State University of New York System #RealCollege Survey: WEB APPENDICES

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Appendix A. Participating Colleges

Two-Year Colleges Alfred State College Cayuga Community College Dutchess Community College Fashion Institute of Technology Finger Lakes Community College Hudson Valley Community College Jamestown Community College Mohawk Valley Community College Monroe Community College Nassau Community College Onondaga Community College SUNY Adirondack SUNY Corning Community College SUNY Delhi SUNY Erie Community College SUNY Morrisville SUNY Orange Westchester Community College Four-Year Colleges and Universities SUNY Cobleskill SUNY College Old Westbury SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY Cortland SUNY Empire State College SUNY Fredonia SUNY Maritime College SUNY New Paltz SUNY Oneonta SUNY Oswego SUNY Polytechnic Institute SUNY Potsdam SUNY Upstate Medical University Stony Brook University The College at Brockport

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Appendix B. Survey Methodology

SURVEY ELIGIBILITY AND PARTICIPATING COLLEGES Together with administrators, the Hope Center for College, Community, and Justice fielded this survey to all participating institutions. The State University of New York (SUNY) system agreed to administer an online survey in the fall and offer 150 $100 prizes to their students across all participating campuses at SUNY in order to boost response rates. Institution staff sent a series of invitations and follow-up reminders to all enrolled students encouraging them to participate. The Hope Center provided the email invitation language as well as hosted the survey as shown below. Upon opening the survey, students were presented with a consent form in compliance with Institutional Review Board standards. To actually take the survey, the student must have clicked continue as a record of consent and completed a minimum of the first page of the survey. Participants were asked to use only the provided invitation language to ensure consistency across institutions.

Subject: Real talk: We need your help From: email address [someone students “know” at COLLEGE NAME] ______[COLLEGE LETTERHEAD FOR EMAIL]

Dear [student first name],

Let’s get real. You’re the expert when it comes to what’s happening in college. So we need your help to make [COLLEGE NAME] the best it can be for you and your friends.

Share your real talk in the #RealCollege survey. We chose you simply because you attend [COLLEGE NAME]. In appreciation, you can win $100 for completing the survey.

Click here to share your story. [SURVEY LINKED HERE]

Be honest— everything you say is confidential. If you have questions, send us a note at [email protected].

Thank you. ______

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COLLEGE SURVEY PARTICIPANTS In 2019, 33 postsecondary institutions fielded the survey early in fall term, as students enduring basic needs insecurity are at greater risk for dropping out of school later in the year.1

Table B-1. Characteristics of Participating Institutions (Weighted by Survey Respondents)

Two-year Four-Year Overall Colleges Colleges

N (colleges) 18 15 33 N (survey respondents) 9,700 8,583 18,283 % % % Sector Public 100 100 100 Private, not for profit 0 0 0 Private, for profit 0 0 0 Region West 0 0 0 Midwest 0 0 0 South 0 0 0 Northeast 100 100 100 Urbanization City 33 10 22 Suburb 46 40 43 Town 13 50 30 Rural 8 0 4 Size Under 5,000 22 30 26 5,000–9,999 36 56 46 10,000–19,999 42 4 24 20,000 or more 0 10 4

Source: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (2019). Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/ Notes: Cumulative percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding error.

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STUDENT SURVEY PARTICIPANTS Who Answered the Survey?

Most students who were sent the #RealCollege survey did not answer it. Participating institutions sent survey invitations to an estimated 218,400 students and 18,280 students participated, yielding an estimated response rate of 8.4%.2

We surveyed all students rather than drawing a subsample due to legal and financial restrictions. The results may be biased—overstating or understating the problem—depending on who answered and who did not. As readers ponder this issue, consider that the survey was emailed to students, and thus they had to have electronic access to respond. The incentives provided were negligible and did not include help with their challenges. Finally, the survey was framed as being about college life, not about hunger or homelessness.

Table B-2. Characteristics of Survey Respondents

Two-Year Four-Year Colleges Colleges Overall % % % Gender Identity Female 54 52 53 Male 22 24 23 Non-binary/Third gender 1 1 1 Prefers to self-describe 1 1 1 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Transgender Identity Transgender 1 1 1 Non-transgender 75 75 75 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Sexual Orientation Heterosexual or straight 59 59 59 Gay or Lesbian 3 3 3 Bisexual 9 10 9 Prefers to self-describe 3 3 3 Prefers not to answer 3 2 3

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Missing 23 23 23 Racial or Ethnic Background American Indian or Alaska Native 2 2 2 Black 13 8 11 Hispanic or Latinx 14 10 12 Indigenous 1 1 1 Middle Eastern or North African or Arab or Arab 2 2 2 American Other Asian or Asian-American 4 5 4 Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 1 1 1 Southeast Asian 3 3 3 White 52 58 55 Other 2 2 2 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Student is a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident Yes 74 74 74 No 3 3 3 Prefers not to answer 1 <1 <1 Missing 23 23 23 Highest Level of Parental Education No high school diploma 7 4 6 High school 14 10 12 Some college 29 24 26 Bachelor's degree or greater 23 38 30 Does not know 3 1 2 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Age 18 to 20 39 38 39 21 to 25 18 27 22 26 to 30 8 5 6 Older than 30 11 7 9 Prefers not to answer <1 <1 <1 Missing 23 23 23 College Enrollment Status Full-time (at least 12 credits) 80 91 85

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Part-time (fewer than 12 credits) 20 9 15 Missing <1 <1 <1 Level of Study Undergraduate 83 86 84 Graduate 11 14 12 Non-degree 5 1 3 Missing <1 <1 <1 Years in College Less than 1 38 23 31 1 to 2 38 30 34 Three or more 24 47 35 Missing <1 <1 <1 Dependency Status Dependent 23 33 28 Independent 34 24 29 Does not know 18 19 19 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Student Receives the Pell Grant Yes 46 36 41 No 40 50 45 Missing 14 14 14 Student Athlete Yes 3 5 4 No 74 72 73 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Parenting Student Yes 13 6 10 No 71 77 74 Missing 16 18 17 Relationship Status Single 40 42 41 In a relationship 27 28 27 Married or domestic partnership 7 6 6 Divorced 1 <1 1 Widowed <1 <1 <1

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Prefers not to answer 2 1 2 Missing 23 23 23 Student Has Been in Foster Care Yes 2 1 2 No 74 76 75 Prefers not to answer 1 <1 1 Missing 23 23 23 Student Served in the Military Yes 2 1 2 No 75 76 75 Prefers not to answer 1 <1 <1 Missing 23 23 23 Employment Status Employed 23 26 24 Not Employed, Looking 7 6 6 Not Employed, Not looking 9 9 9 Missing 61 59 60 Student is a Returning Citizen Yes 2 1 2 No 78 79 78 Prefers not to answer 1 1 1 Missing 19 20 19 Disability or Medical Condition Learning disability (dyslexia, etc.) 13 10 12 Physical disability (speech, sight, mobility, hearing, 5 4 4 etc.) Chronic illness (asthma, diabetes, autoimmune 13 12 12 disorders, cancer, etc.) Psychological disorder (depression, anxiety, etc.) 30 27 28 Other 2 2 2 No disability or medical condition 36 39 37 Prefers not to answer 3 2 2 Missing 22 22 22

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: Classifications of gender identity, racial and ethnic background, and disability or medical condition are not mutually exclusive. Students could self-identify with multiple classifications. Percentages of mutually exclusive

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groups may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding error. Survey questions about work status were administered to a subset of randomly selected respondents.

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Appendix C. Three Survey Measures of Basic Needs Insecurity

FOOD SECURITY To assess food security in 2019, we used questions from the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (shown below) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). It is important to note that while we mainly discuss insecurity, the standard is to measure the level of security, referring to those with low or very low security as “food insecure.”

Food Security Module

Adult Stage 1 1. “In the last 30 days, I worried whether my food would run out before I got money to buy more.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) 2. “In the last 30 days, the food that I bought just didn’t last, and I didn’t have money to get more.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) 3. “In the last 30 days, I couldn’t afford to eat balanced meals.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) If the respondent answers “often true” or “sometimes true” to any of the three questions in Adult Stage 1, then proceed to Adult Stage 2.

Adult Stage 2 4. “In the last 30 days, did you ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No) 5. [If yes to question 4, ask] “In the last 30 days, how many days did this happen?” (Once, Twice, Three times, Four times, Five times, More than five times) 6. “In the last 30 days, did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn’t enough money for food?“ (Yes/No) 7. “In the last 30 days, were you ever hungry but didn’t eat because there wasn’t enough money for food?“ (Yes/No) 8. “In the last 30 days, did you lose weight because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No) If the respondent answers “yes” to any of the questions in Adult Stage 2, then proceed to Adult Stage 3.

Adult Stage 3 9. “In the last 30 days, did you ever not eat for a whole day because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No)

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10. [If yes to question 9, ask] “In the last 30 days, how many days did this happen?” (Once, Twice, Three times, Four times, Five times, More than five times) If the respondent has indicated that children under 18 are present in the household, then proceed to Child Stage 1.

Child Stage 1 11. “In the last 30 days, I relied on only a few kinds of low-cost food to feed my children because I was running out of money to buy food.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) 12. “In the last 30 days, I couldn’t feed my children a balanced meal, because I couldn’t afford that.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) 13. “In the last 30 days, my child was not eating enough because I just couldn’t afford enough food.” (Often true, Sometimes true, Never true) If the respondent answers “often true” or “sometimes true” to any of the three questions in Child Stage 1, then proceed to Child Stage 2.

Child Stage 2 14. “In the last 30 days, did you ever cut the size of your children’s meals because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No) 15. “In the last 30 days, did your children ever skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No) 16. [If yes to question 15, ask] “In the last 30 days, how often did this happen?” (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more times) 17. “In the last 30 days, were your children ever hungry but you just couldn’t afford more food?” (Yes/No) 18. “In the last 30 days, did any of your children ever not eat for a whole day because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No)

To calculate a raw score for food security, we counted the number of questions to which a student answered affirmatively. a. “Often true” and “sometimes true” were counted as affirmative answers. b. Answers of “Three times” or more were counted as a “yes.” We translated the raw score into food security levels as follows:

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Raw Score

Food security level 18-item 18-item (children present) (no children present)

High 0 0

Marginal 1–2 1–2

Low 3–7 3–5

Very Low 8–18 6–10

HOUSING INSECURITY To assess housing insecurity, we used a series of survey questions adapted from the national Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Adult Well-Being Module to measure students’ access to and ability to pay for safe and reliable housing. 3 In 2019, we asked students the following questions:

Housing Insecurity Module 1. “In the past 12 months, was there a rent or mortgage increase that made it difficult to pay?” (Yes/No) 2. “In the past 12 months, have you been unable to pay or underpaid your rent or mortgage?” (Yes/No) 3. “In the past 12 months, have you received a summons to appear in housing court?” (Yes/No) 4. “In the past 12 months, have you not paid the full amount of a gas, oil, or electricity bill?” (Yes/No) 5. “In the past 12 months, did you have an account default or go into collections?” (Yes/No) 6. “In the past 12 months, have you moved in with other people, even for a little while, because of financial problems?” (Yes/No) 7. “In the past 12 months, have you lived with others beyond the expected capacity of the house or apartment?” (Yes/No) 8. “In the past 12 months, did you leave your household because you felt unsafe?” (Yes/No) 9. “In the past 12 months, how many times have you moved?” (None, Once, Twice, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 6 times, 7 times, 8 times, 9 times, 10 or more times)

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Students were considered housing insecure if they answered “yes” to any of the first eight questions or said they moved at least three times (question #9).

HOMELESSNESS To measure homelessness, we asked a series of survey questions that align with the definition of homelessness dictated by the McKinney Vento Homeless Assistance Act. Please refer to pp. 31– 32 in Crutchfield and Maguire (2017) for further discussion of this measure.4

In 2019, students were considered homeless if they answered affirmatively to question #1 OR any part of question #2 (parts e through m) in the Homelessness Module (below).

Homelessness Module 1. “In the past 12 months, have you ever been homeless?” 2. “In the past 12 months, have you slept in any of the following places? Please check all that apply.” a. Campus or university housing b. Sorority/fraternity house c. In a rented or owned house, mobile home, or apartment (alone or with roommates or friends) d. In a rented or owned house, mobile home, or apartment with my family (parent, guardian, or relative) e. At a shelter f. In a camper or RV g. Temporarily staying with a relative, friend, or couch surfing until I find other housing h. Temporarily at a hotel or motel without a permanent home to return to (not on vacation or business travel) i. In transitional housing or independent living program j. At a group home such as halfway house or residential program for mental health or substance abuse k. At a treatment center (such as detox, hospital, etc.) l. Outdoor location (such as street, sidewalk, or alley; bus or train stop; campground or woods, park, beach, or riverbed; under bridge or overpass; or other) m. In a closed area/space with a roof not meant for human habitation (such as abandoned building; car, truck, or van; encampment or tent; unconverted garage, attic, or basement; etc.)

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Appendix D. Tables on Data Used in Figures

Table D-1. Food Security Among Survey Respondents (Figure 1)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % High 3,706 45 3,873 54 7,579 49 Marginal 1,109 13 1,137 16 2,246 15 Low 1,395 17 980 14 2,375 15 Very low 2,037 25 1,168 16 3,205 21

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: According to the USDA, students at either low or very low food security are considered “food insecure.” For more details on the food security module used in this report, see Appendix C. Cumulative percentages may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding error.

Table D-2. Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents Experiencing Food Insecurity (Figure 2)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % I couldn't afford to eat balanced meals. 3,630 44 2,504 35 6,134 40 I worried whether my food would run 3,563 43 2,406 34 5,969 39 out before I got money to buy more. The food that I bought just didn't last and I didn't have the money to buy 2,974 36 1,870 26 4,844 32 more. I cut the size of meals or skipped meals because there wasn't enough money for 2,988 36 1,788 25 4,776 31 food. I ate less than I felt I should because 2,706 33 1,625 23 4,331 28 there wasn't enough money for food. I was hungry but didn't eat because 2,312 28 1,333 19 3,645 24 there wasn't enough money for food.

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I cut the size of meals or skipped because there wasn't enough money for 2,062 25 1,152 16 3,214 21 food. (3 or more times) I lost weight because there wasn't 1,359 17 807 11 2,166 14 enough money for food. I did not eat for a whole day because 923 11 402 6 1,325 9 there wasn't enough money for food. I did not eat for a whole day because there wasn't enough money for food. (3 542 7 216 3 758 5 or more times)

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on the food security module used in this report, see Appendix C.

Table D-3. Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents Experiencing Housing Insecurity (Figure 3)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Any item 3,683 44 2,184 30 5,867 37 Did not pay full amount of rent or 1,571 19 730 10 2,301 15 mortgage Did not pay full utilities (gas, oil, or 1,477 18 579 8 2,056 13 electricity bill) Had a rent or mortgage increase 1,377 16 791 11 2,168 14 that made it difficult to pay Had an account default or go into 1,279 15 435 6 1,714 11 collections Moved in with other people, even for a little while, due to financial 1,182 14 634 9 1,816 12 problems Lived with others beyond the expected capacity of the house or 757 9 402 6 1,159 7 apartment Left household because felt unsafe 562 7 394 5 956 6 Moved three or more times 244 3 215 3 459 3

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Received a summons to appear in 160 2 72 1 232 1 housing court

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on the housing insecurity module used in this report, see Appendix C.

Table D-4. Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents Experiencing Homelessness (Figure 4)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Any item 1,397 17 1,077 15 2,474 16 Self-identified homeless 316 4 154 2 470 3 Locations stayed overnight: Temporarily staying with relative, friend or couch surfing until I 855 10 582 8 1,437 9 find other housing In a camper or RV 231 3 253 4 484 3 Temporarily at a hotel or motel without a permanent home to 186 2 103 1 289 2 return to (not vacation or business travel) In closed area/space with roof not meant for human habitation (such as abandoned building; car, 218 3 166 2 384 3 truck, or van; encampment or tent; unconverted garage, attic, or basement; etc.) At outdoor location (such as street, sidewalk or alley; bus or train stop; campground or 145 2 170 2 315 2 woods, park, beach, or riverbed; under bridge or overpass) At a treatment center (such as 156 2 101 1 257 2 detox, hospital, etc.)

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In transitional housing or 100 1 33 <1 133 1 independent living program At a shelter 96 1 27 <1 123 1 At a group home such as halfway house or residential program for 70 1 15 <1 85 1 mental health or substance abuse

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on the homelessness module used in this report, see Appendix C.

Table D-5. Intersections of Food Insecurity, Housing Insecurity, and Homelessness Among Survey Respondents (Figure 5)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % No needs ("Secure") 3,409 40 3,871 53 7,280 46 Food insecure, housing insecure, or 5,010 60 3,433 47 8,443 54 homeless (“Insecure”) Food and housing insecure 2,355 28 1,218 17 3,573 23 Housing insecure and homeless 1,039 12 639 9 1,678 11 Food insecure and homeless 907 11 555 8 1,462 9

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on how each measure of basic needs insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

Table D-6. Variation in Institutional Rates of Food Insecurity, Housing Insecurity, and Homelessness Among Survey Respondents by Sector (Figure 6)

Number of Institutions Mean SD P25 P50 P75 Food insecurity rate 18 40 5 39 41 42 Two-Year Housing insecurity rate 18 42 7 37 43 48 Institutions Homelessness rate 18 17 3 15 17 19 Food insecurity rate 15 30 7 24 30 36 Four-Year Housing insecurity rate 15 30 7 25 29 34 Institutions Homelessness rate 15 15 4 12 15 17

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Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on how each measure of insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

Table D-7. Demographic Disparities in Rates Basic Need Insecurities (Tables 1 & 3)

Two-Year College Four-Year College Overall FI HI HM FI HI HM FI HI HM N N N (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) All survey 8,408 42 44 17 7,293 30 30 15 15,701 36 37 16 respondents Gender Identity Female 5,257 44 48 16 4,467 32 31 14 9,724 39 40 15 Male 2,092 35 36 19 2,021 24 25 16 4,113 30 31 17 Non-binary/Third 131 59 57 27 124 50 45 27 255 55 51 27 gender Prefer to self- 54 54 54 26 55 38 44 27 109 46 49 27 describe Prefers not to 66 36 45 20 55 40 36 25 121 38 41 22 answer Missing 944 40 39 13 682 36 31 14 1,626 38 35 13 Transgender Identity Transgender 115 59 54 24 84 51 54 32 199 56 54 28 Non-transgender 7,300 41 44 17 6,472 29 30 15 13,772 36 37 16 Prefers not to 73 42 49 21 63 46 43 27 136 44 46 24 answer Missing 920 40 39 13 674 36 30 13 1,594 38 35 13 Sexual Orientation Heterosexual or 5,752 39 43 15 5,027 26 27 13 10,779 33 36 14 straight Gay or Lesbian 310 54 53 24 260 40 37 16 570 47 46 21 Bisexual 859 54 52 25 854 42 39 21 1,713 48 46 23 Self-describe 252 50 48 22 271 38 40 23 523 44 44 22 Prefers not to 309 36 44 15 211 36 29 17 520 36 38 16 answer Missing 926 39 38 13 670 35 30 13 1,596 38 35 13 Racial or Ethnic Background American Indian 238 55 61 23 131 42 42 21 369 51 54 22 or Alaska Native

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Black 1,262 58 56 20 711 45 41 14 1,973 53 50 18 Hispanic or 1,314 49 53 17 842 42 38 17 2,156 47 47 17 Latinx Indigenous 116 62 61 30 81 49 48 23 197 57 56 27 Middle Eastern or North African or 179 45 54 20 134 31 38 22 313 39 47 21 Arab or Arab American Other Asian or 362 40 38 14 417 30 27 14 779 35 32 14 Asian American Pacific Islander or Native 54 63 57 30 43 42 35 16 97 54 47 24 Hawaiian Southeast Asian 244 42 42 17 256 39 32 13 500 40 37 15 White 5,063 38 41 17 4,969 26 28 15 10,032 32 34 16 Other 226 47 56 23 136 36 41 16 362 43 50 20 Prefers not to 123 50 58 28 89 34 35 20 212 43 48 25 answer Missing 937 40 38 13 688 35 30 14 1,625 38 35 13 Student is a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident Yes 7,176 42 44 17 6,346 29 30 15 13,522 36 37 16 No 250 39 51 19 247 31 35 21 497 35 43 20 Prefers not to 63 38 63 13 27 48 48 22 90 41 59 16 answer Missing 919 40 38 13 673 36 30 13 1,592 38 35 13 Highest Level of Parental Education No high school 686 56 61 21 363 44 43 19 1,049 52 55 20 diploma High school 1,396 43 45 15 864 37 35 14 2,260 41 41 15 Some college 2,771 46 49 19 2,030 33 33 16 4,801 41 42 17 Bachelor's degree or 2,273 32 34 15 3,220 24 25 14 5,493 27 29 15 greater Does not know 292 39 42 18 105 29 30 15 397 36 39 17 Prefers not to 88 45 41 13 47 36 32 19 135 42 38 15 answer Missing 902 40 38 13 664 35 30 13 1,566 38 35 13 Age 18 to 20 3,772 36 30 16 3,301 25 21 14 7,073 31 26 15 21 to 25 1,778 47 52 19 2,276 35 35 17 4,054 40 43 18

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26 to 30 780 50 68 19 403 38 48 17 1,183 46 61 19 Over 30 1,101 47 66 16 597 28 48 12 1,698 40 60 15 Prefers not to ...... 11 36 18 36 answer Missing 973 39 39 12 709 36 30 14 1,682 38 35 13

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: The Number of Students (N) column indicates the number of survey respondents to our measure of homelessness. The number of survey respondents for our measures of food insecurity and housing insecurity may vary slightly. Results from any category with fewer than 10 participants are not shown in the table. Classifications of racial or ethnic background and gender identity are not mutually exclusive. Students could self-identify with multiple classifications. For more details on how each measure of basic needs insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

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Table D-8. Disparities in Basic Needs by Student Life Experiences (Tables 2 & 4)

Two-Year College Four-Year College Overall FI HI HM FI HI HM FI HI HM N N N (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) All survey 8,408 42 44 17 7,293 30 30 15 15,701 36 37 16 respondents College Enrollment Status Full-time (at 6,700 42 41 17 6,618 31 29 15 13,318 36 35 16 least 12 credits) Part-time (fewer than 12 1,699 41 53 14 673 22 38 13 2,372 36 49 14 credits) Missing ...... 11 36 73 18 Level of Study Undergraduate 7,021 42 44 17 6,221 31 29 14 13,242 37 37 16 Graduate 922 41 43 17 1,024 25 37 16 1,946 33 40 16 Non-degree 443 34 44 13 45 29 44 22 488 34 44 14 Missing 22 35 45 18 . . . . 25 29 46 16 Years in College Less than 1 3,120 39 39 18 1,647 20 19 14 4,767 32 32 16 1 to 2 3,237 44 44 16 2,175 30 27 14 5,412 38 37 15 Three or more 2,043 42 50 16 3,468 35 37 16 5,511 38 42 16 Missing ...... 11 36 55 55 Dependency Status Dependent 2,273 38 35 17 2,827 32 28 15 5,100 35 31 16 Independent 3,329 47 59 19 2,044 31 40 16 5,373 41 51 18 Does not know 1,782 37 30 14 1,660 24 21 13 3,442 31 26 14 Prefers not to 102 37 33 13 88 35 30 17 190 36 32 15 answer Missing 922 39 38 13 674 35 30 13 1,596 38 35 13 Student Receives the Pell Grant Yes 4,024 51 53 20 2,770 41 38 16 6,794 47 47 18 No 3,534 32 34 14 3,807 23 25 14 7,341 28 29 14 Missing 850 37 38 15 716 24 27 12 1,566 31 33 13 Student Athlete Yes 293 31 31 15 440 21 22 14 733 25 26 14 No 7,146 42 45 17 6,137 30 30 15 13,283 37 38 16 Prefers not to 57 45 46 18 50 44 36 30 107 44 41 23 answer

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Missing 912 40 39 13 666 35 30 13 1,578 38 35 13 Parenting Student Yes 1,261 56 70 17 487 40 50 14 1,748 52 65 16 No 6,881 39 39 17 6,579 29 28 15 13,460 34 34 16 Missing 266 64 47 14 227 54 33 16 493 60 41 15 Relationship Status Single 3,917 40 42 18 3,591 28 27 15 7,508 34 35 16 In a 2,642 45 44 17 2,379 33 31 16 5,021 39 38 16 relationship Married or domestic 658 37 58 12 482 24 44 10 1,140 32 52 11 partnership Divorced 82 59 76 20 41 34 51 17 123 50 67 19 Widowed 19 47 42 26 13 46 38 23 32 47 41 25 Prefers not to 180 43 43 23 121 36 30 25 301 40 38 24 answer Missing 910 40 38 13 666 35 30 13 1,576 38 35 13 Student Has Been in Foster Care Yes 235 59 71 34 77 51 48 27 312 57 65 33 No 7,188 41 44 17 6,499 29 30 15 13,687 35 37 16 Prefers not to 65 58 58 17 40 53 53 33 105 56 56 23 answer Missing 920 39 38 13 677 35 30 13 1,597 38 35 13 Student Served in the Military Yes 203 41 53 19 103 38 52 27 306 40 53 22 No 7,230 42 44 17 6,488 29 30 15 13,718 36 37 16 Prefers not to 53 36 58 19 28 43 43 32 81 38 53 23 answer Missing 922 40 39 13 674 36 30 13 1,596 38 35 13 Employment Status Employed 2,140 46 48 17 2,077 35 33 15 4,217 41 41 16 Not Employed, 619 44 41 18 475 28 22 13 1,094 37 33 16 Looking Not Employed, 857 27 31 9 692 18 19 10 1,549 23 26 9 Not looking Missing 4,792 42 44 17 4,049 30 31 16 8,841 36 38 17 Student is a Returning Citizen Yes 226 63 70 34 82 45 65 29 308 58 69 32 No 7,526 41 43 16 6,737 29 29 14 14,263 35 36 15 Prefers not to 140 54 65 29 78 60 58 42 218 56 62 33 answer

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Missing 516 43 42 15 396 44 32 14 912 43 37 15 Disability or Medical Condition Learning disability 1,266 47 52 24 855 35 39 24 2,121 42 47 24 (dyslexia, etc.) Physical disability (speech, sight, 453 46 53 23 357 33 41 22 810 40 47 23 mobility, hearing, etc.) Chronic illness (asthma, diabetes, 1,217 49 54 21 1,058 36 40 20 2,275 43 48 21 autoimmune disorders, cancer, etc.) Psychological disorder 2,862 50 52 23 2,304 38 39 20 5,166 45 46 22 (depression, anxiety, etc.) Other 237 51 56 20 141 36 41 19 378 45 50 20 No disability or medical 3,481 36 39 12 3,368 24 24 11 6,849 30 32 12 condition Prefers not to 264 39 38 11 183 27 21 11 447 34 31 11 answer Missing 821 40 39 13 634 38 30 14 1,455 39 35 13 Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: The Number of Students (N) column indicates the number of survey respondents to our measure of homelessness. The number of survey respondents for our measures of food insecurity and housing insecurity may vary slightly. Classifications of disability or medical condition are not mutually exclusive. Students could self-identify with multiple classifications. Survey questions about work status were administered to a subset of randomly selected respondents. Results from any category with fewer than 10 participants are not shown in the table. For more details on how each measure of basic needs insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

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Table D-9. Employment Behavior by Basic Need Insecurity Status (Figure 7)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Experienced Food Insecurity—No Not employed, not looking for work 610 29 556 25 1,166 27 Not employed, looking for work 334 16 338 15 672 16 Working 1 to 20 hours 601 29 920 41 1,521 35 Working 21 to 30 hours 248 12 183 8 431 10 Working more than 30 hours 280 14 228 10 508 12 Experienced Food Insecurity—Yes Not employed, not looking for work 228 16 125 13 353 15 Not employed, looking for work 267 18 129 13 396 16 Working 1 to 20 hours 434 30 440 46 874 36 Working 21 to 30 hours 248 17 139 14 387 16 Working more than 30 hours 292 20 128 13 420 17 Experienced Housing Insecurity—No Not employed, not looking for work 591 29 563 24 1,154 26 Not employed, looking for work 366 18 372 16 738 17 Working 1 to 20 hours 652 32 1,003 43 1,655 38 Working 21 to 30 hours 251 12 184 8 435 10 Working more than 30 hours 202 10 203 9 405 9 Experienced Housing Insecurity—Yes Not employed, not looking for work 267 17 130 14 397 16 Not employed, looking for work 253 16 103 11 356 14 Working 1 to 20 hours 407 26 379 41 786 32 Working 21 to 30 hours 252 16 146 16 398 16 Working more than 30 hours 376 24 162 18 538 22 Experienced Homelessness—No Not employed, not looking for work 780 26 626 22 1,406 24 Not employed, looking for work 510 17 414 15 924 16 Working 1 to 20 hours 895 29 1,180 42 2,075 35 Working 21 to 30 hours 401 13 268 10 669 11 Working more than 30 hours 470 15 310 11 780 13 Experienced Homelessness—Yes Not employed, not looking for work 77 14 66 15 143 14

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Not employed, looking for work 109 19 61 14 170 17 Working 1 to 20 hours 163 29 202 45 365 36 Working 21 to 30 hours 103 18 62 14 165 16 Working more than 30 hours 108 19 55 12 163 16

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: Cumulative percentages may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding. Survey questions about work status and number of hours worked were administered to a subset of randomly selected respondents. For more details on how each measure of insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

Table D-10. Self-Reported Grades by Basic Need Insecurity Status (Figure 8)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Experienced Food Insecurity—No A 1,947 44 2,672 57 4,619 51 B 1,846 42 1,753 37 3,599 40 C 518 12 283 6 801 9 D or F 74 2 18 <1 92 1 Experienced Food Insecurity—Yes A 1,103 36 903 44 2,006 39 B 1,442 47 917 45 2,359 46 C 472 15 196 10 668 13 D or F 83 3 22 1 105 2 Experienced Housing Insecurity—No A 1,911 44 2,633 55 4,544 50 B 1,844 42 1,879 39 3,723 41 C 525 12 287 6 812 9 D or F 63 1 20 <1 83 1 Experienced Housing Insecurity—Yes A 1,203 37 1,001 48 2,204 41 B 1,498 46 865 42 2,363 44 C 489 15 196 9 685 13 D or F 97 3 20 1 117 2 Experienced Homelessness—No A 2,699 42 3,136 53 5,835 48

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B 2,772 43 2,321 40 5,093 42 C 811 13 388 7 1,199 10 D or F 108 2 27 <1 135 1 Experienced Homelessness—Yes A 411 33 495 48 906 40 B 570 46 420 41 990 44 C 204 16 95 9 299 13 D or F 52 4 13 1 65 3

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: Cumulative percentages may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding. For more details on how each measure of insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

Table D-11. Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents Who Use of Public Assistance According to Basic Need Security (Figure 9)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Food Insecure Any assistance 1,721 53 893 44 2,614 49 Medicaid or public health insurance 1,099 34 520 26 1,619 31 Tax refunds (including EITC) 661 20 381 19 1,042 20 SNAP (food stamps) 598 18 191 9 789 15 WIC (nutritional assistance for children 171 5 34 2 205 4 and pregnant women) Utility assistance (e.g., help paying for 233 7 62 3 295 6 heat or water) Housing assistance (e.g., housing choice voucher, subsidized site-based housing, public or non-profit-owned 199 6 64 3 263 5 housing, income-based housing or rent, rental or homeowner assistance) Transportation assistance 136 4 43 2 179 3 Veterans benefits (Veteran’s Administration benefits for a 72 2 30 1 102 2 servicemen’s, widow’s, or survivor’s pension, service disability or the GI bill) SSDI (social security disability income) 139 4 64 3 203 4

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Childcare assistance 106 3 33 2 139 3 SSI (supplemental security income) 138 4 51 3 189 4 Unemployment compensation or 95 3 29 1 124 2 insurance TANF (public cash assistance; formerly 92 3 25 1 117 2 called ADC or ADFC) Other assistance 48 1 22 1 70 1 Housing Insecure Any assistance 1,939 56 940 46 2,879 52 Medicaid or public health insurance 1,248 36 511 25 1,759 32 Tax refunds (including EITC) 756 22 424 21 1,180 21 SNAP (food stamps) 695 20 194 9 889 16 WIC (nutritional assistance for children 202 6 34 2 236 4 and pregnant women) Utility assistance (e.g., help paying for 267 8 73 4 340 6 heat or water) Housing assistance (e.g., housing choice voucher, subsidized site-based housing, public or non-profit-owned 221 6 69 3 290 5 housing, income-based housing or rent, rental or homeowner assistance) Transportation assistance 141 4 45 2 186 3 Veterans benefits (Veteran’s Administration benefits for a 76 2 53 3 129 2 servicemen’s, widow’s, or survivor’s pension, service disability or the GI bill) SSDI (social security disability income) 158 5 64 3 222 4 Childcare assistance 118 3 37 2 155 3 SSI (supplemental security income) 155 4 47 2 202 4 Unemployment compensation or 117 3 38 2 155 3 insurance TANF (public cash assistance; formerly 86 2 26 1 112 2 called ADC or ADFC) Other assistance 57 2 28 1 85 2 Homeless Any assistance 717 54 412 41 1,129 48 Medicaid or public health insurance 446 34 202 20 648 28 Tax refunds (including EITC) 256 19 192 19 448 19 SNAP (food stamps) 260 20 76 7 336 14 WIC (nutritional assistance for children 64 5 11 1 75 3 and pregnant women)

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Utility assistance (e.g., help paying for 88 7 24 2 112 5 heat or water) Housing assistance (e.g., housing choice voucher, subsidized site-based housing, public or non-profit-owned 88 7 31 3 119 5 housing, income-based housing or rent, rental or homeowner assistance) Transportation assistance 80 6 27 3 107 5 Veterans benefits (Veteran’s Administration benefits for a 31 2 32 3 63 3 servicemen’s, widow’s, or survivor’s pension, service disability or the GI bill) SSDI (social security disability income) 65 5 30 3 95 4 Childcare assistance 43 3 19 2 62 3 SSI (supplemental security income) 65 5 22 2 87 4 Unemployment compensation or 35 3 17 2 52 2 insurance TANF (public cash assistance; formerly 55 4 15 1 70 3 called ADC or ADFC) Other assistance 28 2 11 1 39 2 Secure Any assistance 947 30 875 24 1,822 27 Medicaid or public health insurance 513 16 425 12 938 14 Tax refunds (including EITC) 359 11 386 11 745 11 SNAP (food stamps) 136 4 86 2 222 3 WIC (nutritional assistance for children 31 1 10 <1 41 1 and pregnant women) Utility assistance (e.g., help paying for 31 1 27 1 58 1 heat or water) Housing assistance (e.g., housing choice voucher, subsidized site-based housing, public or non-profit-owned 40 1 26 1 66 1 housing, income-based housing or rent, rental or homeowner assistance) Transportation assistance 51 2 31 1 82 1 Veterans benefits (Veteran’s Administration benefits for a 64 2 48 1 112 2 servicemen’s, widow’s, or survivor’s pension, service disability or the GI bill) SSDI (social security disability income) 53 2 48 1 101 1 Childcare assistance 27 1 26 1 53 1

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SSI (supplemental security income) 48 2 19 1 67 1 Unemployment compensation or 47 1 19 1 66 1 insurance TANF (public cash assistance; formerly 22 1 15 <1 37 1 called ADC or ADFC) Other assistance 20 1 20 1 40 1

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: For more details on how each measure of insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

Table D-12. Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents Who Use of Campus Supports According to Basic Need Security (Figure 10)

Two-Year Four-Year Overall College College N % N % N % Food Insecure Any campus support 544 33 484 48 1,028 39 Food from a campus food pantry 259 16 200 20 459 17 A campus health clinic and/or 225 14 298 30 523 20 counseling Free food from another campus 145 9 166 17 311 12 resource not listed Help obtaining food stamps/SNAP 67 4 25 2 92 3 Emergency financial aid 92 6 49 5 141 5 Food from a campus garden 49 3 29 3 78 3 Emergency housing 15 1 9 1 24 1 Help finding affordable housing 36 2 25 2 61 2 Housing Insecure Any campus support 513 30 454 45 967 35 Food from a campus food pantry 250 15 176 17 426 16 A campus health clinic and/or 208 12 274 27 482 18 counseling Free food from another campus 126 7 148 15 274 10 resource not listed Help obtaining food stamps/SNAP 75 4 20 2 95 3 Emergency financial aid 98 6 53 5 151 6 Food from a campus garden 46 3 38 4 84 3 Emergency housing 18 1 7 1 25 1 Help finding affordable housing 36 2 26 3 62 2 Homeless

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Any campus support 240 35 259 51 499 42 Food from a campus food pantry 110 16 89 17 199 17 A campus health clinic and/or 109 16 171 33 280 23 counseling Free food from another campus 58 9 87 17 145 12 resource not listed Help obtaining food stamps/SNAP 36 5 11 2 47 4 Emergency financial aid 47 7 35 7 82 7 Food from a campus garden 27 4 19 4 46 4 Emergency housing 13 2 7 1 20 2 Help finding affordable housing 22 3 21 4 43 4 Secure Any campus support 281 19 536 30 817 25 Food from a campus food pantry 109 7 157 9 266 8 A campus health clinic and/or 157 10 380 21 537 16 counseling Free food from another campus 45 3 107 6 152 5 resource not listed Help obtaining food stamps/SNAP 6 <1 5 <1 11 <1 Emergency financial aid 25 2 26 1 51 2 Food from a campus garden 15 1 30 2 45 1 Emergency housing 0 0 6 <1 6 <1 Help finding affordable housing 12 1 17 1 29 1

Source: 2019 #RealCollege Survey Notes: Survey questions about campus supports were administered to a subset of randomly selected respondents. For more details on how each measure of insecurity was constructed, see Appendix C.

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Appendix E. Other Survey Questions Used in the Hope Center’s #RealCollege Survey

1. What is your gender? (Mark Yes or No for each item) a. Female b. Male c. Non-binary/third gender d. Prefer to self-describe e. Prefer not to answer 2. Do you identify as transgender? a. Yes b. No c. Prefer not to answer 3. What is your sexual orientation? a. Heterosexual or straight b. Gay or lesbian c. Bisexual d. Prefer to self-describe e. Prefer not to answer 4. In what year were you born? (answers by dropdown) 5. Are you a U.S. citizen or permanent resident? a. Yes b. No c. Prefer not to answer 6. Have you ever served in the U.S. Armed Forces, Military Reserves, or National Guard? a. Yes b. No c. I prefer not to answer 7. How do you usually describe your race and/or ethnicity? (Select “Yes” to all that apply if you identify with multiple groups) a. White or Caucasian b. African American or Black c. Hispanic or Latinx/Latina/Latino or Chicanx/Chicana/Chicano d. American Indian or Alaska Native e. Middle Eastern or North African or Arab or Arab American f. Southeast Asian g. Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian h. Other Asian or Asian-American

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i. Other (please specify) j. Prefer not to answer 8. What is the highest level of education completed by either of your parents/guardians? a. Eighth grade or lower b. Between 9th and 12th grade (but no high school diploma) c. High school diploma d. GED e. Some college (but no college degree) f. College certificate or diploma g. Associate’s degree h. Bachelor’s degree i. Graduate degree j. I don’t know k. Prefer not to answer 9. In the last year, did a parent or guardian claim you as a “dependent” for tax purposes? a. Yes b. No c. I don’t know d. Prefer not to answer 10. How would you describe your current relationship status? a. Single b. In a relationship c. Married or domestic partnership d. Divorced e. Widowed f. Prefer not to answer 11. Have you ever been in foster care? a. Yes b. No c. Prefer not to answer 12. Are you the parent or guardian to any biological, adopted, step, or foster children who live in your household? a. Yes b. No 13. Have you ever been convicted of a crime? (Felony and misdemeanor convictions only. Don't include violations or traffic infractions) a. Yes b. No

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c. Prefer not to answer 14. Do you have any of the following disabilities or medical conditions? a. Cognitive, learning, or neurological disorders/disabilities (dyslexia, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, etc.) b. Physical disability (speech, sight, mobility, hearing, etc.) c. Chronic illness (asthma, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cancer, etc.) d. Psychological disorder (depression, anxiety, PTSD, etc.) e. Other: (fill in) 15. Are you a student-athlete on a team sponsored by your institution’s athletics department? a. Yes b. No c. Prefer not to answer

1 Although assessments of basic needs insecurity made early in the fall semester are likely to capture more students, these assessments may also understate students’ basic needs. In fact, Bruening et al. (2018) surveyed the same population at the beginning and at the end of a semester and found that rates of food insecurity were higher at the end of the semester (35%) than at the beginning (28%). 2 For most participating institutions, the estimated number of survey invitations is based on the total number of students at institutions, age 18 or above, in the fall of 2017, as reported by the National Center for Education Statistic’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. 3 See https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp/about/sipp-content- information.html#par_textimage_5 4 Crutchfield, R. M. & Maguire, J. (2017). Researching basic needs in higher education: Qualitative and quantitative instruments to explore a holistic understanding of food and housing insecurity. Long Beach, California: Basic Needs Initiative, Office of the Chancellor, California State University.

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