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The Colombian Peace Process Dag Nylander, Rita Sandberg
REPORT February 2018 Dag Nylander, Rita Sandberg and Idun Tvedt1 Designing peace: the Colombian peace process The peace talks between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP) have become a global reference for negotiated solutions to armed conflicts. The talks demonstrated how a well-prepared and robust process design can contrib- ute significantly to the outcome of a negotiated settlement. In several ways the pro- cess broke new ground. The parties developed frameworks and established mecha- nisms that laid the groundwork for building legitimacy for the process and increasing confidence in it. The direct participation of victims at the negotiating table and the effective inclusion of gender in the process are examples of this. Important elements of the process design included the into and out of Colombia; following:1 • gender inclusion by ensuring the participation of women and a gender focus in the peace agreement; • a secret initial phase to establish common ground; • broad and representative delegations; • a short and realistic agenda; • the extensive use of experts at the negotiating table • a limited objective: ending the conflict; and bilaterally with the parties; and • the principle that “incidents on the ground shall not • the implementation of confidence-building measures. interfere with the talks”; • the holding of talks outside Colombia to protect the process; Introduction • rules regulating the confidentiality of the talks; • the principle that “nothing is agreed until everything The peace talks between the Government of Colombia and is agreed”; the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s • a high frequency of negotiation meetings to ensure Army (FARC-EP) concluded with the signing of a peace continuity; agreement on November 24th 2016 after five years of ne- • direct talks with no formal mediator, but with third- gotiations. -
Del Limbo Al Acuerdo Final De Paz El Proceso De Paz Entre El Gobierno Santos Y Las Farc–EP
DEL LIMBO AL ACUERDO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FINAL DE PAZ JURÍDICAS Y POLÍTICAS Proceso de paz entre el Gobierno Santos y las FARC – EP ESPERANZA HERNÁNDEZ DELGADO Flores de esperanza por fusiles · Maestro Jafeth Gómez ISBN 978-958-8166-94-0 Del limbo al acuerdo final de paz El proceso de paz entre el Gobierno Santos y las Farc–EP Esperanza Hernández Delgado 2 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BUCARAMANGA Instituto de Estudios Político, IEP ISBN digital 978-958-8166-94-0 Del limbo al acuerdo final de paz. Proceso de paz entre el Gobierno Santos y las FARC - EP JUAN CAMILO MONTOYA BOZZI Rector EULALIA GARCÍA BELTRAN Vicerrectora Académica GILBERTO RAMÍREZ VALBUENA Vicerrector administrativo y financiero JORGE EDUARDO LAMO GÓMEZ Decano facultad de ciencias políticas y jurídicas ESPERANZA HERNANDEZ DELGADO Autora JAFETH GÓMEZ Flores de esperanza por fusiles Portada HIPERTEXTO Diseño y diagramación JOSÉ ÓSCAR MACHADO ROMERO Corrector de estilo PUBLICACIONES UNAB Producción Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga Avenida 42 No 48 – 11 Bucaramanga, Colombia www.unab.edu.co Las opiniones contenidoas en esta obra, no vinculan la Institución, son exclusiva responsabilidad de la autora dentro de los principios democráticos de la cátedra libre y la libertad de expresión consagrados en el artículo 3° del Estaturo General de la Corporación Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga. 3 Dedicado a Francisco A. Muñoz, mi maestro. Compartimos bellos sueños de construcción de paces imperfectas y la inmensa alegría de un ejercicio profesional centrado en la paz. Sus enseñanzas fueron infinitas, desde mediaciones y empoderamientos pacifistas hasta una actitud abierta a la magia de la vida 4 Agradecimientos A la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB, por representar el primer escenario de mi formación profesional y apoyar después mi ejercicio de investigación para la paz, durante el tiempo que estuve vinculada con el IEP. -
Yearbook Peace Processes.Pdf
School for a Culture of Peace 2010 Yearbook of Peace Processes Vicenç Fisas Icaria editorial 1 Publication: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printing: Romanyà Valls, SA Design: Lucas J. Wainer ISBN: Legal registry: This yearbook was written by Vicenç Fisas, Director of the UAB’s School for a Culture of Peace, in conjunction with several members of the School’s research team, including Patricia García, Josep María Royo, Núria Tomás, Jordi Urgell, Ana Villellas and María Villellas. Vicenç Fisas also holds the UNESCO Chair in Peace and Human Rights at the UAB. He holds a doctorate in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford, won the National Human Rights Award in 1988, and is the author of over thirty books on conflicts, disarmament and research into peace. Some of the works published are "Procesos de paz y negociación en conflictos armados” (“Peace Processes and Negotiation in Armed Conflicts”), “La paz es posible” (“Peace is Possible”) and “Cultura de paz y gestión de conflictos” (“Peace Culture and Conflict Management”). 2 CONTENTS Introduction: Definitions and typologies 5 Main Conclusions of the year 7 Peace processes in 2009 9 Main reasons for crises in the year’s negotiations 11 The peace temperature in 2009 12 Conflicts and peace processes in recent years 13 Common phases in negotiation processes 15 Special topic: Peace processes and the Human Development Index 16 Analyses by countries 21 Africa a) South and West Africa Mali (Tuaregs) 23 Niger (MNJ) 27 Nigeria (Niger Delta) 32 b) Horn of Africa Ethiopia-Eritrea 37 Ethiopia (Ogaden and Oromiya) 42 Somalia 46 Sudan (Darfur) 54 c) Great Lakes and Central Africa Burundi (FNL) 62 Chad 67 R. -
Assessing the US Role in the Colombian Peace Process
An Uncertain Peace: Assessing the U.S. Role in the Colombian Peace Process Global Policy Practicum — Colombia | Fall 2018 Authors Alexandra Curnin Mark Daniels Ashley DuPuis Michael Everett Alexa Green William Johnson Io Jones Maxwell Kanefield Bill Kosmidis Erica Ng Christina Reagan Emily Schneider Gaby Sommer Professor Charles Junius Wheelan Teaching Assistant Lucy Tantum 2 Table of Contents Important Abbreviations 3 Introduction 5 History of Colombia 7 Colombia’s Geography 11 2016 Peace Agreement 14 Colombia’s Political Landscape 21 U.S. Interests in Colombia and Structure of Recommendations 30 Recommendations | Summary Table 34 Principal Areas for Peacebuilding Rural Development | Land Reform 38 Rural Development | Infrastructure Development 45 Rural Development | Security 53 Rural Development | Political and Civic Participation 57 Rural Development | PDETs 64 Combating the Drug Trade 69 Disarmament and Socioeconomic Reintegration of the FARC 89 Political Reintegration of the FARC 95 Justice and Human Rights 102 Conclusion 115 Works Cited 116 3 Important Abbreviations ADAM: Areas de DeBartolo Alternative Municipal AFP: Alliance For Progress ARN: Agencies para la Reincorporación y la Normalización AUC: Las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia CSDI: Colombia Strategic Development Initiative DEA: Drug Enforcement Administration ELN: Ejército de Liberación Nacional EPA: Environmental Protection Agency ETCR: Espacio Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación FARC-EP: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo GDP: Gross -
The Farc-Ep and Revolutionary Social Change
Emancipatory Politics: A Critique Open Anthropology Cooperative Press, 2015 edited by Stephan Feuchtwang and Alpa Shah ISBN-13:978-1518885501 / ISBN-10:1518885500 Part 2 Armed movements in Latin America and the Philippines Chapter 4 The FARC-EP and Consequential Marxism in Colombia James J. Brittain Abstract The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP) has maintained its base among small-holders including coca farmers and expanded its struggle through a local interpretation of Marxism and Leninism. This chapter reviews current accounts of its history and contemporary presence. The author then provides his own analysis of their strategy, namely that they have successfully pursued a gradual expansion of a separate power base and economy from that of the state and its capitalist economy, a situation that Lenin described as ‘dual power’, or, as Gramsci elaborated, a challenge to the hegemony of the ruling bloc. His visits and interviews and two recent documentary films in the FARC-EP areas show that the economy under FARC leadership, while taxing and controlling the processing and selling of coca, is still one of private small-holders. Many farmers grow coca as their main crop but all to some extent diversify into subsistence crops. This is a successful preparation for eventual state power of a completely different kind under which the economy will be socialised. For a half century the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Colombianas-Ejército del Pueblo, FARC-EP) have played a key role in organising, sustaining, and leading revolutionary activity within the Latin American country of Colombia. -
Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict: Dealing the Right Card
ENDING COLOMBIA’S FARC CONFLICT: DEALING THE RIGHT CARD Latin America Report N°30 – 26 March 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FARC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES................................................................... 2 A. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ...................................................................................................................4 B. AN ORGANISATION UNDER STRESS ..............................................................................................5 1. Strategy and tactics ......................................................................................................................5 2. Combatant strength and firepower...............................................................................................7 3. Politics, recruitment, indoctrination.............................................................................................8 4. Withdrawal and survival ..............................................................................................................9 5. Urban warfare ............................................................................................................................11 6. War economy .............................................................................................................................12 -
Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict
ENDING COLOMBIA’S FARC CONFLICT: DEALING THE RIGHT CARD Latin America Report N°30 – 26 March 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FARC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES................................................................... 2 A. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ...................................................................................................................4 B. AN ORGANISATION UNDER STRESS ..............................................................................................5 1. Strategy and tactics ......................................................................................................................5 2. Combatant strength and firepower...............................................................................................7 3. Politics, recruitment, indoctrination.............................................................................................8 4. Withdrawal and survival ..............................................................................................................9 5. Urban warfare ............................................................................................................................11 6. War economy .............................................................................................................................12 -
Poner Fin Al Conflicto Con Las Farc En Colombia: Jugar La Carta Correcta
PONER FIN AL CONFLICTO CON LAS FARC EN COLOMBIA: JUGAR LA CARTA CORRECTA Informe sobre América Latina N°30 – 26 de marzo de 2009 TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ........................................................................................................ i I. INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................................................. 1 II. FORTALEZAS Y DEBILIDADES DE LAS FARC...................................................... 2 A. CAPACIDAD DE ADAPTACIÓN .......................................................................................................4 B. UNA ORGANIZACIÓN BAJO PRESIÓN..............................................................................................5 1. Estrategia y tácticas......................................................................................................................5 2. Pie de fuerza y poder de fuego.....................................................................................................7 3. Política, reclutamiento, adoctrinamiento .....................................................................................9 4. Repliegue y superviviencia ........................................................................................................10 5. Guerra urbana.............................................................................................................................12 6. Economía de guerra ...................................................................................................................13 -
Facultad De Comunicación Social
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL LA GUERRA MEDIÁTICA DE BAJA INTENSIDAD DE LA OLIGARQUÍA COLOMBIANA Y EL IMPERIALISMO YANQUI CONTRA LAS FARC-EP TESIS PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADA EN COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL VILLACÍS TIPÁN GABRIELA ALEXANDRA DIRECTOR SOC. CÉSAR ALFARO, ALBORNOZ JAIME Quito – Ecuador 2013 DEDICATORIA A la guerrillerada fariana, heroínas y héroes de la Colombia insurgente de Bolívar. A la memoria de Manuel Marulanda, Raúl Reyes, Martín Caballero, Negro Acacio, Iván Ríos, Mariana Páez, Lucero Palmera, Jorge Briceño, Alfonso Cano, Carlos Patiño y de todas y todos los guerrilleros de las FARC-EP que han ofrendando su vida por la construcción de la Nueva Colombia. ¡Los que mueren por la vida, no pueden llamarse muertos! A la Delegación de Paz de las FARC-EP que en La Habana-Cuba lucha por alcanzar la paz con justicia social para Colombia. A Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich, hermanos revolucionarios. ii AUTORIZACIÓN DE LA AUTORÍA INTELECTUAL Yo, Gabriela Alexandra Villacís Tipán en calidad de autor del trabajo de investigación o tesis realizada sobre “La guerra mediática de baja intensidad de la oligarquía colombiana y el imperialismo yanqui contra las FARC-EP”, por la presente autorizo a la UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR, hacer uso de todos los contenidos que me pertenecen o parte de los que contiene la obra, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8, 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su reglamento. -
Final Agreement for Ending the Conflict and Building a Stable and Lasting Peace
United Nations S/2017/272 Security Council Distr.: General 21 April 2017 Original: English Letter dated 29 March 2017 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council In accordance with the Final Agreement for Ending the Conflict and Building a Stable and Lasting Peace, signed on 24 November 2016, between the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP), on 24 March 2017, I received a signed original of the Final Agreement from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations, María Emma Mejía Vélez, along with a letter from the President of the Republic of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. I welcome this historic achievement, and have the honour to transmit herewith the letter (see annex I) and the Final Agreement (see annex II). I should be grateful if you could circulate both documents to the members of the Security Council. (Signed) António Guterres 17-06469 (E) 300617 070717 *1706469* S/2017/272 Annex I I would like to reiterate my best wishes to you in your new post as Secretary- General of the United Nations. The United Nations is playing a decisive role in the consolidation of peace in Colombia, and our permanent dialogue and exchange of views will be very important in this process. I would also like to officially express the Colombian Government’s good faith through a unilateral State declaration, and herewith submit the full text of the Final Agreement for Ending the Conflict and Building a Stable and Lasting Peace in Colombia, which was signed by the national Government and by the Revolutionary Armed Forces — People’s Army (FARC-EP) on 24 November 2016 in Bogotá. -
Memorias De La X Conferencia De Las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias
FAIA. VOL 7. N°28-29. 2017 MEMORIAS DIARIO DE CAMPAMENTO X Conferencia FARC-EP. 17-23 de septiembre de 2016 Desarmar las manos para armar el discurso. Fernando Cruz Artunduaga1 Memorias de la X Conferencia de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo, (FARC-EP), para ponerle fin a una larga y cruda guerra en contra del Estado colombiano. El conflicto como confrontación armada se inicia el 27 de mayo de 1964 en las montañas del Tolima. 48 campesinos de la región de Marquetalia sufren el rigor de la violencia del Estado. La dirigencia política colombiana quiso borrarlos del mapa nacional y con ello, extirpar al grupo que protestaba por el derecho a tener un lugar donde vivir. Esa confrontación se mantendría durante 52 años, 5 meses y 27 días de una guerra sin cuartel en el campo -y algunas veces en la ciudad- que ha dejado más de 250.000 muertos, hasta el 80% de ellos civiles desarmados; cerca de 8 millones de desplazados; fincas, ganados y cultivos abandonados; puentes, carreteras, oleoductos y torres eléctricas destruidas. A lo anterior hay que añadir la emergencia de grupos paramilitares que causaron un elevado número de genocidios entre la población que resistía el despojo o expresaba ideas diferentes a las del establishment, grupos que tenían una férrea vinculación a la economía del narcotráfico. En fin una larga cadena de horrores que –siguiendo la letra del himno nacional de Colombia- podrían constituir la más horrible noche de la historia del país. La guerra fratricida de un poco más de medio siglo termina oficialmente con las firmas, entre el gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP, el 26 de septiembre de 2016 en Cartagena de Indias y el 24 de noviembre de 2016 en el Teatro Colón de Bogotá. -
The Final Phase of Colombia's Peace Talks
On Thinner Ice: The Final Phase of Colombia’s Peace Talks Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°32 Bogotá /Brussels, 2 July 2015 I. Overview The peace talks between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) enter their toughest stretch both vulnerable and resilient. The for- mer quality was displayed on 22 May, when the collapse of the guerrillas’ five-month old unilateral ceasefire triggered the worst escalation of violence in years. Evidence for the latter came two weeks later, when negotiators ended a year’s drought without major advances by agreeing to establish a truth commission. A separate agreement on reparations also appeared to edge closer. Yet, despite the advances, the talks are on thinner ice than ever. To get them safe to land, the parties must return to an effec- tive de-escalation path, one that moves toward a definitive bilateral ceasefire, once negotiations on the crucial transitional justice issue are sufficiently consolidated. Such gradualism is the best bet to protect the process from unravelling in violence, flag- ging public support and deep political rifts. Even if neither side considers abandoning the talks, the broader environment has risks. Ongoing violence causes new humanitarian emergencies, emboldens spoilers and strengthens hardliners. With political patience increasingly thin, it would take only a spark to suspend the process or trigger its break-up. Even anticipating an early reparations agreement, negotiators face highly contentious, interconnected issues, including judicial accountability for serious international crimes committed by both sides, a bilateral ceasefire and final agreement ratification. Sharply-contested local elections in October could further weaken the centre ground upon which a durable peace agreement will need to rest.