2/25/2010
Advanced Entomology Training
March 1, 2010 8:30 am to 12:30 pm Acadia Parish Extension Office
Introductions & Purpose of training
• Natalie Hummel • Steve Linscombe
Pre-test
Post-test will also be administered – best score on the post-test will win a door prize.
1 2/25/2010
Rice Growth and Development
Dr. Johnny Saichuk, LSU AgCenter, Rice Research Station
8:45 to 9 am
Water Drilled Seeded mesocotyl
Adventitious mesocotyl root
Secondary root
Primary root
2 2/25/2010
adventitious root
mesocotyl
seminal root
Adventitious roots
3 2/25/2010
Growing point, apical meristem
septum
node internode node
Typical rice seedling
4 2/25/2010
Growing point, apical meristem
septum
node
internode
node
5 2/25/2010
nodes
internodes
nodes
node
internode
Intercalary node meristem internode node internode node
Axillary bud
6 2/25/2010
2 mm 4 mm
panicle differentiation
Filament Stamen Anther
Stigma
Stigma of pistil
Style of pistil
7 2/25/2010
Filaments of stamens
Anthers of stamens
milk to soft dough
8 2/25/2010
Rice Insects Taxonomy and Morphology: Personal Details of Some Old and New Foes
Dr. Chris Carlton, Louisiana State Arthropod Museum LSU AgCenter, Dept of Entomology
9 to 9:45 am
Insects that we will deal with
BeetlesBeetles--ricerice water weevils, rice levee billbug, colaspis leaf beetles, lady beetles
True bugsbugs--stinkstink bugs, aphids
MothsMoths--borerborer complex
FliesFlies--leafminersleafminers
MitesMites--paniclepanicle rice mite
Beetles (order Coleoptera): adults
M. Ferro
www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/
http://quasimodo.versailles. inra.fr/…/famtot.htm
www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/
www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/ www.zin.ru/.../Coleoptera/ images/
9 2/25/2010
Beetles (order Coleoptera): adults
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Elytra Elytra completely Elytra partially covering flight wings exposing flight wings
Beetles of the World 1. Lawrence et al. 1999. Copyright CSIRO 1999.
Beetles (order Coleoptera): larvae
Head Abdomen
Abdomen Thorax
Thorax
Head
Rice water weevils: family Curculionidae
Larva
http://www.aragriculture.org/images/insects Adult /rice/ricewaterweevillarva.jpg Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel Lissorhoptrus simplex (Say) + 17 others in Central and http://www.padil.gov.au/pbt/files/uall/38RWW.jpg South America
10 2/25/2010
How to distinguish L. oryzophilus and L. simplex
Have a look at this part of the hind leg (metatibia).
L. oryzophilus L. simplex
What do rice water weevil larvae use to inflict feeding damage on rice?
Mandibles Like a combination of pointed, Larval head, bottom view. cutting, and gouging chisels.
Rice water weevils cannot breath water, but live under it. How do they breath?
Larval spiracle used to access air pockets inside stem.
Like a can opener + scuba gear, sorta.
11 2/25/2010
Rice levee billbug: family Curculionidae
Sphenophorus spp. At least nine species occur in Louisiana. Species identification is important.
Colaspis leaf beetles: family Chrysomelidae
Larva Adult
Distinguishing Colaspis species
Colaspis brunnea (F.) Colaspis louisianae Blake
Their respective male sex organs (aedeagus).
12 2/25/2010
Colaspis feeding damage in Louisiana rice seems to mainly be caused by C. louisianae
And now for some good news, lady beetles: family Coccinellidae
What people usually think of…
…but a lot of lady beetles are quite small and drab in appearance
Diomus terminatus (Say)
13 2/25/2010
…and are important as natural control agents of aphids.
Mandible
What is this Diomus larva doing to consume the aphid?
Photo series, M. Ferro and W. Akbar
Piercing body wall, injecting digestive fluids, sucking down liquified contents…
+ +
Like a combination of tongs, a syringe, and a shop vac.
True bugs (order Hemiptera))Hemiptera
14 2/25/2010
True bugs
Head
Thorax Beak
Abdomen
Immatures similar to adults, only lacking wings.
Rice stink bug: family Pentatomidae
Oebalus pugnax (F.)
Rice stink bug beak
A simple straw?
15 2/25/2010
Dissection reveals a more complex apparatus. The beak comprises six individual components.
Mand. stylets=catheter Labium=sheath Labrum=upper lip Max. stylets=straw
Southern green stink bug: family Pentatomidae
http://ipm.ncsu….Southern_green_stink_bug_ nymph2.jpg http://insects.tamu.edu/images/insects/color/sgstink1.jpg Immature (nymph) http:// www.ent.iastate.edu/.../greenst Nezara viridula (L.) inkbug.html Adult Compare with: green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say)
Aphids: family Aphidae
Bird cherrycherry--oatoat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L.L. Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani
http:// extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2007/issue10/ http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3159/2900753778_69b01dcb30.jpg
16 2/25/2010
Identifying aphids requires microscope slidemounts of WINGED aphids
Detail showing sensory structures on antenna Slide mounted greenbug used in identification collected in 1969
Moths, butterflies, and skippers (order Lepidoptera ))
www.ybis.at/natur/ …Pa163070.jpg www.fcps.k12.va.us/. ../ppolblue.jpg www.fcps.k12.va.us/.. /ppolblue.jpg
www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?.../ThymeSylve.htm www.images.on.ca/.../ Zebra_Swallowtail.jpg www.floridata.com/.../ cloudless_sulphur.jpg
17 2/25/2010
Lepidoptera characters
http:// www.greenville.k12.ny.us/.../cateranat.htm
http://static.howstuffworks. com/gif/butterfly- proboscis.jpg
Caterpiller feeding
Mandibles Like pinking shears. Head, rear view.
The borer complex
Mexican rice borer: Euroma lofteni (Dyar)
Rice stalk borer: Chilo plejadellus Zincken
Sugarcane borer: Diatraea saccharalis (F.)
European corn borer: Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)
18 2/25/2010
Mexican ricer borer Sugarcane borer
http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adult_sugarca...
Rice stalk borer European corn borer
http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/…Crambid%201a.jpg http:// www.ipm.iastate.edu/.../armyworm.html
Comparing personal details of sugarcane borer and
Mexican rice borer…male genitalia. 1 1 2 2
Mexican ricer borer Sugarcane borer Reiss, 1981 2
1 Slide mounted male genitalia of Mexican ricer borer
What about the worms?
rice stalk borer Sugarcane borer Often, live specimens are easier to identify than preserved. From Stehr’s Immature Insects
19 2/25/2010
Worms, cont.
entweb.clemson.edu/.../pages/EuroCornBorer.htm European corn borer Mexican rice borer
Fall armyworm
True flies, mosquitos,mosquitos , midges (order DipteraDiptera))
www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/ biol/diptera.jpg
Thorax
Head Abdomen http:// www.fishing-hotspot.co.uk/fishing-with-maggots/ Typical fly larva, maggot
http:// animals.howstuffworks.com/.../printable Typical fly adult Mosquito larva, also a kind of fly
20 2/25/2010
South American rice miner: family Ephydridae
Larva with damage Adult Hydrellia wirthi Korytkowski
Egg
Like these swanswan--neckednecked mortise chisels, sorta.
Mites (Acarina): very different from insects ••88 legs, not 6 ••BodyBody not divided into head, thorax, and abdomen ••MouthpartsMouthparts completely different…chelicerate no mandibles ••MoreMore closely related to spiders, ticks and scorpions http:// bugsinmybed.com/mite-biology.php
21 2/25/2010
Rice panicle mite: family Tarsonemidae mites
Female Steneotarsonemus Male spinki Smiley
Drill + syringe on a minute (cellular) level
http:// keys.lucidcentral.org/.../Mite_Glossary.htm
Brown discoloration of sheath
mites J. Saichuk
22 2/25/2010
www.panoramio.com/photo/1057758
Taxonomic services: how you can help us help you Identification and classification: the FIRST step in dealing with pest problems
We rely of first responders to document new pests and pest outbreaks
The first responder’s toolkit
Your local taxonomist, always cheerful and ready to help
The first responder’s toolkit
Preservative: Field ethanol notebook
Labeling supplies
Knife w/scissors, handlens
Specimen vials/bottles/ziplocks
23 2/25/2010
A digital camera is also quite useful
•• Images rapidly transmittable ••LiveLive color shots often valuable clues in identification ••AssociatedAssociated damage easy to document ••YouYou don’t have to be a great photographer
Accurate, precise data are essential, at minimum… •State and parish or county ••GeneralGeneral location (e.g., distance/direction to nearest town) ••SpecificSpecific location, GIS coords. if available! ••CropCrop and specific location on plant or other habitat information (e.g., assoc. with damage) ••DateDate of collection ••NameName of collector
Take home messages
Taxonomists and diagnosticians need your help in early detection of pests and pest outbreaks
Specialized methods are often necessary to correctly identify species and inform appropriate responses
The mechanics of feeding and nature of damage differ greatly among different insect groups and even between stages
24 2/25/2010
Acknowledgments and Sources
Thanks to Natalie Hummel, staff and students at the LSAM and the LSU AgCenter for paying the bills.
Images by CEC, AgCenter, or online sources, as indicated in small print.
Louisiana State Arthropod Museum http://entomology.lsu.edu/lsam/
Identification service help page: http://entomology.lsu.edu/lsam/public.htm
Questions?
Lifecycles
Insect Internal Anatomy
Dr. Natalie Hummel, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology
9:45 to 10:15
25 2/25/2010
Hemi-metabolous Hemi = partial -metabolous = change Incomplete development Larva looks similar to adult
Egg Nymph Adult
Chinch Bug Amorochrous dubius
Aphids – a J. Saichuk variation on this… Rice Stink Bug
J. Saichuk
26 2/25/2010
27 2/25/2010
Holo-metabolous Holo = complete -metabolous = change Complete development Larva looks different from adult
Rice Water Weevil
Egg Larva Pupa Adult
Rice Leafminer Rice Seed Midge Rice water weevil
J. Saichuk J. Saichuk J. Saichuk SARM Colaspis Skippers
J. Saichuk J. Saichuk
Fall Armyworm J. Saichuk Rice Levee Bill Bug
J. Saichuk J. Saichuk
28 2/25/2010
J. Saichuk J. Saichuk
R. Riggio
Head
Feeding site
R. Riggio
29 2/25/2010
Puparia
J. Saichuk J. Saichuk
30 2/25/2010
A. Meszaros
J. Saichuk
Internal Anatomy
31 2/25/2010
The Nervous Allows the insect to interact with System the environment
Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis
The Brain
• Processes information
• Protocerebrum – Vision • Deutocerebrum – Olfaction • Tritocerebrum – Feeding
Figure source Chapman, 1998
How do Insects Sense the Environment? Tarsal receptors Action are activated potential occurs
Message is sent to brain
Feeding commences
Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis
32 2/25/2010
The Insect Circulatory System
• Circulates blood & hormones
• Hemolymph – Plasma ~ blood – Hemocytes ~ blood cells – Trehalose ~ blood sugar • Pump (heart & dorsal aorta) • Diaphrams (Dorsal & Ventral ) • Neurohormones control
Figure from Chapman, 1998
Figure from Chapman, 1998
Endocrine System - Hormones • Growth (molting) • Reproduction • Feeding • Mating
trw.umbc.edu/~vergil/Pix/insects.html trw.umbc.edu/~vergil/Pix/insects.html
33 2/25/2010
Reproductive tract
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/repro.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/&usg=__JKdknStXraJP7-iF8w7zM5yjwS0=&h=375&w=594&sz=73&hl=en&start=6&sig2=RCZAkgjMqgh1q3MOzNewXA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FFA3R1- 4npnjNM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinsect%2Breproductive%2Btract%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DG%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=t6aGS9KhAaWKNbmozfAL
Digestive tract
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/guts.gif
The Big Picture – Endocrine system
Figure source Peng, UC Dacvis
34 2/25/2010
The Insect Tracheal System • Oxygen & waste products to & from each cell
• Tracheal system – Spiracles – Trachea – Taenidia – Tracheoles – Tracheolar cells
Figure Snodgrass, 1935
Figure Snodgrass, 1935
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/images/nrg1200-218a-f4.jpg
35 2/25/2010
References
• Chapman, R.F. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function. Cambridge University Press. NY, NY USA. • Snodgrass, 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology • Online resources, as cited in slides. • Peng, C.Y.S. Insect Physiology Lab Manual.
10:15 Break
(refreshments and a light snack)
Insect toxicology - insecticide mode of action
Dr. Jim Ottea, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology
10:30 to 11:15
36 2/25/2010
Why Understand Mode of Action? • Optimize insecticide use
• Increase safety
Insecticides Are Nerve Poisons
• Nervous system is a rich source of target sites • Effects are rapid • Actions are lethal
In the beginning…
37 2/25/2010
Eventually…
Avoid Resistance by…
• Limiting insecticide applications • Select insecticides that preserve beneficial insects • Follow the instructions on the label • If application fails, use an insecticide from a different chemical class
http://www.irac-online.org
Naming Insecticides I • Trade Names : capitalized, with ® • Each insecticide may have many • Example: Karate® Demand® Warrior®
38 2/25/2010
Rice Insecticides: Trade Names
• Proaxis®, Prolex®, Trebon®, Karate®, Mustang Max® • Orthene®, Malathion 57EC®, Cheminova Methyl 4EC®, Sevin® • Cruiser®, Poncho® • Dermacor®, Rynaxypyr®, • Dimilin®
Naming Insecticides II
• Common names : not capitalized • Each insecticide has only one • Example: lamda- cyhalothrin
Rice Insecticides: Common Names
• γ- cyhalothrin, etofenprox, λ- cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin • acephate, malathion, methyl parathion • carbaryl • thiamethoxam, clothianidin, • chlorantraniliprole • diflubenzuron
39 2/25/2010
Naming Insecticides III
• Chemical class : insecticides with common structural features • Not absolute, but almost • Example: lambda- cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid
Rice Insecticides: Classes • Pyrethroids (e.g., cyhalothrin) – Analogs of pyrethrins from pyrethrum – Names end with “cyclopropanecarboxylate” • Organophosphates (e.g., acephate) – Analogs from WWII German companies – Names end with “phosph(on)ate • Carbamates (carbaryl) – Analogs of eserine – Names end with “carbamate”
Rice Insecticides: Classes • Neonicotinoids (e.g., thiomethoxam) – Act like nicotine – Names end in different ways… • Diamides (e.g., Rynaxypyr®) – Completely novel mode of action – Names end with “carboxamide” • Benzoylphenylureas (Dimilin®)
40 2/25/2010
Target Sites • Organophosphates/carbamates Group 1 (Acetylcholinesterase) • Pyrethroids Group 3 (Sodium Channel) • Neonicotinoids Group 4 (Nicotine receptor) • Diamides- Group 28 (Ryanodine receptor)
Insecticide Safety
• Nerve poisons • Read and follow the label • Spray less toxic insecticides
Insecticide Toxicities
Insecticide Chem Class (Group) Toxicity (LD5O ) acephate organophosphate (1) 866 malathion organophosphate (1) 1000 methyl parathion organophosphate (1) 24 carbaryl carbamate (1) 500 γ- cyhalothrin pyrethroid (3) 80 λ- cyhalothrin pyrethroid (3) 3200 etofenprox pyrethroid (3) 42000 zeta-cypermethrin pyrethroid (3) 90 thiamethoxam neonicotinoid (4) 1563 clothianidin neonicotinoid (4) >5000 chlorantraniliprole diamide (28) >5000 diflubenzuron benzoylurea (15) 4640
41 2/25/2010
Contact Info
Dr. Jim Ottea [email protected] 225/578-1841
Integrated pest management in the rice system Incorporating new insecticides
Dr. Michael Stout, LSU AgCenter Department of Entomology
11:15 to noon
Insect pests of rice
Early-season pests Late-season pests • Rice water weevil • Rice stink bug • Colaspis • Stem borers • South American rice miner • Aphids/chinch bugs • Armyworms
42 2/25/2010
The “drivers” of pest management decisions in rice
Rice water weevil
Rice stink bug
Insect pests of rice
Early-season pests Late-season pests • Rice water weevil • Rice stink bug • Grape colaspis • Stem borers • South American rice “Reactive” miner approach! • Aphids/chinch bugs • Armyworms “Proactive” approach!
Adult Adult feeding overwintering
Mating and Larval oviposition feeding
43 2/25/2010
Options for control of rice water weevils and other early-season pests • Dermacor X-100 seed treatment • Cruiser Maxx seed treatment • Adulticidal pyrethroids: Karate, Mustang Max, Prolex, etc.
The seed treatments cannot be used in water- seeded rice!!!!
Is the use of seed treatments in Louisiana justified? • More expensive – up to $20 per acre • “Economic threshold” = density of weevil larvae at which benefits > costs • Yield loss from weevils: 0.5% - 1% per larva • For drill-seeded rice, ~3-5 larvae per core sample • In Dr. Hummel’s demo trials, 2009: 11/12 fields exceeded this threshold, 11 larvae per core average • The presence of other sporadic pests further justification
Q: Which of the seed treatments should you choose?
44 2/25/2010
Q: Which of the seed treatments should you choose?
A: it depends on which pests typically infest your fields
Spectrum of activity Cruiser Dermacor X-100
Spectrum of activity: what pests do they control? Dermacor X-100 Cruiser Maxx X Rice water weevil X Rice water weevil Colaspis X Colaspis X Stem borers Stem borers Sucking pests –chinch X Sucking pests –chinch bugs, aphids bugs, aphids X Other Leps – fall Other Leps – fall armwyorm armwyorm X South American Rice South American Rice Miner Miner
45 2/25/2010
You might consider using Dermacor if… • Field has a history of heavy weevil infestations or borer infestations • You are nervous about lack of data on Cruiser at low seeding rates or lack of commercial data for weevil efficacy
You might consider using Cruiser Maxx if… • You think you may have problems with colaspis • You are worried about early-season diseases or early season sucking pests (chinch bugs & aphids)
What if you don’t use a seed treatment? • Foliar (aerial) applications of pyrethroids the other choice • Pyrethroids cheaper, can be used in water- seeded rice • All of the pyrethroids are essentially equivalent • If any of the secondary/sporadic pests are present in the field, pyrethroids will kill • Scouting is necessary
46 2/25/2010
Pyrethroids act by killing adults, thereby preventing egg-laying
X
Timing of insecticide applications for weevil management • Many adult weevils are present before flooding and additional weevils fly in after flooding • Females lay eggs in standing water • Females prefer young rice plants for egg-laying Therefore, most egg-laying occurs shortly after flooding!!!
Apply pyrethroids when adults / feeding scars are present and fields are flooded
A second application may be needed
47 2/25/2010
Regardless of your choice of insecticides…
Don’t put them in a position to fail!
Agronomic practices to minimize yield losses from weevils: • Early planting (mid to late March?) • Avoid low seeding rates (e.g., 30 vs. 80) • Delay flood until rice is in mid-tillering (e.g, 42 vs 28 d after planting) • Keep water depth shallow (e.g., 2” vs. 6”) • Avoid high rates of N fertilization
Core samples: 26 days after flooding
35 Untreated Karate 1x a 30 Karate 2x a Dermacor ST a 25 ab 20
15 bc
10 c
5 d cd 0 Weevil larvae + pupae per core Early Late
Planting date
48 2/25/2010
12000 2006 Experiment 11000 10000 18% -1 9000 8000 39% 7000
No insecticide Yield, ha kg 6000 + Insecticide 5000 4000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Seeding rate, kg ha -1
Tolerance is dependent on plant age…
Flooded 42 d after seeding 1.1 Flooded 28 d after seeding 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Standardized yield Standardized 0.4 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 No. of immatures per core, 20 daf
Zou et al., Crop Protect. 23: 543 (2004)
What about crawfish?
• All insecticides have wording on their labels prohibiting crawfish culture in rice fields in which the insecticides are used • What about drift and run-off into ponds? • New insecticides are less acutely toxic to crawfish than pyrethroids
49 2/25/2010
The “drivers” of pest management decisions in rice
Rice water weevil
Rice stink bug
50 2/25/2010
Rice Stink Bug Damage
Feeding on flowers (non(non--filledfilled seed ))
Photograph by Boris Castro Remove contents of developing kernels (partially(partially--filledfilled seed)
Pecky rice and broken kernels
51 2/25/2010
Rice stink bug management
• Adults can move into fields rapidly after heading • Adults are the primary damaging stage • Thresholds are important – mere presence of stink bugs in a field should not trigger spraying • Scout with sweep net • What about natural enemies?
Scouting and thresholds
• Begin scouting when rice is 50 to 75% heading • 10 sweeps at 10 different areas • Avoid hot hours • First two weeks of heading: 3 bugs per 10 sweeps • After first two weeks: 10 bugs per 10 sweeps • Treatments: methyl parathion, malathion (not recommended), and pyrethroids
Sugarcane borer
52 2/25/2010
53 2/25/2010
54 2/25/2010
55 2/25/2010
Stem borer management
• Scouting begins at green ring, intensifies as early boot approaches • Look for adults, egg masses, or feeding lesions • No thresholds yet, insecticides targeted at adults • Pyrethroids • Dermacor has activity
Management of Sugarcane Borer Infestations in Rice Using Selected Rates of Insecticides, Louisiana 2004 90 a 80 One Application (at panicle initiation)
70 Two Applications (one at panicle initiation + 7 days later)
60
50
40
30
20 b bc b No.of Whiteheads per Plot 10 b-e b-e def cde cde def def bcd def eff ef 0 UTC Icon 6.2FS Intrepid 2F Confirm 2F Prolex Mustang Max Karate-Z Karate-Z Mustang Max 0.035 lb ai/a 0.10 lb ai/a 0.10 lb ai/a 0.016 lb ai/a 0.0165 lb ai/a 0.040 lb ai/a 0.030 lb ai/a 0.025 lb ai/a
Post-test
• Best score wins a door prize donated by – John Bordlee - Valent
56 2/25/2010
Lunch
• A special thanks to our sponsors – Toby McCown Dupont – Henry Stefanski FMC – Josh Zaunbrecher Syngenta
Questions?
Natalie Hummel, Ph.D. Extension Entomologist [email protected]
57