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Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category

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Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category April 2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T) Engineering and Analysis Division 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 EPA-821-R-12-003 Environmental Impact and Benefits Assessment for the Final Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category The Airport Deicing Effluent Guidelines final rule and support documents were prepared by Office of Water staff. The following contractors provided assistance in performing the analyses supporting the conclusions detailed in this document: Abt Associates, Inc. Eastern Research Group, Inc. Stratus Consulting, Inc. Neither the United States Government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors, or their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party’s use of or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this document, or represents that its use by such a party would not infringe on privately owned rights. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement by EPA or recommendation for use. i Environmental Impact and Benefits Assessment for the Final Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Airport Deicing and Anti-icing Operations ..................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Airport Deicing and Anti-Icing Product Formulations .................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Airport Deicing Chemical Dispersion in the Environment ............................................................. 1-4 1.4 Environmental Impacts from Airport Deicing Operation Discharges ............................................. 1-5 2 Airport Deicing Product Components and Environmental Behavior ...................................... 2-1 2.1 Airport Deicing Product Components ............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Identification of Airport Deicing Product Components ..................................................... 2-1 2.2 Environmental Behaviors of Airport Deicing Product Components ............................................. 2-10 2.2.1 Environmental Behaviors ................................................................................................. 2-11 2.2.2 Detailed Airport Deicing Product Component Profiles .................................................... 2-18 3 Environmental Impact Potential under Current Airport Deicing Practices ........................... 3-1 3.1 Universe of In-scope Airports ......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Airport Deicing Pollutant Discharges to the Environment .............................................................. 3-2 3.2.1 Factors Influencing Airport Deicing Pollutant Discharge to the Environment .................. 3-2 3.2.2 Quantified Airport Deicing Pollutant Discharge Estimates ................................................ 3-6 3.3 Factors Influencing Airport Deicing Pollutant Concentrations in Receiving Surface Waters ...... 3-11 3.4 Documented Environmental Impacts from Airport Deicing Pollutant Discharges ....................... 3-13 3.4.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, and Nutrient Impacts ............................................................................................................... 3-15 3.4.2 Wildlife Impacts ............................................................................................................... 3-17 3.4.3 Human Health, Aesthetic, and Other Aquatic Resource Use Impacts ............................. 3-17 3.4.4 Permit Violations .............................................................................................................. 3-19 3.5 Potential Current Impacts to Impaired Waters and Other Resources ............................................ 3-19 3.5.1 303(d)-Listed Waters Receiving Airport Deicing Discharges .......................................... 3-20 3.5.2 Airport Deicing Discharges Listed as TMDL Point Sources ........................................... 3-29 3.5.3 Resources Located Downstream from Airport Deicing Discharge Outfalls .................... 3-30 4 Benefits of Final Regulatory Options ........................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Final Regulatory Options ................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Airports Affected by the Final Regulatory Options ........................................................................ 4-2 ii Environmental Impact and Benefits Assessment for the Final Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category 4.3 Environmental Benefits Anticipated under Final Regulatory Options ............................................ 4-3 4.3.1 Airport Actions and Benefits under Final Regulatory Options .......................................... 4-4 4.4 Expected Ecological, Human Aquatic Resource Use, and Human Health Benefits ....................... 4-9 4.4.1 Ecological Benefits ............................................................................................................. 4-9 4.4.2 Human Health Benefits ...................................................................................................... 4-9 4.4.3 Human Use of Aquatic Resource Benefits ....................................................................... 4-10 5 References ...................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Appendix A : Detailed Characterization of Airport Deicing Products .............................................. A-1 Appendix B : Surveyed Airports within Scope for EPA’s Regulatory Options for Airport Deicing Operations ..................................................................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C : Documented Impacts from Airport Deicing Discharges .............................................. C-1 iii Environmental Impact and Benefits Assessment for the Final Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category Tables Table 1-1: U.S. Commercial Airports - National Estimate of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluid Use/Purchase * ......................................................................................................................... 1-3 Table 1-2: U.S. Commercial Airports - National Estimate of Pavement Deicer Chemical Use ................ 1-3 Table 2-1: Comparison of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluid Characteristics by Type ...................... 2-3 Table 2-2: Identification of Airport Deicing Product Components ........................................................... 2-5 Table 3-1: Partial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges from Pavement Deicers and ADF Application Sites at Surveyed Airports within Scope of the Final Rule ............................................ 3-7 Table 3-2: Ammonia Discharge from Deicing Operations at Surveyed Airports within Scope of the Final Rule ................................................................................................................................... 3-10 Table 3-3: Estimate of National Baseline COD Discharges from ADF Application Sites and Airfield Pavement Deicing by Airport Hub Size Category ............................................................. 3-11 Table 3-4: Estimate of National Baseline Ammonia Discharges from Airfield Payment Deicing by Airport Hub Size Category ......................................................................................................... 3-11 Table 3-5: Documented Environmental Impacts Associated with Airport Deicing Discharges .............. 3-14 Table 3-6: Airport Deicing System Improvements for In-scope Airports .............................................. 3-15 Table 3-7: 303(d) Impairment Categories for Fresh Waters Receiving Direct Airport Deicing Discharges from Surveyed Airports within Scope of the Final Rule ............................................... 3-21 Table 3-8: 303(d) Impairment Categories for Marine Waters Receiving Direct Airport Deicing Discharges from Surveyed Airports within Scope of the Final Rule ............................................... 3-22 Table 3-9: 303(d) Listed Waters Receiving Direct Airport Deicing Discharges from Surveyed Airport within Scope of the Final Rule ............................................................................................ 3-23 Table 3-10: Resources Potentially Impacted by Airport Deicing Discharges from Surveyed Airports within Scope of the Final Rule .......................................................................................... 3-31 Table 4-1: Regulatory Options Evaluated for the Airport Deicing Category ............................................ 4-1 Table 4-2: Surveyed Airports
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