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LA DEFENSE DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 3 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 a dictionary history /territory architecture /politics Virginie Picon-Lefebvre Virginie Pierre Chabard by Edited Parenthèses 06/04/13 17:36 LA DÉFENSE Project editors: Pierre C , architect and PhD in architecture, he teaches the theory of architecture and town planning at Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture, de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée and directs Laboratoire (umr Ausser). Virginie P-L , architect and PhD in history, associate professor at Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture Paris-Malaquais, she researches at Laboratoire Liat and co-directs Laboratoire Arav. Proofreading: Guillemette M J, architect, PhD from Ecole des hautes études en sciences ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 sociales (Paris), is a researcher at Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture, de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée. / Illustrations: Loïse L, lecturer at Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture, de la ville et des territoires at Marne-la-Vallée. territory / Acknowledgments: Karole Alleaume, Georges Amar, Stéphane Belzère-Kreienbühl, Xavier Bertrand, Christiane Blancot, Dominique Boré, Julia Bontempi, Christian Bouvier, Noémie history Brazier, ierry Brou, Dominique Carré, Raphaël Catonnet, Philippe Chaix, Sylvie Chevalier, Stéphane Degoutin, Samuel Déom, Charles Daubas, Laure Gosselin, Luc Guinguet, Radija Hmaou, Johan Huynh-Tan, Jean-François Lavillonnière, politics, Jean-Marc Lefèvre, Marie-Christine Levasseur, Didier Lourdin, Alex MacLean, / Laurence Madrelle, Carlos Moreira, Virginie Pontallier, Xavier Pourieux, Pascale Roynard, Pierre Sertour, Jean-Jacques iery, Emmanuel omas, Christophe Vénien, Stéphane Viale, Jean-Claude Voisset. English translations: architecture Neil Parkyn, Peter Hadden, Joseph Briaud et Nova Languages Solutions. dictionary a Défense, La — Picon-Lefebvre V. Chabard, P. Produced and published with the support of the Etablissement public d’aménagement de La Défense Seine Arche / and collaboration with the Etablissement public de gestion du quartier d’aaires de La Défense / Defacto. Copyright © , Editions Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 ISBN 978-2-86364-263-4 ( 1, ) ISBN 978-2-86364-264-1 ( 2, ) ISBN 978-2-86364-265-8 (, ) www.editionsparentheses.com www.editionsparentheses.com DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 4 06/04/13 17:36 DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 5 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 LA DÉFENSE 06/04/13 17:36 5 DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 6 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 0 PORTE MAILLOT ARC DETRIOMPHE CONCORDE LOUVRE PARIS 15 06/04/13 17:36 Location map LA DÉFENSE 30 60 Kilometers 0 15 Location map DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 7 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 LA DÉFENSE [ Location map 30 06/04/13 17:36 7 60 Kilometers DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 8 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 06/04/13 17:36 8 LA DÉFENSE DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 9 www.editionsparentheses.com / P. Chabard, V. Picon-Lefebvre — La Défense, a dictionary architecture / politics, history / territory / ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 LA DÉFENSE [ Aerial view of La Défense Seine Arche. } 2009. Drawing: Luc Guinguet, Graphic design: LM communiquer &associés, 06/04/13 17:36 9 LA DÉFENSE [Foreword ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 Signing with its vertical silhouette the western horizon of Paris, / punctuating the city’s historic axis, La Défense is an urban quarter at one and the same moment new and timeless. In terms of the long territory and measured history of cities, it has the air of being an almost / instant uprising, a piece of development whose pace signals extraor- dinary ambition and very substantial human, material and institu- history tional. resources, united, from September , by the Public Agency for the Development of La Défense (Epad), the rst of its kind in politics, / France. However, after more than a half century of existence, La Défense is fundamentally and permanently integrated into regional, European, architecture and even world geography. Born of the irty Glorious Years, it can no longer be understood by the measure of a mythical developer dictionary from that era long gone. A place to work, but also to live, to consume a or to visit as tourist, La Défense has become an urban reality in its own right, which cannot be reduced to the sum of its projects, Défense, however numerous, which it inspired and of which it has been La — formed as sedimentary layers of material. Beyond that, it appears as a place with a more complex history, of which this present volume is a contribution to our understanding of its range and compass. La Défense has certainly been the subject of several historical treat- Picon-Lefebvre V. ments (articles, books, doctoral theses, research reports and docu- mentaries etc.). However, there is no single work which sketches an overall synthesis of its history, already lengthy. It is this edito- Chabard, P. rial gap to which we are attempting to respond, by focusing on three viewpoints. / Its current title is the Public Agency for the Development of La Défense-Seine Arche (Epadesa). e Works are referenced in the bibliography at the end of the volume. 10 www.editionsparentheses.com www.editionsparentheses.com DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 10 06/04/13 17:36 LA DÉFENSE ▷ From Seine to Seine First of all; we have considered La Défense in all its spatial and temporal dimensions. Remembering that the public development agency is the key player in this story, it is eectively the whole terri- tory entrusted to it in which we have taken into account. is ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 includes, of course, the business district, easily identied in its / setting by its spiky skyline and, on plan, by its circular boulevard in the form of a pear. But the zone also includes a project which is territory located to the rear of the Grande Arche, extending right up to the / Seine, covering much of the plain of Nanterre. Embracing a large share of past or current speculative developments, this zone, long history called “Zone B” and today known under the title of “Seine Arche” can claim a full and genuine place as part of this history of La Défense. politics, / Besides, it seemed to us that this whole territory could only be understood by observing it across its whole cycle of transformation. For that reason, our study period begins with the rst propositions architecture for its development stemming from the interwar period and extends until the implementation of the “Renewal Plan” promoted by the State in . It is therefore a question of understanding the singular dictionary a rhythm of its history, its key moments, its break points, its periods of inactivity or of turbulence, of its slowing down or speeding up. Défense, La ▷ Singing together — Having made that clear, if a little presumptuously, we have taken it as read that the whole work will be a collective one. Historians, architects, town planners, engineers, sociologists and economists, Picon-Lefebvre more than fourty authors were invited to contribute, bringing to the V. collective enterprise their own specialist angle of view and matters relevant to their own particular discipline. ree principal themes Chabard, P. have been developed: architectural, political and cultural. A real enough district, but also a place of myths, shaped by lite- / rary, painterly or cinematic presentations. In eect, La Défense ranks as common ground in the collective imagination. At the same time cause and eect of a certain urban culture, it demands being approached via social and cultural history. Undeniably linked to the French brand of capitalism, totally dependent on the markets (economic, property and nancial), criss- crossed by political moves in constant regroupings, La Défense is 11 www.editionsparentheses.com www.editionsparentheses.com DEFENSE_ANGLAIS_INT_06.indd 11 06/04/13 17:36 LA DÉFENSE also a playing eld of power. It is therefore a question of unscram- bling the logic of the players, the relationships between forces, the institutional xes which, at every stage shaped the business of development. Finally, whatever the scale under review, La Défense appears as an object planned to death by several generations of designers and buil- ISBN 978-2-86364-963-3 / ders. True laboratory of urban experiment, it represents an ideal vantage point from which to observe the evolution of architectu- ral, town planning and landscape doctrines amongst the dierent territory / professions who have exercised them and their operating conditions in France for half a century. ese are the three storytelling threads history which we gave ourselves to weave. politics, ▷ Modernity, French style / We need to insist upon certain important points. First of all, La Défense, thought of as a radical and innovative urban form, architecture remained a prototype. If, at the time when the plan was given the go-ahead, the deck as an urban form and the separation of circu- lation systems were concepts widely familiar to town planners and dictionary a even formed part of the ocial recommendations in Great Britain made by the Buchanan Report. ey remained in most cases only a paper dream. However, one can see traces of them in the Part Défense, La Dieu district of Lyon, in the New Towns of the Paris Region, or in — London’s Barbican district. In Zone A, the public realm on the deck — “the esplanade of La Défense” — remains to this day a very de- nite success, a stunning and singular place which enjoys popular Picon-Lefebvre support, notably on the occasion of great public events.
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  • Free Forms of European Skyscrapers

    Free Forms of European Skyscrapers

    ZNUV 2019;66(3);31-40 31 Joanna Pietrzak, Anna Stefańska Politechnika Warszawska FREE FORMS OF EUROPEAN SKYSCRAPERS Summary One of the advantages of a modern skyscraper is its original form. The determinant of originality is freedom, a departure from rigid rules. The architects ‘play’ with the inspirations in the search for a free form, among others, by entering into dialogue with classic image of a skyscraper, which is reinterpreted or even negated. A large creative potential is associated with a way to define dependence of form and structure. Key words: high-rise building, tall building, skyscraper, Europe, architectural icons, aesthetic expres- sion, game of form and construction. Introduction Over the last 50 years, both the form of a European skyscraper and the social acceptance of such a tall building changed. Skyscrapers have become not only an integral part of the urban surrounding, but also icons of identification of some large cities. The importance of iconic architecture was appreciated after the construction of such objects as the Bilbao museum or the Kunsthaus in Graz. Developers identify the form of the building with a marketing advantage and cooperate with famous architects in order to design original high-rise buildings (Sterlitz 2005). In modern architecture, the originality is determined by the free, i.e. deviating from rules (Słownik Języka Polskiego 2012), form of the building. In searching for such form, archi- tects play with inspirations: they refer to different styles and to unique local conditions. Even 25 years ago, a typical tall building would still be seen as an anonymous workplace. The latest projects are objects of public admiration, oftentimes acting as tourist attractions (Rees et al.