“Formas Primitivas” De Ideias Oopulares

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“Formas Primitivas” De Ideias Oopulares A FORMA DAS IDEIAS A Câmara Estenopeica Como Método de Destilação de “Formas Primitivas” de Ideias Populares (Expressões Idiomáticas) Salomé Filipa Pereira Arieira Tese de Doutoramento Directora Mª Sol Alonso Romera Facultad de Bellas Artes de Pontevedra Departamento de Dibujo Setembro 2015 Aos meus dois amores: ao meu marido Tony Oliveira e ao meu filho Gaspar, pelo amor infinito e indescritível com que recheiam os meus dias. Aos meus pais Odete e Filipe, pela coragem exemplar e pelo apoio que me transmitem sempre, desde o meu primeiro momento no mundo. À Diretora desta Tese, Sol Alonso, pela disponibilidade total que demonstrou ao longo destes anos para me guiar e acompanhar, e pela amizade e sabedoria com que desde sempre me presenteou. À Direção da Escola Artística de Soares dos Reis por todo o apoio dado ao longo destes últimos anos. Ao Miguel Paiva, à Luisa Fragoso e ao Leonardo Mira, por toda a colaboração e apoio prestados. Ao Miguel Borges (Cigano) pela disponibilidade demonstrada na cedência dos espaços que serviram de palco a várias imagens estenopeicas do projeto prático desta investigação. À Lurdes Arieira e à Claudia Tomás pelo empréstimo de alguns dos elementos fotografados (máquina de picar AGRADECIMENTOS carne e fichas de póquer). À Joana Castelo e ao David, pela gentileza que tiveram na digitalização dos negativos do projeto prático. À Sara e ao André (Blues Photography) pelo cuidado nas impressões fotográficas do projeto prático (versão impressa). À Eduarda Coelho, por me ter salvo no momento da análise sintática das Expressões Idiomáticas. À Maria Peña, cuja amizade se estende desde o início do Curso de Doutoramento, superanto barreiras físicas e temporais. De novo, ao meu marido Tony Oliveira, pelas preciosas dicas de paginação e pelo Design da capa e do miolo desta Tese. Aos meus sogros, Helena e Augusto Neto, pela ocupação do seu espaço durante o processo de paginação . A todos os meus alunos, colegas e amigos com quem fui trocando impressões e partilhando ideias ao longo do desenvolvimento desta Tese. Esta investigación propone un análisis sobre los factores que determinan la Forma de una Idea; en otras palabras, se trata de un intento de desvelar las relaciones (alguna posible) que se establecen entre una Forma y una Idea. Para analizar esta relación se parte, en la Primera Parte de la Tesis, de la observación de las condiciones que llevan a un determinado individuo a “tener” una idea y que le conducen, posteriormente, a materializarla de un modo específico -y no de cualquier otro-, confiriéndole una forma determinada . En consecuencia, y más específicamente a lo largo de la Segunda Parte de la Tesis, se va desvelando que una Forma nueva1 encierra en sí un contenido autónomo, distante de su idea originaria. Para dotar a esta investigación de una estructura que permitiese consolidar dicha hipótesis, se decidió que la Tesis estuviera dividida en dos partes: En la Primera Parte, el enfoque teórico se centra en dos claves conceptuales, divididas en dos capítulos: el RESUMEN Capitulo 1 pretende analizar diferentes conceptos de Forma, y ​​el Capitulo 2 aborda distintas incursiones analíticas en el ámbito de las Ideas como clave de la estructuración del conocimiento humano. La Segunda Parte de la Tesis, que culmina en un proyecto de investigación práctica, aproxima la Fotografía Estenopeica a un proceso de “destilación”2 de Ideas en Formas. Dicho proyecto tuvo como punto de partida la toma de conciencia del papel fundamental que desempeña el Lenguaje en la estructuración de las sociedades y las culturas y, asimismo, en el modo en el que los individuos aprehenden la realidad, la interpretan y la comunican; 1 El término nueva/o se usa en un doble sentido: según la definición del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española en su acepción 1. Recién hecho o fabricado. Y, sobre todo, en su acepción 2. Que se ve o se oye por primera vez. Además, se hace alusión a Th. W. Adorno, quién hace de “lo nuevo” la categoría del arte moderno (primera mitad del siglo XX), de la renovación de los temas, motivos y procedimientos artísticos establecidos por el desarrollo del arte desde la admisión de lo moderno. En, ADORNO, Th. W. Teoria Estética. Madrid: Editorial Akal. 2004. ISBN: 9788446016700. 2 En este sentido, el proyecto de investigación práctico, registrado en la Segunda Parte de la Tesis, usa una cámara estenopeica como alambique metafórico para destilar Formas (imágenes fotográficas) de Ideas populares (Expresiones idiomáticas). 7 es decir, el Lenguaje es el elemento esencial que conforma y estructura el pensamiento humano y por tanto Relativo a la Primera Parte de la Tesis, el Capítulo 1, As Dimensões da Forma (Las Dimensiones de la Forma), las ideas. A partir de ahí, fue diseñado un método artístico mediante el que interpretar, usando una traducción se divide en siete (7) Subcapítulos; el primero, expone que todo lo que existe tiene una forma, ya sea materia o literalmente, expresiones idiomáticas3 (Ideas), que convertidas en escenas o escenarios tridimensionales, iban a energía. Incluso, si nos referimos a todas las cosas que existen en el universo, a lo largo de este Subcapítulo (1.1.) pasar a ser imágenes artísticas fotográficas (Formas), “destiladas” a través de la mirada (ojo-stenos) de una cámara vamos percibiendo que todo está compuesto de la misma Materia Prima7, aunque infinitamente contaminada en estenopeica. Este hecho suscitó una enorme curiosidad por explorar y descubrir cuales serían las implicaciones, diferentes variantes y grados. En otras palabras, la pureza absoluta de la Materia Prima se remonta al origen del connotaciones y características artísticas de la Forma que esa Idea -interpretar literalmente expresiones idiomáticas Universo y, aunque todo lo que existe tiene origen a partir de esa misma materia original, sus características fueron para convertirlas en imagen- podría asumir. alterándose a medida que, en el tiempo, se asiste al acontecimiento de diferentes fenómenos (naturales o no). Esta mutación permanente convierte a la Forma en un Principio Activo, porque no es un fenómeno estático, sino que El objetivo principal de esta investigación, que acaba de ser descrito, da comienzo con un análisis de requiere de algún tipo de acción. diferentes puntos de vista sobre diversas definiciones de Forma e Idea, entrecruzando posteriormente dichas observaciones con la experimentación práctica: la creación fotográfica que complementa las conclusiones de Por lo tanto, los cambios de la materia (sus diferentes formas) acontecen bajo la influencia de unPrincipio investigación realizadas en esta Tesis. Activo8. Desde siempre, - y bajo un punto de vista mitológico o religioso-, “esa entidad” responsable de la creación y la modificación de la materia, es atribuía a la existencia de uno o más seres supremos: divinidades sobrehumanas Dicho trabajo práctico experimenta con la posibilidad de las Formas nuevas4 generadas a partir de la que, según la Teología, son los únicos seres capaces de crear9. Aunque dichas deidades nunca hayan sido vistas, metodología de “visión” estenopeica usada, y cuya característica más destacable es que se erigen a partir de un en la mayor parte de las culturas tienen una representación antropomórfica lo que refleja, de algún modo, que el “ancestral”5 conocido: Expresiones Idiomáticas. De este modo, “destilar” este tipo de fraseologías, cuyo código hombre se reconoce así mismo (incluso de manera inconsciente) como entidad creadora. formado por palabras es traducido de forma literal a otro tipo de signos –en este caso, objetos y escenarios tridimensionales-, convertidas en imágenes por el ojo-stenos (estenopo) de la cámara, proporciona algo más Los galopantes avances de la ciencia han contribuido a la consolidación del conocimiento del hombre que una simple interpretación literal: algo capaz de transformar el significado histórico de la Idea conocida en una sobre el Universo y sobre sí mismo. Al menos a priori, en la actualidad nadie puede ser condenado o acusado de Forma absolutamente nueva6, cuya percepción se abre a la posibilidad de crear una Idea nueva. 7 Astrónomos de la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz han encontrado, por primera vez, restos de la materia prima original del Universo en nubes de gas que datan de la noche de los tiempos. Estas nubes contienen remanentes absolutamente intactos del gas «limpio» que apareció en los primeros minutos después del Big Bang y que nunca llegó a formar parte de las estrellas. El hallazgo, que 3 Las expresiones idiomáticas son secuencias de palabras cuyo significado no es compositivo, es decir, el significado de la expre- aparece publicado en la revista Science, coincide con las predicciones teóricas sobre los orígenes de los elementos en el Cosmos. sión no se deriva del de sus componentes. Por ejemplo, cuando decimos “Manolo, que estás metiendo la pata…”, aunque conozcamos el 8 Los estoicos redujeron las cuatro causas aristotélicas a dos únicos principios: 1. Un principio pasivo: la materia 2. Un princpio significado de meter y de pata, seguimos sin entender lo que quiere decir meter la pata (‘cometer un error’). activo: el logos universal. 4 Op. cit., Diccionario de la Real Academia Españona (RAE); Th. W. ADORNO. Teoria Estética. 9 El principio activo (razón universal, fuego activo y artista que rige y produce todo y todo lo penetra), es llamado “Dios”. En 5 Ancestral, (Del fr. ant. ancestre). 1. adj. Perteneciente o relativo a los antepasados. 2. adj. Tradicional y de origen remoto. En Dic- FAZIO, Mariano. Historia de la filosofía
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