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Museum Development in China, Understanding the Building Boom MUSEUM DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA UNDERSTANDING THE BUILDING BOOM A NEW BOOK BY THE CHINESE MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION AND LORD CULTURAL RESOURCES PREVIEW BROCHURE Not for Distribution Contact: [email protected] NOVEMBER 2018 Cover image: Studio Zhu Pei ABOUT THE CHINESE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION Founded in 1935, the Chinese Museum Association conducting international communications, building (CMA) is a nationwide non-profit alliance. Its platforms for inter-museum cooperation, providing membership includes museum professionals services to its members and encouraging its members as well as museum-related organizations and to develop the capacity for self-improvement. Its individuals. In 1983, CMA resumed its membership achievements throughout the years have greatly National Museum of Beijing in ICOM and established ICOM-China. contributed to the improvement of Chinese museums management and academic research, contributing Supervised by the State Administration of Cultural to the vigor and prosperity of Chinese culture. Heritage, the CMA closely follows museum codes and Understanding the Museum Boom ethical standards, to unify these values and collaborate By: An Laishun, by government subsidies of 15 billion RMB (2.2 with museums, and museum-related organizations Vice President of the International Council of Museums billion USD) per year over five years. In response and individuals on a nation-wide basis. It acts as a to this stimulus we have seen the audience of each guide, monitor, coordinator and legal advocate of As lively places throbbing with life, today’s museums museum grow by over 50% attracting migrant museum industry. CMA has been involved in the work stand in sharp contrast to the desolate, dark and laborers, urban low-income workers and other groups of organizing academic activities, publishing academic dusty institutions of 30 years ago. Part of this change who previously experienced barriers to entry. journals, undertaking national research projects, has of course been driven by the visitor. The viewing public, who 30 years ago had few opportunities Chinese museums are also trying to extend to even travel to different cities within their own their reach in a virtual sense with a recent push province, now travel all over China and around the towards digitalization. The First National Survey world and their tastes have changed accordingly. of Movable Cultural Heritage was conducted from ABOUT LORD CULTURAL RESOURCES 2012 to 2017—a mammoth task whereby over Along with China’s increasing economic power, 64 million collection items were either filed or comes a new demand for diverse cultural products. re-filed digitally—to pave the way for the future Founded in 1981 in response to an emerging need We help clients clarify their goals; we provide It’s a story which very much reflects the stories of sharing of this information with the public. for specialized planning services in the museum, them with the tools to achieve those goals; and other countries as they transitioned into developed cultural and heritage sector, Lord Cultural Resources we leave a legacy as a result of training and economies. But what’s unique about China’s situation Perhaps some of the most interesting changes is now the world’s largest cultural professional collaboration. Our clients are in all sectors including is that while, Western governments are beginning have emerged from the the management of practice with the successful completion of more than private and public corporations, foundations, to retreat from their role as cultural investors, the the pubic and private sector. Private museums, 2,400 projects in over 57 countries on 6 continents. governments and non-profit institutions. Chinese government has increased its investment which were previously left to more-or-less fend The firm has earned an international reputation in cultural heritage from 3.76 billion RMB in 2006 for themselves, have seen their fortunes improve for sector leadership, innovation and excellence. With a network of offices in Toronto, New York, to 25.85 billion RMB in 2013—a six-fold increase. due to a change in government attitudes since London, Mumbai and Beijing, we conduct ourselves China’s museum boom has also seen other important 2010. This involved new regulations and policies We are dedicated to the creation of cultural capital with respect for local adaptation, cultural diversity drivers, such as the basic need for capacity building. to encourage, support, guide and regulate the worldwide, the value created as a result of the and collaboration, embodying the highest standards While in the Reform Era, the government had development of private museums towards healthy maximization of cultural resources. Our mission is of integrity, ethics and professional practice. previously measured its progress based on pure and sustainable growth. Therefore, through both to collaborate with people and organizations to plan economic growth, it began to seek a balance between the public and private sector engagement, we and manage cultural places, programs and resources the economy and regional and cultural indicators— can look forward to continued evolution and that deliver excellence in the service of society. We highlighting a new understanding of the subtle transformation of this robust and dynamic industry. distinguish ourselves through a comprehensive and relationship between GDP and the value of soft power. integrated full-service offering built on a foundation —An Laishun, of visioning, planning and implementation. Chinese museums have also made great strides in Vice President Chinese Museums Association terms of outreach with the full implementation of the free admissions policy. The policy was supported 2 3 The book is structured in four sections. Section One places the current building boom in context. Dr. An Laishun provides an overview of the development of Chinese museology. Javier Jimenez and Gail Lord identify two comparable museum building booms in the global North and West and iSTART A4 Art Museum propose some causes—urbanization in particular— that are also in contributing to the boom in China today. Professors Song Xiangguang and Duan Yong The five case studies in Section Four provide insights Suzhou Museum provide histories of Chinese museums while Sofia into the impact of a British Museum blockbuster on Bollo and Yu Zhang share their experience of the Chinese museums, exploring how China’s museums evolution of Chinese museum policy and practice. are harnessing technology, what it means to be Overview of the Book visitor-centered at the Palace Museum, and in Suzhou Section Two addresses how China’s rapid urbanization the expansion of merchandising. We have titled this By the editors: Gail Lord, Javier Jimenez and Rebecca Catching has stimulated the museum building boom, framed section Challenges and Opportunities because it it, formed it and in some cases financed it. Doug explores the range of both, including how private Saunders who is an expert on urbanization and museums create bridges to contemporary art (by Some Chinese scholars trace the origin of museums In the course of exploring these issues, we also aim to migration writes about the particular ways that our co-editor Rebecca Catching), the enduringly in China to 478 BCE—the year after the death of introduce readers to the rich diversity museological Chinese cities grow and how real estate development popularity of natural history museums (Jian Guan) and Confucius. Since then, we have seen unprecedented practice in China through a variety of case studies impacts new museums throughout the country; while the dichotomy between relic preservation and public growth in both the number and scale of Chinese and a rich array of photographs. We have engaged urban planner Phil Enquist shares his experience access (Han Yong). museums, from about 1,400 at the turn of the century leading Chinese museologists and academics to working with new Chinese cities and helping them to over 5,000 to date. provide chapters exploring the history of museums in develop a sense of place. He Jingtang explains why This book is an international China, evolving national museum policies, museum symbolic architecture has become the hallmark collaboration which aims to discover exhibitions and cultural diplomacy, the role of private This book seeks to explore the of China’s newest museums and two case studies how much East and West can learn motivations behind the rapid museums, and the impact of museums on society. illuminate the role of private developers (the Today We also reached out to knowledgeable Western from each other about museum roles, development of museums in China. Art Museum) and the genius loci of the Jingdezhen contributors from such diverse fields as architecture, Imperial Kiln Museum. our publics, how we preserve what we It also aims to answer the questions urban planning, and contemporary art, to contribute preserve and future sustainability— essays on Chinese in place-making, the creative Section Three analyzes how Chinese exhibitions such as “How is the public responding?” even as we marvel at the amazing “Who pays for these museums economy, systems of governance, and the complex are tools for cultural diplomacy (Zhou Ming) and relationships between private and public sectors and key elements of soft power (An Laishun). Chinese- accomplishments of China’s museum and how?” “How has China’s rapid the many levels of government. Canadian curator Chen Shen contributes a memoir building boom. urbanization affected this trend?” on international exhibition exchange. Tomislav Sola sees a new form of internationalism emerging through “How do Chinese museums balance —Gail Lord, Co-founder and President of China’s global cultural activities. Tian Kai explains education, scientific research, social Lord Cultural Resources how opening up to more international influences —Javier Jimenez, Director of Organization cohesion, cultural diplomacy, and has profoundly changed the philosophy of Chinese and Strategy Operations tourism both internal and external?” museums and Tim Reeve has written an insightful case —Rebecca Catching, Museum Planning Consultant study on the V&A partnership in Shenzhen.
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