall Other Leps – fall armwyorm armwyorm X South American Rice South American Rice Miner Miner

45 2/25/2010

You might consider using Dermacor if… • Field has a history of heavy weevil infestations or borer infestations • You are nervous about lack of data on Cruiser at low seeding rates or lack of commercial data for weevil efficacy

You might consider using Cruiser Maxx if… • You think you may have problems with colaspis • You are worried about early-season diseases or early season sucking pests (chinch bugs & aphids)

What if you don’t use a seed treatment? • Foliar (aerial) applications of pyrethroids the other choice • Pyrethroids cheaper, can be used in water- seeded rice • All of the pyrethroids are essentially equivalent • If any of the secondary/sporadic pests are present in the field, pyrethroids will kill • Scouting is necessary

46 2/25/2010

Pyrethroids act by killing adults, thereby preventing egg-laying

X

Timing of insecticide applications for weevil management • Many adult weevils are present before flooding and additional weevils fly in after flooding • Females lay eggs in standing water • Females prefer young rice plants for egg-laying Therefore, most egg-laying occurs shortly after flooding!!!

Apply pyrethroids when adults / feeding scars are present and fields are flooded

A second application may be needed

47 2/25/2010

Regardless of your choice of insecticides…

Don’t put them in a position to fail!

Agronomic practices to minimize yield losses from weevils: • Early planting (mid to late March?) • Avoid low seeding rates (e.g., 30 vs. 80) • Delay flood until rice is in mid-tillering (e.g, 42 vs 28 d after planting) • Keep water depth shallow (e.g., 2” vs. 6”) • Avoid high rates of N fertilization

Core samples: 26 days after flooding

35 Untreated Karate 1x a 30 Karate 2x a Dermacor ST a 25 ab 20

15 bc

10 c

5 d cd 0 Weevil larvae + pupae per core Early Late

Planting date

48 2/25/2010

12000 2006 Experiment 11000 10000 18% -1 9000 8000 39% 7000

No insecticide Yield, ha kg 6000 + Insecticide 5000 4000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Seeding rate, kg ha -1

Tolerance is dependent on plant age…

Flooded 42 d after seeding 1.1 Flooded 28 d after seeding 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

Standardized yield Standardized 0.4 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 No. of immatures per core, 20 daf

Zou et al., Crop Protect. 23: 543 (2004)

What about crawfish?

• All insecticides have wording on their labels prohibiting crawfish culture in rice fields in which the insecticides are used • What about drift and run-off into ponds? • New insecticides are less acutely toxic to crawfish than pyrethroids

49 2/25/2010

The “drivers” of pest management decisions in rice

Rice water weevil

Rice stink bug

50 2/25/2010

Rice Stink Bug Damage

Feeding on flowers (non(non--filledfilled seed ))

Photograph by Boris Castro Remove contents of developing kernels (partially(partially--filledfilled seed)

Pecky rice and broken kernels

51 2/25/2010

Rice stink bug management

• Adults can move into fields rapidly after heading • Adults are the primary damaging stage • Thresholds are important – mere presence of stink bugs in a field should not trigger spraying • Scout with sweep net • What about natural enemies?

Scouting and thresholds

• Begin scouting when rice is 50 to 75% heading • 10 sweeps at 10 different areas • Avoid hot hours • First two weeks of heading: 3 bugs per 10 sweeps • After first two weeks: 10 bugs per 10 sweeps • Treatments: methyl parathion, malathion (not recommended), and pyrethroids

Sugarcane borer

52 2/25/2010

53 2/25/2010

54 2/25/2010

55 2/25/2010

Stem borer management

• Scouting begins at green ring, intensifies as early boot approaches • Look for adults, egg masses, or feeding lesions • No thresholds yet, insecticides targeted at adults • Pyrethroids • Dermacor has activity

Management of Sugarcane Borer Infestations in Rice Using Selected Rates of Insecticides, Louisiana 2004 90 a 80 One Application (at panicle initiation)

70 Two Applications (one at panicle initiation + 7 days later)

60

50

40

30

20 b bc b No.of Whiteheads per Plot 10 b-e b-e def cde cde def def bcd def eff ef 0 UTC Icon 6.2FS Intrepid 2F Confirm 2F Prolex Mustang Max Karate-Z Karate-Z Mustang Max 0.035 lb ai/a 0.10 lb ai/a 0.10 lb ai/a 0.016 lb ai/a 0.0165 lb ai/a 0.040 lb ai/a 0.030 lb ai/a 0.025 lb ai/a

Post-test

• Best score wins a door prize donated by – John Bordlee - Valent

56 2/25/2010

Lunch

• A special thanks to our sponsors – Toby McCown  Dupont – Henry Stefanski  FMC – Josh Zaunbrecher  Syngenta

Questions?

Natalie Hummel, Ph.D. Extension Entomologist [email protected]

57