Risiko, Misserfolge Und Entwicklungsbrüche Junger E-Commerce-Unternehmen in Wissensbasierten Wirtschaftsfeldern in Kalifornien

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Risiko, Misserfolge Und Entwicklungsbrüche Junger E-Commerce-Unternehmen in Wissensbasierten Wirtschaftsfeldern in Kalifornien Risiko, Misserfolge und Entwicklungsbrüche junger E-Commerce-Unternehmen in wissensbasierten Wirtschaftsfeldern in Kalifornien Dr. Gerhard Krauss* Nr. 225 / Dezember 2002 Arbeitsbericht ISBN 3-934629-88-1 ISSN 0945-9553 * Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation (CSI), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris Akademie für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Baden-Württemberg Industriestr. 5, 70565 Stuttgart Tel.: 0711 • 9063-0, Fax: 0711 • 9063-299 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ta-akademie.de Ansprechpartner: Dr. Gerhard Fuchs Tel. 0711 • 9063-199 E-Mail: [email protected] Die Akademie für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Baden-Württemberg gibt in loser Folge Aufsätze und Vorträge von Mitarbeitern sowie ausgewählte Zwischen- und Abschlussberichte von durchgeführten Forschungsprojekten als Arbeitsberichte der TA-Akademie heraus. Diese Reihe hat das Ziel, der jeweils interessierten Fachöffentlichkeit und dem breiten Publikum Gele- genheit zu kritischer Würdigung und Begleitung der Arbeit der TA- Akademie zu geben. Anregungen und Kommentare zu den publizierten Ar- beiten sind deshalb jederzeit willkommen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung 1 Einleitung....................................................................................................................1 2 Regionale Innovationssysteme in Kalifornien.........................................................5 3 Zur Entwicklung des E-Commerce-Sektors in Kalifornien...............................17 4 Die Fallstudien..........................................................................................................29 4.1 Entwicklungsverläufe von B2C zu B2B .....................................................29 4.2 Übersetzung konventioneller Geschäftsmodelle in E-Commerce: Vom unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleister zum B2B E-Commerce- Unternehmen ...............................................................................................45 4.3 Branchenspezifisches E-Commerce: E-Commerce und digitale Medien in der Unterhaltungsindustrie......................................................................55 4.4 Zur sozialen Einbettung von E-Commerce Unternehmen ..........................72 5 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen..........................................................80 6 Literatur ...................................................................................................................85 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit den Entwicklungsverläufen junger Un- ternehmen der Pionierphase des elektronischen Handels in Kalifornien. Anhand aus- gewählter Unternehmensfallstudien aus Silicon Valley und der Digital Coast wird gezeigt, dass der sozialen Einbettung der Unternehmen (im Wesentlichen regional- und branchenspezifische, sowie daneben überregionale Interaktionszusammenhänge) eine zentrale Bedeutung zukommt. Zahlreiche Unternehmenszusammenbrüche do- kumentieren ferner, dass eine experimentierfreudige Haltung der unterstützenden Akteure in der Region allein noch kein Garant dafür ist, dass von den jungen Unter- nehmen neue, Wertschöpfung generierende Konzepte entwickelt werden. Nur dieje- nigen Unternehmen haben eine längerfristige Bestandschance, denen es tatsächlich gelingt, den elektronischen Handel im Sinne einer effizienten Technik für ein über- geordnetes, distinktives (und möglichst wissensbasiertes) Unternehmenskonzept zu nutzen. Einleitung 1 1 Einleitung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden ausgewählte, typische Entwicklungsverläufe jun- ger E-Commerce-Unternehmen in Kalifornien untersucht. Die Region hat eine Vor- reiterrolle bei der Expansion des elektronischen Handels wie auch bei der Entwick- lung der dafür nötigen technologischen Grundlagen gespielt. In diesem Bereich gab es zahllose Innovationsvorhaben und Unternehmensgründungen; auf der anderen Seite waren viele Misserfolge und Entwicklungseinbrüche junger Unternehmen zu verzeichnen, was vor allem darauf zurückzuführen war, dass die Entwicklung und Verbreitung dieser neuen wirtschaftlichen Transaktionsform in der Praxis erst am Anfang stand. Die anfänglichen Unklarheiten über tragfähige Geschäftsmodelle und die generelle Unsicherheit möglicher Entwicklungsszenarien war so groß, dass das Scheitern junger Unternehmen in dieser frühen Phase repräsentativer war als der Er- folg der wenigen später erfolgreichen Unternehmen. Aufgrund der Beobachtung, dass viele dieser Unternehmen in Kalifornien scheiterten, stellen wir uns die Frage, inwieweit eine solche Phase möglicherweise dazu beitragen konnte, die spätere wirt- schaftliche Etablierung dieses Bereiches mit vorzubereiten, indem sie in größerem Umfang wirtschaftliches und technologisches Experimentieren ermöglichte. Die massenhaften Firmenzusammenbrüche der so genannten „Dotcoms“1 erscheinen dann in einem anderen Licht: So mussten diese nicht notwendigerweise zu einem Ende des elektronischen Handels führen, sondern konnten vielmehr eine kritische Reflexion über sinnvolle Unternehmenskonzepte und –strategien unter den Wirt- schaftsakteuren anregen.2 Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf diese Pionierphase der Entwicklung des elektronischen Handels in Kalifornien, indem schwerpunktmäßig Unternehmen un- tersucht werden, die gegen Ende der neunziger Jahre gegründet wurden. Im Mittel- punkt steht die Frage nach den Entwicklungsverläufen und –brüchen der Unterneh- men in einem insgesamt sehr turbulenten Umfeld mit noch eher unklaren, unsicheren 1 Dies bezeichnet die Internetfirmen, die über einen Domainnamen mit der Endung “.com” verfügen (aus dem Englischen: “dot” = “.” plus “com”), dabei steht die Endung “com” für “commercial”, also kommerzielle Unternehmen. 2 Inzwischen sind bereits mehrere Publikationen erschienen, die sich mit dem Scheitern der Dotcoms und deren Aufarbeitung – teilweise in autobiographischer Perspektive – beschäftigen (Frey 2002). Beispiele hierfür sind die Bücher von Stephan Paternot (Paternot 2001) oder David Kuo (über das ambitionierte E-Commerce-Konzept von Value America; siehe Kuo 2001). Das Thema wurde be- reits Thema eines Dokumentarfilms in den USA (“STARTUP.COM” (2001), Regie Chris Hegedus und Jehane Noujaim). 2 Krauss Entwicklungsperspektiven. Konkret beschäftigt uns die Frage, auf welche Probleme die Unternehmen und Unternehmensgründer bei der Realisierung ihrer E-Commerce- Vorhaben stießen, inwiefern sie diese bewältigten oder nicht, und welche Rolle hier die regionale Einbettung der Unternehmen spielte. Unsere Studie setzt damit an der Schnittstelle zwischen den individuellen Strategien der Wirtschaftsakteure einerseits und dem institutionellen Kontext andererseits an, in dem die Unternehmen verortet sind. Es wird im weiteren Sinne die "soziale Einbet- tung" der Unternehmen betrachtet, ebenso wie die konkreten individuellen Strategien der Akteure; beide Aspekte sind aufs engste miteinander verwoben und können nur schwerlich voneinander analytisch getrennt werden. Bei der Darstellung der Fallstudien wird deutlich, dass diese "soziale Einbettung" relativ komplex ist und vielfältige Aspekte umfasst. Die Unternehmensgründer haben jeweils eine bestimmte soziale Laufbahn, d.h. eine eigene soziale Geschichte, auf deren Basis sie ihre Innovationsvorhaben verfolgen. Sie verfügen über bestimmte formelle und informelle Qualifikationen und ein bestimmtes Sozialkapital an Bezie- hungen – alles im Verlauf der vorangegangenen Sozialbiographie erworben. Die Ak- teure sind in Netzwerke ihrer ehemaligen Ausbildungsinstitutionen eingebunden (z.B. Alumni-Netzwerke prestigeträchtiger Universitäten wie Harvard oder Stan- ford), sowie in professionelle und sektorale Netzwerke, die in wissensintensiven Wirtschaftsfeldern oftmals eine regionale Ausprägung annehmen. Der regionale Kontext ist insofern von Bedeutung, als sich Electronic Commerce nicht auf die bloße technologische Dimension reduzieren lässt, sondern in einen be- stimmten sozialen, institutionellen und organisatorischen Kontext eingebettet ist. Dies gilt nicht nur für die Seite der Nutzung von Electronic Commerce, sondern ebenso für die Seite der Entwicklung und Anbietung von Electronic-Commerce- Anwendungen durch junge, spezialisierte E-Commerce-Firmen. Häufige Face-to- Face-Kommunikationen im regionalen/lokalen Interaktionsraum sind ausgesprochen wichtig. In solchen ständigen Interaktionen werden die Wirtschaftsakteure "soziali- siert", bekommen ein spontanes Wissen über den sie umgebenden Kontext vermittelt und bilden eine kontextspezifische praktische Intelligenz aus, die ihnen hilft, in ih- rem Wirtschaftsbereich (in Abhängigkeit von ihrer jeweiligen Position) "intelligent" zu agieren. Die technologischen Innovationsvorhaben und die wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten sind offensichtlich in hohem Maße in lokal konzentrierte soziale Netzwerke eingebettet. Dies wird am Beispiel von Silicon Valley deutlich: Unternehmer und Führungskräfte weisen darauf hin, wie wichtig es für sie ist, in der Region zu leben, um von den viel- fältigen sozialen, mehr oder weniger lockeren und informellen, bewusst organisierten oder eher spontanen und informellen Kontaktmöglichkeiten profitieren zu können. Einleitung 3 Räumliche Nähe und die soziale Einbettung der Technologievorhaben scheinen ge- rade im Zeitalter der neuen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien und des Electronic Commerce von großer Bedeutung für die Unternehmen zu sein – und nicht etwa das Gegenteil. Darauf weist die starke lokale räumliche „Clusterung“ der Technologiefirmen in den verschiedenen Unterregionen Kaliforniens hin. Um eine fokussiertere
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