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Eco-Architecture III

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Eco-Architecture III Eco-Architecture III WITPRESS WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers presented at Eco-Architecture III are archived in the WIT eLibrary in volume 128 of WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (ISSN 1743-3541). The WIT eLibrary provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. http://library.witpress.com THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONISATION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE ECOECOECO-ARCHITECTURE III CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN S. Hernández University of A Coruña, Spain C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK W.P. De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE A. Basti R.M. Pulselli J. Brew J. Quale G. Broadbent D. Roehr B. Ceranic T. Shelton M. Despang A. Sichenze M.L. Garrison R.E. Smith B.A. Kazimee J. Stark J. Laurenz W. Timmermans Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK Sponsored by WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment WIT Transactions Transactions Editor Carlos Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Email: [email protected] Editorial Board B Abersek University of Maribor, Slovenia G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, Italy Y N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, R Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, USA Belgium P L Aguilar University of Extremadura, Spain C D Bertram The University of New South K S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Wales, Australia E Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, D E Beskos University of Patras, Greece Spain S K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of A Aldama IMTA, Mexico Technology, India C Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, Italy E Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvia D Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, J Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UK Spain B Bobee Institut National de la Recherche B Alzahabi Kettering University, USA Scientifique, Canada J A C Ambrosio IDMEC, Portugal H Boileau ESIGEC, France A M Amer Cairo University, Egypt J J Bommer Imperial College London, UK S A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras, M Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, France Greece C A Borrego University of Aveiro, Portugal M Andretta Montecatini, Italy A R Bretones University of Granada, Spain E Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, Italy J A Bryant University of Exeter, UK H Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig, F-G Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule Germany Paderborn, Germany M A Atherton South Bank University, UK M B Bush The University of Western A G Atkins University of Reading, UK Australia, Australia D Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, France F Butera Politecnico di Milano, Italy H Azegami Toyohashi University of J Byrne University of Portsmouth, UK Technology, Japan W Cantwell Liverpool University, UK A F M Azevedo University of Porto, Portugal D J Cartwright Bucknell University, USA J Baish Bucknell University, USA P G Carydis National Technical University of J M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de Athens, Greece Catalunya, Spain J J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de J G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology, Compostela, Spain Greece M A Celia Princeton University, USA A Bejan Duke University, USA A Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science, M P Bekakos Democritus University of India Thrace, Greece A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USA J Chilton University of Lincoln, UK J P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch, C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USA South Africa H Choi Kangnung National University, Korea R Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UK A Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, A Ebel University of Cologne, Germany Poland E E Edoutos Democritus University of S Clement Transport System Centre, Australia Thrace, Greece M W Collins Brunel University, UK G K Egan Monash University, Australia J J Connor Massachusetts Institute of K M Elawadly Alexandria University, Egypt Technology, USA K-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, Germany M C Constantinou State University of New D Elms University of Canterbury, New Zealand York at Buffalo, USA M E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USA D E Cormack University of Toronto, Canada D M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK M Costantino Royal Bank of Scotland, UK A El-Zafrany Cranfield University, UK D F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UK F Erdogan Lehigh University, USA W Czyczula Krakow University of F P Escrig University of Seville, Spain Technology, Poland D J Evans Nottingham Trent University, UK M da Conceicao Cunha University of Coimbra, Portugal J W Everett Rowan University, USA A Davies University of Hertfordshire, UK M Faghri University of Rhode Island, USA M Davis Temple University, USA R A Falconer Cardiff University, UK A B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico, M N Fardis University of Patras, Greece Portugal P Fedelinski Silesian Technical University, E R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Superior Poland Tecnico, Portugal H J S Fernando Arizona State University, L De Biase University of Milan, Italy USA R de Borst Delft University of Technology, S Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USA Netherlands J I Frankel University of Tennessee, USA G De Mey University of Ghent, Belgium D M Fraser University of Cape Town, South A De Montis Universita di Cagliari, Italy Africa A De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, Belgium M J Fritzler University of Calgary, Canada W P De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, U Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat Belgium Magdeburg, Germany L Debnath University of Texas-Pan American, G Gambolati Universita di Padova, Italy USA C J Gantes National Technical University of N J Dedios Mimbela Universidad de Athens, Greece Cordoba, Spain L Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, Germany G Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, A Genco University of Palermo, Italy Belgium N Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, Spain S del Giudice University of Udine, Italy P Giudici Universita di Pavia, Italy G Deplano Universita di Cagliari, Italy F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, I Doltsinis University of Stuttgart, Germany Spain M Domaszewski Universite de Technologie R Gomez Martin University of Granada, de Belfort-Montbeliard, France Spain J Dominguez University of Seville, Spain D Goulias University of Maryland, USA K Dorow Pacific Northwest National K G Goulias Pennsylvania State University, Laboratory, USA USA W Dover University College London, UK F Grandori Politecnico di Milano, Italy C Dowlen South Bank University, UK W E Grant Texas A & M University, USA S Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA R H J Grimshaw Loughborough University, M Karlsson Linkoping University, Sweden UK T Katayama Doshisha University, Japan D Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, K L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of Germany Thessaloniki, Greece R Grundmann Technische Universitat J T Katsikadelis National Technical Dresden, Germany University of Athens, Greece A Gualtierotti IDHEAP, Switzerland E Kausel Massachusetts Institute of R C Gupta National University of Singapore, Technology, USA Singapore H Kawashima The University of Tokyo, J M Hale University of Newcastle, UK Japan K Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B A Kazimee Washington State University, Belgium USA C Hanke Danish Technical University, S Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Denmark D Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners K Hayami National Institute of Informatics, Ltd, UK Japan E Kita Nagoya University, Japan Y Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan A S Kobayashi University of Washington, L Haydock Newage International Limited, UK USA A H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels, T Kobayashi University of Tokyo, Japan Belgium D Koga Saga University, Japan C Herman John Hopkins University, USA S Kotake University of Tokyo, Japan S Heslop University of Bristol, UK A N Kounadis National Technical University I Hideaki Nagoya University, Japan of Athens, Greece D A Hills University of Oxford, UK W B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum, W F Huebner Southwest Research Institute, Germany USA T Krauthammer Penn State University, USA J A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USA C-H Lai University of Greenwich, UK M Y Hussaini Florida State University, USA M Langseth Norwegian University of Science W Hutchinson Edith Cowan University, and Technology, Norway Australia B S Larsen Technical University of Denmark, T H Hyde University of Nottingham, UK Denmark M Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, Japan F Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, Italy D B Ingham University of Leeds, UK A Lebedev Moscow State University, Russia L Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, L J Leon University of Montreal, Canada Belgium D Lewis Mississippi State University, USA N Ishikawa National Defence Academy, Japan S lghobashi University of California Irvine, J Jaafar UiTm, Malaysia USA W Jager Technical University of Dresden, K-C Lin University of New Brunswick, Germany Canada Y Jaluria Rutgers University, USA A A Liolios Democritus University of Thrace, Greece C M Jefferson University of the West of England, UK S Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium P R Johnston Griffith University, Australia J W S Longhurst University of the West of D R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK England, UK N Jones University of Liverpool, UK G Loo The University of Auckland, New D Kaliampakos National Technical Zealand University of Athens, Greece D Lóránt Károly Róbert College, Hungary N Kamiya Nagoya University, Japan J Lourenco Universidade do Minho, Portugal D L Karabalis University of Patras,
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