Regulation of Disintermediated Financial Ecosystems

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Regulation of Disintermediated Financial Ecosystems Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Regulation of Disintermediated Financial Ecosystems Author(s): Elsner, Erasmus Publication Date: 2020 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000492901 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 26989 REGULATION OF DISINTERMEDIATED FINANCIAL ECOSYSTEMS A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by ERASMUS ELSNER M.A, University of Zurich born on 13.08.1985 citizen of Zurich accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Stefan Bechtold Prof. Ryan Bubb Prof. Christoph Stadtfeld 2020 Abstract The overarching theme of this PhD thesis is the analysis of the interplay between regulation and financial intermediation. The research focuses on the analysis of the role played by security laws and industry-specific financial regulation in shaping the allocation through either the firm or the market. Through a law and economics perspective, the thesis tries to answer two related questions in the realm of both equity and credit markets. Firstly, it tries to establish how different regulations impose (implicit or explicit) prices on transactions and thereby either promote a market-based or a firm-based allocation mechanism. Secondly, for the competing allocative regimes, the thesis questions how the presence of both positive and negative externalities of firms and markets may favor a particular allocation mechanism. The PhD project is divided into five separate chapters, with each one examining different aspects of the law and economics of financial intermediation. The first chapter establishes a general law and economics theory, which is applied to concrete asset classes in two chapter pairs, with the first pair (chapters 2 and 3) being dedicated to the analysis of equity intermediation and the second pair (chapters 4 and 5) being dedicated to credit intermediation. Methodologically, this PhD thesis engages both in traditional legal analysis, as well as statistical and economic concepts and theories from the fields of law & economics and network analysis. Chapter 1 (Anatomy of Securities Regulation) develops the ‘Coase Theorem of Securities Regulation’ (the ‘Theorem’), a novel law and economics theory of securities regulation. Under the first part of the theory, the chapter analyses how differential regulatory costs are placed on economic transactions by security laws and firm-specific regulation and how such costs can determine the mode of allocation. In contrast, the core contribution of the second part of the theory is that it re-conceptualizes the costs of the market – and more specifically the costs of securities regulation – as externalities. This allows for an analysis of security laws under the original Coase Theorem and the realization that the role of securities regulation will gradually decrease with a secular fall of transaction costs. Chapter 2 (The Problem of Startup Disclosure Cost) investigates the central role played by regulation – both securities regulation and the alternative exemption regime – in driving and shaping the secular trend of startups staying private longer. This analysis is guided by the Theorem, which is applied in the context of startups. In particular, the chapter explores how (i) securities regulation and the competing exemption regime may price early-stage technology startups out of the financial markets and how (ii) the regulatory costs of securities regulation could be minimized and re-allocated among stakeholders to foster a market allocation. Chapter 3 (Play-to-pay in Silicon Valley venture networks) empirically analyzes the intermedi- ation microstructure of early stage investments in technology startup firms in the Silicon Valley ecosystems. Using a novel dataset compiled for the post-Dotcom era between 2004 and 2014, this chapter conducts a network analysis on Silicon Valley venture network dynamics. The chapter identifies two disparate macro-trends, which have shaped the venture industry at different ends of the funding spectrum, (i) the rise of ‘mega funds’ at the late stage and (ii) the emergence of ‘founder-funder’ VCs at the early stage. Chapter 4 (The Nature of the Banking firm) applies the Theorem in the context of credit and explores how (i) competing securities and banking regulations may price some credit assets out of financial markets and into banking firms and how (ii) the regulatory costs of securities regulation could be re-allocated among stakeholders to foster a market-based credit system. Chapter 5 (Too-distributed-to-Fail Credit Systems) introduces a network-based stress test model for assessing competing theoretical perspectives on banking firms and credit markets through the lens of systemic risk and institutional loss absorption. The introduced network model allows for a simulation of a stylized, too-distributed-to-fail credit market regime, where credit is originated and held in a fully distributed financial architecture with no single-point-of- failure. Systemic resilience levels are compared to a bank-based economy, both in the presence and absence of government intervention. In summary, the thesis provides a balanced perspective on the regulation of disintermediation, highlighting both the benefits and costs of transitioning from a firm-based allocation to a market- based allocation in the context of different asset classes. As a whole, the PhD project draws a colorful picture of diverse equity and credit transactions – placed in competing regulatory regimes – and giving rise to a range of pressing policy considerations. Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation ist im Spannungsfeld zwischen Regulierung und Finanzintermediation an- gesiedelt. Dabei wird der Forschungsfrage nachgegangen, welche Rolle Wertschriftenregulierung gegenüber alternativer Regulatorien bei der Selektion des dominanten Allokationsmechanismus durch die Firma oder den Markt einnimmt. Anhand einer Law & Economics Perspektive wird im Rahmen dieser Dissertation versucht eine Antwort auf zwei zusammenhängende Fragen zu Aktien- und Kreditmärkten zu finden. Zunächst wird untersucht inwiefern Regulatorien (im- plizite und explizite) Transaktionskosten darstellen und dadurch einen Markt-basierten oder Firmen-basierten Allokationsmechanismus fördern. Für die unterschiedlichen allokativen Regime wird sodann versucht zu ergründen, inwiefern positive und negative Externalitäten einen gewissen Allokationsmechanismus begünstigen. Die Dissertation ist in fünf Kapitel unterteilt, wobei jedes einzelne Kapital einen interdisziplinären Aspekt im Spannungsfeld von Law & Economics und Finanzregulierung beleuchtet. Im ersten Kapitel wird eine allgemeine Law & Economics Theorie entwickelt, welche in den Folgekapiteln auf verschiedene Anlageklassen angewendet wird. Das erste Kapitelpaar (Kapitel 2 und 3) widmet sich Aktienanlagen, während das zweite Kapitelpaar (Kapitel 4 und 5) Kreditanlagen betrifft. Methodisch kommen sowohl traditionelle juristische Methoden, wie auch statistische und ökonomische Konzepte aus den Bereichen Law & Economics und der Netzwerkanalyse zur Anwendung. Kapitel 1 (Anatomy of Securities Regulation) entwickelt das “Coase Theorem of Securities Regulation”, eine neue Law & Economics Theorie zur Wertschriftenregulierung. Der erste Teil der Theorie analysiert inwiefern Wertpapiergesetze und alternative industriespezifische Regu- latorien unterschiedliche regulatorische Kosten auf ökonomisch gleichartige Transaktionen ap- plizieren und dadurch den dominanten Allokationsmodus beeinflussen können. Demgegenüber besteht der Beitrag des zweiten Teils der Theorie darin, dass Marktkosten und insbesondere die Kosten der Wertschriftenregulierung als Externalitäten re-konzeptualisiert werden, wodurch Wertschriftengesetze unter dem etablierten Coase Theorem analysiert werden können. Kapitel 2 (The Problem of Startup Disclosure Cost) untersucht den Beitrag von Regulatorien, sowohl der Wertpapierregulierung und der alternativen Ausnahmen, bezüglich dem säkularen Trend von Wachstumsunternehmen mit einem Börsengang immer länger zuzuwarten. Die Anal- yse basiert dabei auf dem im ersten Kapitel entwickelten Theorem, welches hier auf Startups angewendet wird. Dabei wird analysiert (i) wie Wertschriftenregulierung und alternative Aus- nahmen Startups in der Frühphase aus den öffentlichen Märkten verdrängen können und (ii) wie die regulatorischen Kosten der Wertpapierregulierung minimisiert und zwischen den Stakeholdern re-alloziert werden können um eine Markt-basierte Allokation zu fördern. Kapital 3 (Play-to-pay in Silicon Valley venture networks) führt auf Basis eines neuen Daten- satzes, welcher Risikokapitalinvestitionen im Zeitraum nach dem Platzen der DotCom-Blase zwis- chen 2004 und 2014 betrifft, eine empirische Netzwerk-Analyse durch. Im Rahmen dieser Analyse werden neuerliche Dynamiken im Silicon Valley analysiert und zwei unterschiedliche Makro- Trends identifiziert, welche Wagniskapitalgeber an unterschiedlichen Enden des Finanzierungs- Spektrums betreffen insb. (i) das Aufkommen von "Mega Fonds" in den späten Finanzierungsrun- den und (ii) das Aufkommen von “Gründer-Finanzierer VC Fonds" im Frühstadium. Kapitel 4 (The Nature of the Banking firm) wendet das “Theorem" auf Kreditmärkte an analysiert den regulatorischen Wettbewerb von Wertschriften- und Bankengesetzen und die Kosten-Reallokation zwischen Stakeholdern zur Förderung eines Markt-basiertes Kreditsystems.
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