[Entered at the·P08t Oflll tHE BOULEVARD LAFAYETTE NEW YORK CItY-VIEWS FROM DIFFERENT POINTS ON tHE BOULEVARD-BmD'S EYE VIEW OF tHE BOULEVARD AND CONNECTIONS.-[See page 58.] © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. so J'titutifit �mtti'Ju. LJ ANUARY 26, 1895. AMERICAN FIREARMS IN GERMANY. object principally sought. But in the case just spoken The German governlllent is celebrated for its care of, the patent had expired and damages were sought Jtitntifit �mttitan. of its peuple. Its laws are enacted and applied to the for infringements committed during its life. Such ESTABLISHED 1.845. conservation of t.he health and lives uf the populace, actions are generally regarded as of little value to any whether threatened by impure foods or other causes. one except the lawyers and masters or referees, and MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. Sometimes the German laws affect the importation of hence are seldom brought. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT American guods. The German inspection of the smaller class of firearllls has operated to completely The Telautojtl'aph No. a61 llIWADWAY, NEW YORK. In Europe. prevent the sale of American guns. From private ad vices received in Chicago, the West.. o. D. MU��. A. E. BEACH. The Germardaws provide for the proving by actual ern Electrician learns that the long-expected test of firing test of all firearms exposed for sale in that coun· Gray's telautograph over the long-distance telephone 'r":H.U� AillERICAf\. F()I: '['liE ",CIESTIFIC try. The law passed in 1891 states that the barrels line between Pa.ris and London came off on the night One copy, one year, for the S.,_Canada or Mexico ...... One copy, six months, for theU. Canada or lolexico 53 00 and locks must be tested in offieial testing establish of December 15, and resulted in a great success. The One coPY,one year,to any fOl'eigllcoulltryU. :S., beionginlltoPostal.•...... Union..•••..•• 1 � O Remit hy po�tal or eXpre!!l8money oruer. or by bank draft or cheCK. ,IOU CO., Broadway, corner of fI'rsuklin:Street, York. ments, and if approveu must be stamped. The law Iiue is under the control of the French and English MUS.:'oi .v 3til NAW rlescribes the testing, which, according to circum governments, and us no newspaper IHen were present, - �dt'lItific III II �lIppJelllent 'I'h .. A t-nell !'tances, com;ists in a single or a double shooting trial. no publicity has heretofore been given to this interest a distinct pape-rfrom the S(,IE�TIFI(, Al\-IEH1CAX. '!'HE 8LJPPJ.JEMEN'!' i s e e a u Any parts of the ing and im portant event. �ii�'S (�:�,;.��:·(. f��I{I�1��.b '1,;��� �}8 s�b����;8ci�i�; �to:��� ��e pie('e which fail to stand the trial are r orE destroyed by bping sawed into or by being broken up. Some delay at the outset was caused by a broken �·�fi.i�;t�I(�l�jir���o ����:rtl�[ l�le�\i.�le �;�i� YiJLs c��t: g� b a lj ih�"ut O e s, The iaw admits as valid the pl'Oof marks of the Bel wire at the Paris end, but after this was remedied the ��!!I�l�r;�g:i lt�� t���'���,�� A�{�g�s� i�:d � will be �ent for one year, to onetl�t���l:�!}ty· addres� in ('a:,ada J��or llexi3���ico E�T on gian government" proof house," and also the proof tel autograph re prel.'entatives wrote bac k and forth for forei�Ils cQulltri es U.within S .• Postal LJnion ��fst(���d.Sfif1���!���'ye eight marks of the Gun Makers' Company, of London, and an hour and a half without any trouble. The French nllilclill� Edition. of tlH' Birmingham " proof house." The effect is that government was represented by three engineers, who AUGH.JTt;CTS A:Su BUILHERS JnHT10X OF SC)E�Tn'JC AMEIU American guns are practically excluded from the Ger were delighted with the result. The distance over l'H.E a large and splendi� ill�J;ltrated periodical,THE issued monthly, con.. CA�.lStai:r;nnJZ floor p ans, pel'�pectlvp'Views, and sheet� of constructive details man market. To �e('U1'e admission the trade should whil'h the writing was electrically reproduced was 312% p6Ptai�ling ·to modern al'cl itecture. :E�ach number is illustrated with beautlful'plates, showing desira1 le dwellings, public buildings'lnd archi arrange for the of a proof house wh ose miles, and all agreed t.hat it was a wonderful spectacle tectnr!l� ·"ork.tn.great variety. b builders and aU who contemplate.build e.;;tabliHhlllent ing work IIlvaluabl�. Has'1'0 the larllest circulation of any architec mark or stamp sho'lld bl'! acceptablf' to the German to watch in Paris the instantaneous reprod uction of turalthiS publication 18 in the world. Sin�le copie!i cents. By mail, to any part, of the United States ·Canada government. As it now stands, all American guns the movements of a pen in th e hands of a man writing or Mexico. $2.502;') a year. To foreign Postal Union countries $3.00 a year Combinert..rateforBUII.IHSG ���)�TIO�· with 8CIEXTIFIC Al\-[ERICA�,to one have to be !'ubjpcted to trial in Germany, and the ex in London. a e r a ���gr�e�;��e flr �irl'[J�I�� (,1��I�01�1\�!�I�� A�'�n':J �� �: pense has proved to be prohibitive. Since the accept Of the 312% miles of line . 23 miles is submarine cable PLE:\JI:i:XT,$9.00 a year. foreilZnTig��� Postal Union countries. a year. '1'0 $11.00 ancl'! of the English and Belgian proof marks, the busi and 5% miles consists of buried conductor!' at Paris, Expo,·t o l l All of the English land line is overhead. Current was t:dili l of lite �('ientifie ..\l lericHu. ness i n Ameriean guns has come to a standstill. n h r � ")!� e�il{��o 6tr&:d�('.�;A!!I·bR����;{?i.��.F���li�h��D�6��\!tvL'�n�� There is an excellent opportunity for the gun trade of supplied, at the London end, by a battery of bichro form in si�e and typpgrapby with the �CI�NTI"'I(, A)I.�H:IC'AN. Every this country to takl'!!'ome aetion which will open for mate cel ls, two rows in parallel, the voltage being 57, ber contains about pages, profusely Illustrated It t'le finestscientific Dum .. intlu!'itrlal. .expor t .paper 50 published.,. It circulates throui� !Ihout Cnba, the the German market. It might have an excellent while at Paris there were storage batteries and Callaud r in h LlS :;�i�l�����'������lfee�t;:�i:hd 1���t��mi� J�go:�;: S��?�� Tf�ISC effect upon the home produet if action were taken in cells, the latter being arranged four rows in parallel, EDITIOS has a large guaranteed ,r,��;circulation in all A'\II':RIC.�X EXPORT 3. a r, t the direction of proving arms for our domestic trade. the potential being 63 volts. The resistance of the cir S t���I:�g�}e:1�c :ri'[��' $ 00 yea pos paid to any ����i��:I:��{d�Manufacturers and others who desire to secure forei�n trade cuit was 716 oh ms and the capacity was 11 microfarads. havear large and handsomely displayed anllOUnp.emellts published in roilYthis edition at a very moderate cost. MUNN & O ' THE STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS IN PATENT SUITS, The platen resistance at each end was 550 ohms. The �; Bi������rsew York. e i x e o To the doctrine of dilig-ence in prosecuting cases difference in voltage at the ends of the line was mere ��'I�a�� �g��: �e�it������ y &d� CO. t�::��n �:::bl� i; �;d: �� �[M� within the Patent Office is now superadded by a recent ly an incident uue to convenient arrangement of the Readers are specially requ�sted to notify the publisbers in case of anypr- failure, delay, or irregularitv in receipt of papers. decision of the United States Supreme Court an affir batteries. No change from ordinary conditi ons was matioll of the need of diligence in su ing for damages made in the machines or adjustments, except in the for infringement. It is held that the statutes of limi Morse relays. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1895. tation of the different States apply in the defense The actual counted speed of transmission was 18 of actions at law for damages for infringement of pat words in 36 seconds at one time and 22 words in 40 (�Ollleniflo. (Illustrated articles arp. marked with an a�terisk.) ents. The deci�ion, dated January 7, 1895, was de seconds at another, the average num ber of letters in . livered by Mr. Justice Brown. The case is entitled each word being five. The writing was perfectly leg· Aquarium fishes,food. of ...... Military .�ience. at Yale ...... ArtiHcial limbs, imoroved* ...... 5852 ., MiSSIng-link , found : . 5150 ...... •. Campbell v. City of Haverhill. ible, but somewhat ragged at very high speed. Bacteriology. progre!:iSin ...... 55 Molasses. zinc to blea.ch...... Bicycle brake, a pneumatic*...... 59 Moon's e('lipse of September . 60 The action was brought to recover damages for in The French minister of posts and telegraphs, wit.h . 4-. Ne;89�ork:' ·UP-·t·�wn.· improv:e� 57 the officers of his staff, visited the laboratory at Paris :��kc��rirt��;l��ttjris:'e TteW . :�:: 81 fringement of the claims of a patent, which infri nge ����;i�f:rk��� ����.�.��.����� Not�:��S;qUerles::�:·::::::::::::: ments were l'omllJitteu between October 10, 1877, and aud im;pected the machines, appearing to be much � ...... H �g!�et�Mt:a�d4�O;i��!�.'7'. . . ��,��e�T:l���reatment·...... December 20, 1880, and was begull more than six years interested. One of the department engineers will . . . Comets due in ... . ��.��':.:...... �g Patents granted, weekly record ...:: g� Commerce. interstate1895...... 5758 Patent suits. statutes of ltmita-- 62 after the last date of infringement. It was an action make an official report of the test to the government Concrete, bridge of ...... tions In ...... a .. . . 57 . s a...... 50 at law, brought in the United States Circuit Court in of France. gr��l:��I'at��t\����·e�aiiack ���t��ir::t�l. n:� f��f:ri'��:::: Electl'ic railway conduit, Burgh-'on: gl Punch and shear£!.a powerfuP ...� � the dbtrict of Massach ussets. The Massachusetts laws The telautograph was exhibited and explained at a er':1-·...... 59 Steam enlline back pressure . 55 (6358) F.lectrictransmission of power. .. Street ,-car fares, cheap Phila- 61 declare that a limitation of six years applies to :alI special meeting of the Societe Internationale des 56 •. Electroplatin� iron ships· ...... delpJl1& ...... 56 ...... 59 Electriciens in Paris on December 18. M. J. Voisenat, }i'irearms. American. in l;ermany.1O Tea and cotfeeculture. Hawaii.. . . actions oftort-t.hat such actions must be· begun within 54 Glass, ornamenting ...... 'relautograpb. the, in Europe ...... 55 telegraph engineer, delivered the lecture, which was Grasses, dyed ...... 'relephone system; the. Paris,...... 5053 six years of the time Hhen the acts were committed. a ... . i.. . . " ..... b5 a ����� i e l 'rhe Circuit Court decided that the statute of limita illustrated elaborate diagrams and by the actual H \����:. ..��.� ��� .. �gi!rl�: �:e a��:i�ri �. by 00 . Horses, the color of ...... ����.��...... Vault light, ("'lopp's·..... ����:...... '.'.'::: U52 . 59 tions appli�d to this case. The Supreme Court up· operation of a set of the machines. About 300 persons Illumination, artificiaL. Violin fintshing ...... , ...... 55 (6359) . Inventions recently patented .. ... Voice, the American ...... 5961 Lucifer match inventor ...... 60 War ships. Chinese, repairing* .... 5 holds the Circuit Court. were present and all were greatly interested and . . . 58 �l��g���gl�a'he'ihibitioii;a:::::: 7 The United States Revised Statutes, section 721, eager to obtain samples of the electrically transmitted .: � ;g��I�l�fgh�ii·iu(i';,j::::::::::·:.: gA declare that •• the laws of the several States, except, writing. At the conclusion of the lecture A. Postel etc. , shall be regarded as rules of decision in Vinay, the president of the society, spoke in terms of TABLE OF CONTENTS OF trials at common la w, in the courts of the United warm praise of Dr. Elisha Gray and his wonderful in State�, in cases where they apply." This section has vention. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT been repeatedly held to apply to the stat utes of limi Mr. Cush ing, in a recent letter, makes amusing allu tation of different 8tates. The question then came sion to the difficulties experienced by the French men No. 995_ up as to whether this section would apply ill cases in pronouncing American names. Dr. Gray is known the Week Endin� January 26. For 1895. purely within the jurisdiction of the Federal court�, as Eleezi·g-r-r-r·ay and Mr. Cushing has become Mon Price cents. For sale by ali newsdealers. case, based entirpl�· Coos teen. 10 such as a patent on the United sieur BlBLIOGRAPHY.-The Choice of Books.-The pre.ent aspect ofPAGE States statut.es. In the words of the del'ision it is ex • I' .• I. the world of literature. --'The l'eadinJ{and selectiun of bO Oks ..... Military at Yale University. . 15907 pressed thus: It may be well questioned whether Science II. BIOGRAPHY.-Count De Le.sep -BiOl!rapbical note and por- •. trait or the g-reat lfrellch:nanrecently •. deceased there is any sound distinction in principle between The Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University HI. BIOLOG Y.-Spots and Stripe. in llammal -By...... R. LYDEKKER,...... • 15895 B.A. Cantab.-A very curious subjpct in natural•. history.-'rhe cases where the jurisdiction is concurrent and those offers this year two interesting courses of instruction markings of the zebra, tiger, leopard, and otber animals 15905 ill "Military Science and Tactics" and in .. Military IV. r-HEMIS'l'RY.-A New Series of NitrolZenCompounds.-A ...... new• , where it is exclusive in the Federal courts. The sec �el'ies of compounds containil!g a closed flng of four nitrogen tion itself neither contains nor suggests such a distinc Engineering." The first course is obligat0ry upon the atoms and one carbon atom ...... 15905 S r a tion." whole senior clas� in all departments. The study in f�t���sff�GJ��rf���GOf ! ���!����fe o�:�:�j�?�!���ryp!� part by v. formed...... 15896 The court holds that an action for infringement of a both courses will be carried on for the most Tbe Water Supply of Saint Raphael and FreJu -Recent in- patent should involve no privileges denied to the lectures, though practical inst.ruction in drill will be O i O e t l•. l zi �� c���� ��;: �����&� ;;:�B��� �l�t�aM��s.���.� � .����� .���.t..�� givpn in the School of the Soldier and School of the VI. ELEC'rRIC'LTY.-Electric Accumulator. Under Pre ure.-A 158117 plaintiff side in oHler actions. It holds that it would very intere&ting series.ofexpe�iments on the production•• of a.con- be an anomaly to establish class of actions subjeet Company, if a number of students desire it. The names densed gas battery.-21IJustratIO Ds ...... 15903 It Modern Theories a':}to Electricity.-By HENRY A. to no statute of lilllitations. If this were the law, of the three most distinguished students in this de valuable and timely paper on the luminiferous etherROWLAND. and the ro-Ae t 15 u!'ers of patented inventions, perhaps illllOcpnt.of allY partment. are sent to the adjutant-general of the ar1Ll�' .� el��:�h��:��f?:��t Wi���.� 00i man electrician on the transmissionIi!���i1ri�:�?': of electric signals,�s' followin�by a 'Ger� wrong intf'ntioll, might be "fretted" by actions and are published in the Army Register, and also are Preece's and Stevenson's work.-2 illustrations ...... 15902 sent to the adj utant-general of the State to which the i r . . . brought against them. after all their witnesses are ap��i�aTI���}Ctb� �r;ctr�� :i���t;:t�t;�� Ifo� ::i�!irir�� dead. student �elongs. The object. of thp instruction of both on harness.-5 illustrations ...... �����..• VII. ENTOllOLOGY.-'fhe Warble Fiy.--l'ltudyof an in.ect produc- 15902 The court, therefore, findsthat practical considera- these courses of study, it is stated, is to rlisselllinate in!'an enormous dam.... a'De ong cattie.-l iIIustratioD ...... 15906 n b ormation and to awaken interest in the VIII. HOR'l'ICUL'1'URE. Sea Hollies (F.ryngiuml.-A plant adapt- tio s are favored y their decision that the statute of military inf ap· ed for �ardens and rockerie -DescriptioD of dilferent varietie.. ication of arts of peace to those of po�sible war. -3 inu�trations ...... •. 15906 limitations does apply, and a quantity of decisions are pl IX. lIECHA:oIlI'A[, E:oIGLNF.ERING.-Eight Horse P © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1895.J J Citutific �mtticau. An Attack on the Diphtheria Antitoxin. with A. O. Bigelow the Trement Watch Co. In fined entirely to the joints, but runs the entire length A paper of the greatest interest and importance was 1866 Mr. Dennison retired and went to Zurich, Switz of certain tubes. The Union Cycle Co. and Hay & Wil read at a recent meeting of the Berlin Medical Society., erland, where he made an unsuccessful attempt to in letts are using an X-shaped reinforcement at all joints. by Dr. Hamemann. The paper carries especial troduce American methods into Swiss watch making. Of course nearly all makers are now offering several weight because the author is announced as an assist- He then went to England and assisted in organizing heights of frames. In this respect it is worthy of note ant of Professor Virchow, and his work and conclu- the English Watch Co. In 1875 he began the manu that all heights are built with the top bar of the frame sions are presumably indorsed by the dean of modern I facture. of watch cases in Birmingham, the firm being perfectly horizontal, except in the Rambler, Columbia, pathology. known as Dennison, Wigley & Co. and Victor wheels. These firms build their highest Dr. Hansemann comes out in flat contradiction of I A few years ago Mr. Dennison made a trip to Amer frame with a perfectly horizontal bar, but in the the alleged properties and powers of the Behring ica and received an ovation at every watcn factory he wheels of shorter reach it is placed at an angle. immunizing serum. He asserts that in Bretonneau's visited. Mr. Dennison had many reverses in business, A distinct advance in the construction of ladies' diph theria the Loeffler bacillus is not always presen t, so that his wealth at his death was not great. Mr. wheels is a noteworthy feature of the 1895 outputs. In and is not its sole cause. This view will appeal to Dennison remained a true American to the day of his previous years, wheelmen had but little more than a some clinicians and bacteriologists at least, for it is death, and the world is greatly indebted to him as the Hobson's choice, and a very weighty one at that. Now, admitted that the Loeffler bacillus is present in some pioneer of a great American industry. however, the ladies' wheels have been reduced to the very mild cases of diphtheria as well as in apparently _ ' •• • same weights, proportions and equipments as those healthy throats, while, on the other hand, it is also Progre .. s of the Bicycle. built for men's use. Not only this, but very many of known that a streptococcus diphtheria (or sore throat) The recent Bicycle Exhibition, Chicago, was a great the firms are carrying three and four patterns of ladies' is sometimes extremely severe and dangerons. success. The attendance was very large and the ex- wheels-a straight frame, a loop frame, a demi·loop Dr. Hansemann asserts that Loeffler's bacillus is hibits very interesting. The same Illay be said of the frame and a diamond frame safety, with 26 inch fonnd constantly in rhinitis fibrosa, without producing exhibition at Madison Sq uare Garden, New York, wheels, built specially for ladies' use. dipththeria, and that these alleged pathogenic mi- January 19 to 26. The Wheel has the following : The Chicago show has also developed what the crobes may multi ply in the throat without modifying In cycle construction the one fact which stands out Wheel stated !'ome months since-that there was an the course of the diphtheria. All this, we believe, will above all others is that. the metal rim is well nigh a unmistakable demand in the air for tandems. have to be admitted by pathologists who have with- thing of the past. Woo.} rims are almost universally At least half !t dozen firms are this year manufactur out bias studied the disease. Dr. Hansemann asserted used. Nearly every maker present will use them ing bicycles" built for two." All, or very nearly all, further that in the case of animals an injection of a almost exclusively hereafter. The Eagle people will are built on most attractive lines, and are of the Loeffler bacillus culture caused, not diphtheria, but a use their aluminum rim, and Gormully& Jefferya steel double steering type and marvelously light ; few of disease sui generis, the Loeffler bacillus disease ; that rim, but both are prepared to furnil,h wood rims when them approach 40 pounds. epidemic diphtheria had never been observed in ani- desired, the latter even estimating that nine-tenths of .' ., . The "Mi ing Link" Fou nd at Last. mals ; that guinea pigs, in contact with diphtheria their output will be fitted with the wooden felly. This .... patients, had never taken diphtheria ; but that a case universal use of wood rims will undoubtedly amaze No pUblication of late date is likely to excite more is known where a cat, with which a child suffering and possibly flabbergast John Bull and his followers. interest than a quarto of forty pages which has just from diphtheria had played, had developed all diph- The reduction in weight has also reached a startling been issued from the local press of Batavia, with the theria symptoms without, howflver, any Loeffler bacilli point. Twenty-pound road wheels are plentiful, and the t.itle, "Pithecanthropus Erectus. Eine Menschenan· being discoverable. manufact urer who is carrying anything over 28 pounds liche Uebergangsform aus Java. Von Eug. Dubois, He then proceeded to describe the three qualities is the exception and not the rule. This information is Militararzt der Niederland. Armee." claimed for the antitoxin-namely, its therapeutic ac- also calculated to cause the English gentleman to This noteworthy essay contains the detailed descrip· tion, its harmlessness and its immunizing power. He wrinkle his bro w and scratch his head. This marvel tion of three fragments of three skeletons which have said that the present statistics give an erroneous im- ous reduction in weight would have been considered been found in the early Pleistocene strata of Java, pression (as already shown by Gottstein in bis recently nothing short of phenomenal two years ago. Even and which introduce to us a new species, which is also published pamph let), as many children suffering from sOllle of the most intelligent alld best posted ot the a new genus and a new family, of the order of pri lighter forms of throat complaints are now sent to the mechanical minds present confess that the light weight mates, placed between the Simiidre and Hominidre-in hosr;itals to be treated with serum, thus swelling the bicycle of to-day has no parallel as a sustainer of other words, apparently supplying the" missing link" proportion of cured cases, which would, he said, other- weight. They are even at a loss to explain how and between man and the higher apes which has so long wise not be higher than the usual average. He said I why they can hold up. The simple fact remains that and so anxiously been a waited. that the serum injections could by no means be con- they do. Simply to show what can be done, the Black The material is sufficient for a close osteological com sidered harmles�, as affections of the kidneys had fre- Manufacturing Company and Munger Cycle Company parison. The cubical capacity of the skull is about quently followed, in one case more severe in type than are exhibiting wheels weighing less than nine pounds. two-thirds that of the human average. It is distinctly had ever yet been observed after diphtheria. He said They have been and can be ridden, but are not offered dolichocephalic, about 70°, and its norma verticalis as that it was clear, from Behring's new directions to in- as practical mounts. tonishingly like that of the famous Neanderthal skull. crease the immunizing dose from sixty to one hundred A general narrowing of tread, and general use of de The dental apparatus is still of the simian type. but and fiftyuniti es, that no results have yet been achieved tachable sprockets, both front and rear, is another less markedly so than in other apes. The femora are as far as immunizing goes. marked feature of thie year's wheels, 5� inches appears singularly human. They prove beyond doubt that The final criterium of the efficacy of the antitoxin to be the average tread, although many that are nar this creature walked constantly on two legs, and when treatment is clinical experience. Even if Hansemann's rower are very much in evidence. erect was quite eq ual in height to the average human pathology is correct, therefore, it will make no differ- With the feather-weight wheels has come a great in male. Of the various differences which separate it ence, provided the diphtheria patients get well. crease in the new gears. A rough average would make from the highest apes and the lowest men, it may be The difficulties in estimating exactly the value of a I 66 inches the standard gear for 1895. Seventy inches said that they bring it closer to the latter than to the new therapeutic procedure, which comes loudly her- and over will be in quite general use next year. Two former. aIded and solidly indorsed, are very great. Unusual changeable speed gears are in evidence, and attract One of the bearings of this discovery is upon the attention is paid to every patient, greater watchful- considerable attention, but none (If the larger makers original birthplace of the human race. The author ness, more thorough supervision and earlier diagnosis have yet seen fit to make them a feature of even their believes that the steps in the immediate"genealogy of our and treatment are always found. These factors mnst special wheels. species were these: Prothylobates : Anthropopithe all be considered in estimating the results of the serum Large tubing is used in very many instances, but is cus Sivalensis : Pithecanthropus erectus : and Homo treatment. not employed so generally as advance reports had led sapiens. This series takes us to the Indian faunal It would be not only a disappointment to all well- one to expect. In the Lozier wheels 34' inch tubing is province and to the southern aspects of the great wishers of humanity, but would be a serious blow to used. This is the largest in evidence. It gives the Himalayan chain, as the region somewhere in which the rising prestige of medical science, if, after all, the wheel a H ubstantial but heavy appearance. our tlpecific division of the great organic chain first serum treatment should fall short of its high expecta. Adjustable handle bars have also made progress. came into being.-Science. tions.-Medical Record. The Pope Co., Lozier & Co., Peerless Manufacturing ...... Treatment Cor CJeft Palate. ••• •• Co., Waltham Cycle Co., and Syracuse Cycle Co. The Late A. L. Dennl on. .. being among the manufacturers who adopted the ad- An interesting article, by Eugene F. Hoyt, M.D., on Mr. Aaron L. Dennison, who was known as the father. justable bar. The Warwick Cycle Manufacturing Co., the successful treatment of cleft palate appears in the of American watch making. died in Birmingham, Eng- Yost Manufacturing Co. and Stearns & Co. used it current number of the Brooklyn Medical Journal. land, Jan. 11, 1895, at the age of 82. While still a youth '\ last year and still retain it. The Pope Co. , however, Cleft palate is a malady, it may be seen, which not he was apprenticed to a watchmaker, and soon became is the only concern which is fitting the adjustable bar only causes great physical suffering, but acute men acq uainted with the many different Swiss and English I to their entire output. The Wheel can hard ly believe tal distress. There are two methods of treatment gen watch mechanisms. He was struck, during a visit to that the demand and necessities will call for its general erally employed, namely, surgery, which causes great the Springfield Armory, with the idea of applying the use, and scarcely expects that it will become a per pain and suifering, and secondly, by means of mechan interchangeable plan t) the manufacture of watches, manent feature, not even of the Columbias. Of the ical devices. muskets at that time being made on that system. It new adj us rable bars shown at this place for the first After an intelligent review of the subject, the article was a long time before he found capitalists to enter time, that used by the Peerless Co. on their Triangle calls especial attention to the invention of a flexible into watch making. At last in 1850 he formed with wheel appears to be about the simplest and most palate, madf! some thirty years ago by Dr. Norman W. Messrs Howard, Davis and Curtis the American Horo- practical and ingenious. Kingsley, whose office is now at 115 Madison Avenue, logue Co. Mr. Dennison made a trip to England and A deal of attention has, as usual, been lavished on New York City. It appears that ill cleft palate there found that American watches could be made which the crank bracket groups. The general desire to ob is an absence of tissue, and however closely the sides would successfully compete with the English ones, tain a narrow tread in many instances has led to some of the cleft may be brought together and united, per where from fifteen to twenty people in different places ingenious but complicated creations. There also fectly normal speech can rarely be produced .. The were employed on each watch. A fa .ctory was built in seems a tendency toward the use of a crank and artificial palate replaces the missing tissue. It is per 1851 at Roxbury, Mass., and a model watch was made crank axle in one piece. The object being apparently fectly flexible and may be so adjusted as to be brought by Mr. Dennison. It was deSIgned to run eight days to lessen the number of nuts, washers and keys under muscular control,-and this enables the patient with one winding ; this plan was, however, abandoned usually employed as a fastener. to articulate with ease and naturalness. in subsequent watches. The first hundred American A very general change in the construction of pedals ••••• watches were put on the market in 1853. It soon be- is also observable. A projection on the outside is now FOR the Madagascar expedition France is construct came necessary to enlarge the factory, and the whole rarely to be seen. Nearly all are either rounded or ing as fast as possible a flotilla of light draught gun plant was moved to Waltham, Mass. The company made flush or very nearly flush with the outer pedal boats and barges. Eight of the gunboats draw only was not prosperous, and in 1857 it was forced to make plate. sixteen inches of water and are 85 feet long by 17 feet an assignment. The firm then became Appleton, No little attention has been !pven to the method of beam. Four others are somewhat larger, with a draught Tracy & Co., and Mr. Dennison was continued as reinforcing the joints. On many wheels the reinforc of 24 inches. Engines and boilers are on deck and can superintendent until 1861. In 1859 the firm name was ing tube is on the outside. Something distinctly novel prod uce a speed of six and a half knots. Each gun changed to the American Watch Co. After leav-I in this line is a triangular reinforcement employed in boat is armed with two one and a half inch rat:-"d-fire Co., I ing the American Watch Mr. Dennison formed I the Hoffman bicycle. This reinforcement is not con- guns, protected by armor plating. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit J 1mtritau. [JANUARY 26, 1895. IMPROVED ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. Dr. the latter is Mordecai Price, of Philadelphia, who It is true that this object is a faint one ; at the same Rapid travel in the streets and suburbs of our cities, has worn one of Kolbe's steel legs for the past fifteen time it has been seen in a six-inch telescope at Lick whether by cable cars, electric trolley or steam, is be years. and in a nine-inch, by Father Searle, at ·Washington. coming more and more a necessary condition of mod •••• • It is surprising that with all the large telescope" of the THE MICROGRAPH. ern American life, even though it be accompanied by country the whole month of December should have to an increased number of accidents. Although our war The micrograph is an interesting little instrument for show only three or four American observations alto has long passed, cases of amputation are constantly showing a succession of photographic pictures, such as gether. From this scanty data, Father Searle has being attended to in our hospitals. The electric motor portraits, landscapes, statuary, paintings, and all kinds computed a second and later orbit, but he is unable to and steam engine continue to make as many cripples of notable objects. It consists of a case which carries prove positively the identity. as did the missiles of war, so that we have an army of a microscopic lens and also a transparent wheel or disk, In Europe, however, Schulhof seems quite positive mutilated men and boys in whose interests the highest on which the pictures are photographed; and the pic that the two objects are the same. He expresses his mechanical skill has been invoked in the production of tures are viewed by simply revolving the disk with the reasons in a late issue of the Astronomische Nachrich an artificial limb that shall imitate with precision the finger so as to bring the pictures successively under ten, reasons which it is not necessary to repeat here. movement of the natural member. Very few of our the lens, by which they are magnified or enlarged. If the identity can be proved, there are several inter readers probably are familiar with the internal con The mode of using the instrument is shown in Fig. 1. esting matters connected therewith, and the discovery p t struction and method of attachment of these a pli is of great impor ance. In the first place, the redis ances, which add so greatly to the comfort, moral and covery of a comet lost for some fifty years is remark physical, of those who have been unfortunate enough able, and further it seems curious that the comet could to require their service. We give in the accompanying have returned again and again to perihelion and yet illustration details of construction of a steel skeleton not have been seen. In this latter respect. the infor leg manufactured by D. W. Kolbe & Son, of 1339 Arch mation secured within the last few years is quite to the Street, Philadel phia, Pa, point, and Schulhof suggests that an outburst might The principal conditions called for in the production have made it visible for a few days in 1844 at a brilliancy of a false leg are strength, lightness and absolute reli very much greater than its normal brightness. Several ability and freedom of movement at the joints, while comettl have been ob>'erved in such outbursts, more at the same time the member must minister to the com particularly the Pons- Brooks comet of 1888, the Brooks fort of the wearer and must present a natural appear comet of 1889, and especially the Holmes comet of 1892. ance while at rest as well as in motion. Such is the story of the comet Edward Swift. It is The leather socket, as shown in Fig. 1, is made to the return of some comet, most probably that of Di y r perfectl fit the stump, and is firmly attach ed to a Vico. It is most impo tant to secure as many observa steel band shown at a. This socket, while compara tions as possible ; the more so, since in 1885 it must have tively rigid, has sufficient elasticity to give more COlli passed very close to Jupiter and will be still more close· fort to the stump than is possible to obtain in the old ly approached in 1897.-Boston Commonwealth. style of artificial leg, where the stump is necessarily ••• •• placed in a rigid wooden box. The open work of steel Mexican Onyx. Fig. 1. gives perfect ventilation to the stump, and its frame Mexican onyx has suffered a gradual decline in value work is cut from a solid piece of high grade metal and for many years past. It is generally becoming The full sized instrument is given in Fig. 2, from the is without rivets, th us making it light and very strong. known that Mexican onyx is not true onyx, but a spe side of which one edge of the picture disk is seen to The knee joints shown in Fig. 2 have cast steel bear cies of marble. It is really an aragonite and is com project. Fig. 3 shows the picture disk itself. The case ings and a take·up joint, so that any looseness is ob posed of calcium, oxide of iron and magnesium. The can be readily opened and new photo. disks put in, viated by merely tightening the screw, a, which is presence of these last two elements gives it its beauti bringing thus other series of pictures. In this way the clamped by the small screw, b. The foot itself, shown ful color. It is said the use of African marble and photographic representations of hundreds of remark iu Fig. 3, is uovel and unique, and in its construc other cheap stones is replacing it. able scenes and objects may be preserved in very tion so little metal is used that its lightness is re a Mexican onyx is easily worked and has been used small space, yet always ready for interesting study and maIkable. The wood used is fine grai ned willow. not only for building purposes, but for ornamental The toe joint is entirely of wood and yet very household articles such as lamps, table tops, mantels, strong, a result attained by making the rod of the etc. It was used by the ancient Mexicans for masks, under draw spring, a, of rawhide ; this, together with idols, and similar small objects. The price of all such the pure ru bber cushion, b, gives ample strength to articles has of late considerably decreased. Mexican this joint and at the same time avoids the use of any onyx now sells in the rough at from $6.00 to $20.00 a metal to increaliethe weight, at a poi nt where weight is cubic foot. Very large pieces bring more than this most uncom fortable to the wearer. The ankle joint is proportional price. When it is sawed into slabs, $2. 00 made with a taper steel pin, c, which takes the steel per cubic foot is added to the price. The polishing, straps, d, d', extending from the steel framework, closely furthermore, greatly increases the value of the stone. fitted to sq uare bearings, so that the pin is rigidly held In many cases there is a loss of 40 per cent of material in place to the upper part ; the bearing, e, is of phosphor in preparing it for wainscoting, so that the finished bronze, fitted to octagon holes in the bolts, f, f, which product is worth about $6. 00 a foot. The material is hold it rigidly to the foot. This ankle motion is con too valuable to be used in places where it would be l tro led by the spring, g, which is held in place by a Fig. 2. Fig. 3. exposed to the weather. hickory pin, h. The pure rubber cushions, b, b', under the heel and ball of the foot, are the most recent im- examina-;;ion. 'r he micrograph is destined to become AN IMPROVED VAULT LIGHT. a very popular and useful instrument. Mr. F. W. According to the improvement shown in the illus Gar'dam, of 58 Ann Street, New York City, is the in tration, the framing or body of the vault light is com ventor and sole manufacturer. Patented in the United posed of chann el and angle irons, braced at special States and foreign countries. points by T, I, or angle irons, and the construction is .'.. such that the lights may be arranged in any desired Ed1Nard S,,, lft's Comet. order, each light being firmly held in position by one F�.2. i Ftj, 1. The d scovery of a faint comet by Edward, son of of the channel irons, and the spaces between the lights Dr. Lewis Swift, of the Lowe Ol"servatory, Mt. Echo, being easily filled with cement or other suitable ma Ca!., brings once more to the attention of astronomers terial. A patent has been granted for this invention the lost comet of Di Vico. The earliest orbits of the Swift comet suggested that it was probably a periodi cal one, and some points of resemblance in its elements make it quite possible that it may indeed be that in teresting object. Di Vico's comet is the longest and least well known of the short period comets. It. was discovered by Di Vico at Rome on August 22. 1844, and near the end of the month it became visible to the naked eye. It soon became evident that the observations could not agree i with a parabol c orbit, and elliptic elements were com puted by Brunnow and others, the period of the comet being established as 1,993 days. The next return was computed for 1850, but it was found that during its �. J. time of possible visibility its place would lie so close to the sun as to be overpowered by his light. The next return was fixed for 1855, but the object was not seen CLOPP'S VAULT LIGHT. at that time or at any time since. It has therefore been known as Di Vieo's lost comet. Le Verrier has to Mr. George B Clopp, of No. 3028 Market Street, shown that the comet was identical with that of 1678. Philadelphia. The parallel flanges of the channel The orbit which was computed by Brunnow has not irons are tied together by bolts to form a rigid struc been forgotten by astronomers, and they have by no ture, and the connected irons are surrounded at the means given up the hope of finding it at some time, sides and euds by a frame of angle irons, whose ver STEEL ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. Finlay's comet in 1886 was supposed to be the lo�t one, tical members are bolted to the marginal portions of but a close consideration of its orbit shows that it is the connected channel irons. The entire frame is provement, relieving the j ar from the stump and not the same. braced and strengthened by another set of angle irons, giving the natural elasticity to the wearer. When the possibility of the identity of Swift's comet and the frame and body are strengthened by T iron�, l with t The entire weight of the leg · complete is on y five Di Vico was known, the compu ers in this coun- which support the bottom portions of the channel and a quarter pounds, and the action of the whole is so try as well as in Europe became at once exceedingly irons, and are connected with the outer angle irons by natural that in lise it cannot be easil y detected from the anxious to secure further data. In this the Europeans I brackets. This light is quickly and economically natural limb. This artificial leg is high ly recommended have had the advantage, for in this country not more made, as all of its parts are stock material, so that it by those wearing it, and particularly by those who than six observations are known altogether. This may be readily connected and built up for any situa< previously wore the old style of wooden leg ; among record is not a creditable one to American astronomy. tion where a vault light is desired. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit JANUARY 26, 1895.] J �lUtritau. 53 THE NEW TELEPHONE SYSTEM OF PARIS. From another point of view, the use of exclusively after the discovery of the te.lephone, three companies Despite its novehy, since the establishment of the subterranean telephone lilles, generally placed in the asked for and obtained concessions for the organiza exploited first telephone lines dates back scarcely more than sewer, increases the expenses of installation in a cer tion of telephone lines according to three fifteen years, there are few industries of which we tain measure and complicates the surveillance and th e rudimentary systems, but sufficiently different to ren have had to record so numerous and so radical trans search for defects. We speak of the double line only der the putting of the three lines in communication im formations as that of telephonic communications. as a reminder, for, sooner or later, the development of possible. Soon afterward, a fusion occurred, whence of These incessant modifications, of which it is difficultto the electric industry will oblige all the urban lines to arose, on the 10th December, 1880, the Societe Gene see the end or even the retardation, are due in part to adopt what is known as the double wire system, and rale des Telephones, which, at the beginning of 1881, the special exigences of cities had 300 subscribers. A few and states, in part to the figures will permit of forming unexpected increase in the an idea of the truly extra number of subscribers and ordinary development under communications, and in part gone by the telephone system to the accessory services that since that epoch, and especi are daily grafted upon the ally since the somewhat un main service and peculiarly feeling acquisition of the ser complicate the organism vice by th e state in Septem thereof. bel', 1889. The system, limited at first At the end of 1880, the So to a few subscribers not far ciete Generale des Tele distant from the center of the phones had but 300 subscrib city, has become extended, ers; at the end of 1881, the It has been necessary to sub· number had increased to divide it by dividing the city 1,602, at the end of 1882 to into a certain number of dis· 2, 692, at the end of 1884 to tricts, connected by an equal 3, 700, at the end of 1885 to number of offices, which are 4, 064, and at the end of 1889, themselves connected with shortly after the acquisition each other by auxiliary lines by the state, there were at arranged in a stellate poly Paris 8, 306 subscribers, and, gon, that is to say, that per at the end of 1891, 9,635; while mit of connecting any two the figure that it will be neces subscribers in passing sary to put down for the be through two auxiliary offices Fig. l.-ENTRANCE OF THE CABLES OF 104 CONDUCTORS INTO THE CELLAR OF THE GUTENBERG ginning of 1895 will be 14, 000, at a maximum. After the STREET TELEPHONE OFFICE. if it does not even exceed this city service, the progress figure. made in telephony has per At the acquisition of the mitted of rendering the com· lines by the state, the tax was munications interurban, and reduced from $120 to $80. and then, in a certain measure, this l'eductiou led to so rapid internationaL Let us men an increase of the number of tion, too, the public telephone subscribers that it became booths, the multiple sub necessary to entirely modify scribers on one line in com· the processes and the com mon, the theatrophone, etc., municating apparatus in which have, each of them, order to respond to the re special exigences. quirements, which, it must All these complications of be admitted, exceeded the re service, the necessary conse sources of the art and which quences of the very success of had not as yet manifested telephony, have brought to themselves so rapidly in any the surface hard problems, of other city in the world, even which the solution has not in America, where, neverthe al ways followed the new less, telephony had birth, but needs with sufficient close where higher tariffs, with ness. In many cases, even, goorl reason, curtailed the such or such a rational solu number of subscribers. We tion has quickly lapsed into say with good reason, con desuetude, and, until a new trary to the general pu blic order, it seems as if a perfect opinion, for if, in large cities, telephone service of a nature Fic-. 2.-DISTRIBUTING BOARD OF THE TELEPHONE CABLES. the prices were low enough to give full and rapid satis to permit f!'Om 150,000 to faction to the public will 200, 000 persons to become constitute an ideal as irreal subscribers to the telephone. izable as the philosopher's the latter would no longer stone and perpetual mot,ion. render any service, in conse · of Such difficulties, up0 n quence of the excess the which we cannot dwell too number and the slowness of long, for the public is gene the communications. The rally ignorant of their exist expenses of establishment, of ence or does not sufficiently maintenance, and of person appreciate the importance of nel would even no longer be them, are particularly numer covered by the receipts, since ous at Paris. all the expenses sensibly in The public and the admin crea;:e as t. he square of the istration have fallen into hab number of the subscribers, its that they will renounce while the receipts, based upon with difficulty and that natu a fixed tax, increase only pro rally render the service more portionally. Sooner or laterc complicated and consequent and by the very force of cir ly less rapid. cumstances, the price of $80 In the majority of the large will become inadequate, and European and American cit it will be necessary either to ies, the subscriber is called increase it or to make the up by the number of his ap budget support the defLCit. paratus. In France, we have The subscribers to the tele still, and have had for a long phone will thus become new time unfortunately, the call privilegees of the state. by proper name, with a tele In 1889, at the time of the phonic population of trom forced cession of its system of 13, 000 to 14, 000 subscribers, lines, the Societe Generale including one hundred muta Fig. 3.-PRESS FOR COVERING THE TELEPHONE CABLES WITH LEAD. des Telephones, which had tions per week, a somewhat about 6,000 subscribers in floating personnel, volumin- Paris, was exploiting this sys ous indices that are kept open with difficulty, etc. It i from this point of view at least the Societe Generale tem by the aid of twelve district offices connected will be seen that the researches in the index lead to des Telephones has, from the outset, given a good ex by auxiliary lines. We deRcribed this system in its loss of time or to errors, especially when one asks for ample by establishing all its lines according to this time. Its principal advantage was that of reducing Mr. Durand or MI'. Levy with out sp ecifying the title I system. the mean length of the subscribers' lines in a great of the sub8criber with the too common propel' name ! After these general considerations, let us returfl to measure. but it offered the great defect of giving the in question. The calling u p of the office by the sub· the telephone system of the city of Paris, a simple and largest number of communications ill passiug through scriber and of the subscriber by the officeis effected rapid expose of the successive transformations of two district offices, the direct putting in communica by a battery, while in other countries magnetic calls which may present a certain interest. tion being so much the rarer in proportion as the offices to that lead to more simple arrangements are employed. From July September, 1879, scarcely three years were more numerous and as each of them served a © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 54 (JANUARY 26, 1895. smaller number of subscribers. The number of sub from 400 to 5,000 megohms to the mile ; and the linear immense junction frame, the object of which is to scribers and the length of the line, on another hand, capacity, 0'5 microfarad to the mile. permit of a direct putting in communication, without prevent the connecting of all the subscribers of a large These cables presented several drawbacks. They any other wire being touched, of any one of the 6, 000 city with a single central office. were costly and had a great linear resistance, and es double conductors with any one of the 6,000 numbers of A selection has therefore been made of a mixed com pecially a great electrostatic capacity. Moreover, they the office. bination, and, in the general plan of the new system, took up so much space in the sewer that they soon be The object of this arrangement is easy to under the district officeshave been reduced to four only : (1) came cumbersome in the vicinity of the central offices, stalld. The subscriber preserves the first. number An office on Gutenberg Street, near the HaIles, for the especially when the reduction in the number of such given him indefinitely, even when he changes his ad 6,000 subscribers of the center, and the one that we offices necessitated the introduction into each of them dress, provided his new quarters be within the peri shall more especially describe ; (2) an office on Wag of a larger number of cables. meter served by the same central office. This number ram Avenue for a,OOO subscribers, which has been in The present main cables are of the Patterson sys corresponds to that of the board, and is not changed operation for more than a year and does service for tem, insulated with paper and without paraffine. on the latter except in case of accident thereto. But we Auteuil, Passy, and t.he Batignoles ; (3) an office on Each conductor is formed of a copper wire 0'04 inch in have seen that between the subscriber and the office Belleville Street for 6, 000 sub�cribers, for Menilmon diameter, surrounded with two bands of paper, the there are interposed mUltiple junctions that permit tant, La Villette, Belleville, etc. ; and (4) a single office fir8tof which is wound with a very long pitch in order of repladng any one of the sections of a line that has for the entire left bank, as yet in contemplation. to facilitate the passage of the air, and the second with become deteriorated, and, particularly, of utilizing These four offices will be able to do duty for about a shorter pitch in order to maintain the first, which the spare lines of the 104-conducter cables. The ob 20,000 subscribers, plus the auxiliary, interurban, in forms around the wire a sheath in which the air cir ject of the distributer is to permit of such changes of ternational and accessory lines that are ingrafted culates freely. Two conductors are twisted with a cables without a change of the subscription number upon them. The number of sub�cribers at present pitch of 8 inches and then corded in regular layers or of a communication with the corresponding num is more than 13, 000. The prophetic figure of 20,000 wound in opposite directions, so as to form a very regu ber of the cel1tral board. will probably be reached even before the four con lar cylinder. The 104 wires (52 pairs) are afterward To this effect, all the 52-conductor cables starting structed or pro jected offices are completely finished. covered with a lead tube, of which the thickness is from the cable ends reach the upper part and the It will then be necessary (sad perspective I) to rearrange about 1'4 inch, and the external diameter but 2 inches. rear of the distributer (Fig. 4), and end at terminals the line and to once again modify the sys tem, which The similar cable has a linear resistance of no more mounted upon large uprights arranged upon the poste has already ceased to meet its object exactly and is no than 40 ohms pel' mile and 0 12 microfarad per mile of rior face of the distributer. The double wires coming longer abreast of the new progresses of telephonic linear capacity (per wire), while its linear insulation from the communicating board form cables of 42 wires, technics. The Parisian system is the tapestry of Pene reaches 6,000 megohms per mile, and may reach 12, 000 40 of which do duty for 20 subscribers, the twenty lope of our tele phone engmeers. The continuously and even 16, 000 through the passage of a current of first forming a spare conductor. These wires are con renewed difficulties of the task that they have under dry air_ nected in front of the board, with terminals ar taken ought to render us particularly indulgent toward The putting of these cables under lead merits special ranged upon horizontal bars methodically numbered a service that is indisputably imperfect, but which, mention. The strand of th e 52 pairs once finished is by groups and by units. by its nature, could not even reach mediocrity in im placed in a stove, where it is dried before reaching the The connect.ion between any one of the cables and perfection. lead presses. These htter, which are represented Fig. any one of the wires coming from the office is effected One will be able to obt.ain an idea of the complica 3, consist of a hydraulic press whose piston · exerts its very simply by connecting the two pairs of terminals tion of the system, of the precautions to be taken and pressure upon a piston that moves in a cylinder which of a vertical bar (line) and of a horizontal bar (office) of the difficulties to be overcome from a simple enu is periodically filled with lead that has been melted in through a double wire. The inextricable confusion meration of the connections that would be produced by necessary t.o bring a su b such puttings in communica scriber's station to the board, tion and the frequent muta and of the arrangements to tions that they necessitate is be made in order that an ac avoided through horizontal cident (and the causes of ac frames upon which the wires cidents are numerous upon rest in running- from the front lines exclusively subter to the back of the board, ra nean) may be quickly lo before ascending, descending calized and repaired without and turning to the right or the introduction of any left in order to connect the trouble into the service of the conductor of the board with other subscribers. the conductor of the corre. In order to simplify the ex sponding line. When a com planation, we shall consider munication is suppressed the only the connections relative double connecting wire like to an ordinary subscriber wise is suppressed. and this situated in the radius of the renders both the number of central office that does ser- the board and the correspond- vice for him. The double line ing cable free. of lead-covered wires insu- Finally, the following are, lated with gutta perch a start- as a whole, the connections ing from the apparatus of a interposed between the sub- subscriber enters the sewer, scriber's instrument and the where it meets other double central board : coul/ling box lines with w hich it runs Fig. 4.-TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A l04-CONDUCTOR TELEPHONE TUBE (ACTUAL SIZE). (from 7 to 50), end of cable parallel as far as to coup- End of cable receiving the 104 condl!ctors. Rear view and section of a cable head sbowing the of the conductors a B. C. entrance 104 (from 50 to 25), distributer ling box, which serves to con- of the street cable. (from 25 to 20). The 20 double nect seven subscribers with a conductors finally reach the 14-wiI'e lead-covered cable insulated with paper. The a furnace, such as is represented in Fig. 3, bet ween I telephone or multiple boards_ We shall endeavor to first grouping is therefore made by sevens. Seven the two presses for which it does duty. The molten follow them in a succeeding article.-E. Hospitalier, in similar cables corresponding to 49 subscribers end at lead introduced into the cylinder of the press is kept La Nature. ------a cutting chamber whence starts a 104-conductor cable at.a proper temperature by a ro wof gas burners which ...... -0...... ------(52 lines). This chamber permits of making connec- surround the cylinder. The cable is introduced 'r ea and Coffee Culture in Hawaii. tions bet ween t.he 49 subscribers and the 49 double through the back of the press into an ajutage of ap It is not generally known that the cultivation of tea lines. The three last double lines form a valuable re- propriate form and makes its exit through the f" ont of and coffee in Hawaii is rapidly becoming a matter of serve in case of accident to a wire of the 104-con ductor the press. Through the play of the pressure alone the importance to our American markets. Fine qualities cable. lead is introduced into the aj utage, becomes moulded of tea and coffee are being grown suecessfully and it These 104-conductor cables enter the central office around the cable and pushes it forward. The temper- may be expected in the near future that these islands directly. ature of the lead is such that the paper is in n.)wise will becoille an important souree of supply. Both tea The length of the two-wire cables connecting each carbonized, and that on its exit from the press the lead and coffee growlux uriantly and both, it is noteworthy, subscriber with a coupling box is quite feeble. The covering is solidified. are being prepared almost entirely by machinery, in mean length of the seven-subscriber cables (14 wires) Let us now return to the system of cables and wires stead of by hand. This it is thought will compensate at Paris is 1 '2 mile, but it reaches as many as 3'5 miles of the central office. A central office for 6,000 sub for the low wages paid to the pickers and other tea for the lll Ost distant subscribers. The mean length of scribers thus receives 12,000 utilized wires and from 120 workers in China and enable Hawaii to rival the Chi- the rorty-nine-subscriber cables (104 wires) is 5,250 feet, I to 130 cables, without counting the auxiliary lines, de nese market prices. The tea, for example, is picked by with a maximum of 2'4 miles. signed to connect the various central offices with each machine, which gathers only the young and tender The linear insulation required for the 104-cable con- other. The entrance of these cables at the office into leaves and never makes the mistake of picking the ductors between each wire and the covering is at least large iron plate boxes designed to support them and tough leaves, however thick they may be. Next the 200 lllegohms to the mile, but, in practice, it reaches a especially to protect them against the gnawing of rats leaves are withered, rolled and then packed without much higher value, say from 10 to 30 times greater. is seen to the left in Fig. 1. Each cable ends in a coup being touched by any hand. Thanks to the construction of the cable, it is po�sible ling box, a sort of cast iron case, the details of which In preparing the coffee berry for market there are to blow into it air dried over chloride of calcium, are seen at Band C, Fig. 4. The 104 wir e cable is in also a number of ingenious and efficient machines which improves the insulation. troduced through one of the extremities of the box, which do the work much more cheaply and in a more At A, in Fig. 4, is seen a transverse section of a 104- and the wires, separated from each other, are attached uniform manner than it could be done by hand. The conductor cable covered with its 10inch thick leaden II to 104 terminals mounted upon the anterior wall of in disk pulper and the Gordon pulper are principally tube. sulating material (Fig. 4 C). The terminals traverse used. Several of the Hawaiian coffee planters have Before going farther, it will be of interest to point the insulating partition and project from the front erected extensive drying houses and a large crop t his out the reasons that have caused the sub!;titution of part (Fig. 4 B). year may be readily prepared for market. The coffee the new cables insulated with paper for the old lead- To these terminals are attached 104 wires forming plant grows luxuriantly on the island in almost every covered cables of the Societe Generale des Telephones. two cables, of 52 wires each, and thus capable of soil. Wild coffee has even been planted among the The old cables insulated with gutta percha were doing service for 25 subscribers, the tw enty-sixth con highlands and in the forests, in some cases at an eleva formed of fourteen wires inclosed in a leaden sheath, ductor forming a reserve. tion of over 2, 000 feet, and gives an abundant crop. It whose external diameter was to of an inch ; the linear These wires leave the coupling boxes, as may be is reported that this year a number of people are ap weight, pounds to the mile ; the linear resistance . 4 of.l seen, for a part of the line (Fig. 1) and reach the dis plying for land with the intention of raising tea and each wu 62 ohms to the mile ; the linear insulation, tributer r prese ed e, 1 e nt in Fig. 2. The distributer is an coffeeand several large plantations are being equipped. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. (itutifi( JANUARY 26, 1895.] J �tutri(Ju. 55 Progres8 in Bacteriology. ArtificIal I1luminatioll. "I " @orre9 onilence. believe," said M. Pasteur, many years ago, that p The Lancet, London, has lately investigated the rel we shall one day rid the world of all diseases which ative merits of the various systems of illumination now Tbe KU8slall Tbistle. are caused by germs." He has done much to prove in vogue, among them the incandescent gas light sys his faith by his works, and so have others who are To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : tem of Welsbach. The following are the results : The laboring in the same field. The latest achievement Referring to your article on the Russian thistle, issue incandescent system of electric lighting must, of course, in that direction, the discovery of anti· toxin, appears of December 29, 1894, page 406, I would suggest the rank first from the point of view of health, since it advisability or ' the govern ent sending some one to to be one of the most important yet made. There . ';Il affords a 80ft, agreeable light, without giving rise to are indubitable reports from European ,hospitals the natlve home of the thlstle to find such natural any vitiation of the air : there is no combustion, and enemies as may be possible, either insect or fungoid. showing that the great claims at first made for it consequently, there are no products of combustion There must surely be one or both The success of : were not exaggerated. The use of it. has cured a . . : . complete or incomplete. From the sanle point of view oebele agalIlst scale and other s m lar wor ay I large proportiou of cases of diphtheria, and insured l l IIl 1Il- we are bound to place next, in the face of the result of ch�cate that even noxlO. US weeds could be kept � chec . immunity against the disease in others. Failures III k our present inquiry, the incandescent gas light in its LINCOLN FOWLER. there have been, doubt.le8s. But a com parison of the . . improved form. It is even less productive of carbonic death rat.e among those treated with it with that Phremx, ArIzona, January 9, 1895. acid gas than the average oil lamp, and consUlnes not among those not treated with it, but in all other re o • • • , • quite one-half less gas than the existing type of spects similarly affected, satisfactorily demonstrates COMBINED PUNCH AND SHEARS. burners, giving rise, therefore, to the evolution of balf the value of the new remedy. And the disease thus To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : the heat and half the amount of carbonic acid gas, dealt with is one of the most destructive. It has long In your issue of January 12, 1895, you give an iUus- while its illuminating power expressed in candles is been so familiar to us that mention of its name tration and description of a hydraulic punch used at more th an three ti mes as great as the best ordinary gas arouses no such horror as that of Asiatic cholera or Cramps. I would say that this punch [shown herewith] burners or th e incandescent electric lamp, each of smallpox or yellow fever. Yet its ravages, in this and is not hydraulic, but worked by steam power, having an which does not generally exceed 16 candle power, un most civilized countries, are incomparably greater independ ent engine attached to the back of the punch. less a very great expense is no object to the consumer. than those of the three put together. Only two The engine makes some 170 revolutions per minute, We are far from saying that the incandescent system or three diseases endemic here surpass it in num the fly wheel of which is shown in your cut, that being of gas lighting has attained to the highest pitch of ber of victims. A reasonably sure cure for or pro the front. The machine is a combined punch and perfEction ; still, we are well within bounds when we phylactic against it will be one of the most beneficent shears. '.r hat at the left of the illustration being a I regard it as the system of gas lighting which utilizes invpntions of modern medicine. most efficiently and most economi There seems to be reason to be cally the full powers or duty of coal lieve, also, that the recently de gas as an illuminating agent. Some have ex r cs sed fears that the vised s y 8 t e m of inoculation p against Asiatic cholera will be pro burner b a delicate instrulIlent ductive of good. It was pretty much .too delicate-for the part it is carefully tested this last fall in destined to fulfill ; but we have India, and the results have now found with ordinary care-and care been published. The disease was is well worth a little exercise in view accidentally introduced into the of the enormous advantages the Gaya jail, where there were 433 system affords- that these fears prisoners. Of these, 215 were iu nee(: not exist. We understand oculated. The remaining 218 were that in practice the average life of not. All were equally exposed, a mautle, taking risk of breakage and, apart from inoculation, were into consideration, is between three and six months, but the mantles treated exactly al ike. D 11 r i II g the first five days after inocu have been frequently known to last lation nc material difference be over a year, at the end of which tween the two classes was observed. time their lighting efficiency was Among the inoculated there were still good. One more important 5 cases of cholera and 4 deaths ; point , already "lightly touched among the others, 7 eases and 5 upon, i" that, in �pite of its high deaths. The next three days, the illuminating powers, this burner sixth, seventh and eighth after does not require a gas possessing inoculation, showed some con any special illuminating value it trast. Among the inoculated there self ; and as it is the maintenance were 3 cases and 1 death ; among of a high illuminating value which the others, 5 cases and 3 deaths, contributes in a large measure to But after the eighth day the con the cost of coal gas, the general trast was most marked. Among the adoption of the incandescent sys inoculated there was not a single tem of gas lighting would probably case of cholera, while among the lead to the production of a cheaper non inoculated there were 8 cases ga�, possessing little illuminating power, but adapted equally well and 2 deaths. It w i I I be re membered that Dr. Haffkine said for the incandescent gas burner, which would then contrast more the inoculation would 0 n 1 y be fully operative after about ten favorably with eoal as regards cost days. The actual results are two for heating purposes. The produc days better than he claimed. It tion of a cheaper gas since the in would be premature to say that an troduction of the incandescent �ys infallible preventive against chol tem of lighting has, we believe, en era has yet been discovered ; but gaged the serious attention of engi certainly this showing' is signifi neers, chemists and others, and we cant. A third series of researches may expect to hear more on this in bacteriology has marked the important question before very year. Hitherto no specific bacillus long. To hygienists this is an ex· SHEARS. has been discovered in the lymph COMBINED PUNCH AND tremely important aspect of the in- of cowpox or smallpox, and the candescent gas system, inasmuch as failure to findit has raised some doubts concerning punch for rivets, etc., the punch in the front being for it is obvious that the introduction of cheaper gas, by the validity of the germ theory itself. An elaborate larger holes, and the shears being to the right, not its more extensive employment for fuel, would tend to . of which are worked by tbe free London from the reproach of being a city which, series of experiments has convinced Dr. Klein that shown in the picture, all II such a bacillus exists, and may be found if the lymph engine. The punch is thrown in and out of gear by a during the greater part of the winter, is enveloped in be examined at proper time. But at the time when counterbalance weight, worked with a couple of ropes vilely suffocating fogs. There is, therefore, we think, the lymph is taken for the purposes of vaccina by an attendant. STEPHEN P. M. TASKER, JR. a future for the new system of far-reaching importance unity. tion, the bacilli have already perished in the process Cramp Ship Yard. to the comm of sporulation. Hence the lymph is found to con •••• • tain no bacilli, but only spores. Dr. Klein believes he Dyed Gra8ses. Ornamenting Glass. has discovered the actual bacillus, but his attempts If natural dried flowers are scarce, the void is A new method of ornamenting glass has been dis to cultivate it have not yet succeeded. It is reasonable filled by the many beautiful grasses now used to so covered recently by Gorlitz, of Zuri ch. The method is to expect, however, that these attempts will one day be large an extent. Foremost is the Vera grass, with its not avery expensive one and the results obtained are successful, and the bacilli of smallpox, as are those of bold and striking tree-like plumes, now very largely said to be very beautiful. The design to be reproduced other communicable diseases, will be cultivated in an imported and dyed in various tints-salmon pink, on the glass is first engraved on "positively " on a artificial medium, thus ridding vaccination of the most canary, autumn tints, a combination of red, orange, printing plate of rubber, and this plate after being serious objections now urged against it.-New York golden brown, shades of green, pink, and magenta, coated with varnish is pressed against the gl ass. The Tribune. the newest being heliotrope, as fashionable in artifi- glass is then covered with bronze powder or other . '.' . cial flowers and grasses as in those of nature; and next suitable material. The portions forming the design NeW' Foreign Postage Rates. in importance is the Pampas grass iu magnificent will remain empty and therefore transparent. The The new rates for foreign postage and registry have plumes, undyed and dyed in various colors. Some glass is then placed in a frame which has a backing of just gone into effect. The rate of letters to all parts of novel Japanese and African grasses are strikingly strong paper board, over the front of which is mounted the world, excepting Canada and Mexico, will be 5 handsome; the latter are from the Congo, some in rich, a bright sheet of tinfoil or tin plate. It will be seen cents per half ounce. The rate to Canada and Mexico dark colors, and some delicately silky: they include that the C:e�ign will therefore be shown by a reflected will remain the same as the domestic rates. Postal the "Elephant" and "Congo" reed grasses. Barley light through the transparent portions of the glass, cards to all parts of the world will be two cents. The and oats are seen dyed in very pleasing colors, one be- while its other parts will form a background stamped fee for registering a letter will be 8 cents, instead of 10 ing a bright bronze. Eulalia, Bromus, Briza, Erian · in relief. The common plan for producing enameled writing and designs in relief on glass has been cents. Printed matter will be charged 1 cent per thus, Lagurus, Panicum, and others, with dyed forms to feather grass in abundance. . apply enamel paint by means of a pound. or the brush. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �mtritJu. fJANUARY 26, 1895. OF THE HULLS OF IRON baths in operation, as applied to THE ELECTROPLATING size i� about five feet square, is securely pl aced in the electro-plating SHIPS. position, and after being shored up against the vessel's the bottom of the tug Assistance as above described. d Paints and compositions innumerable have been bottom, is calked around the edges with cotton an • '.I • w it is w The Cost of Electric Transmission of Power. tried to prevent marine growths from forming upon oakum till it is ater-tight. Then filled ith iron and steel vessels below the water line. Mr. strong acid solution for twenty·four hours, which At a recent meeting of the North of England Institute acid bath is removed the spot of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, at Newcastle, Mr. Theodore D. Wilson, late chief naval constructor, says, I cleans the plates. The , "Thousands of dollars have been expended in the test· washed thoroughly, then the wooden bath is filled Alex. Siemens, president of the Institute of Electrical ing of protective and anti-fouling paints and com· with a solution of copper cyanide, and a current of six Engineers, read a paper on "The Cost of Electric pounds with very li ttle enconragement to further ex- volts and 900 amperes is applied. The action of the Transmission of Power." He said that some tim!.' had is two·fold-it assists in cleansing elapsed since Lord Armstrong and Sir William Sie periments. " The process of Mr. Thomas S. Crane, of cyanide solution East Orange. N. J. , patented May 30, 1893, controlled the plates and also causes a firm film ofcopper to adhere mens installed electricity for this purpose, as well as p The cyanide bath is for lighting, at their respect.ive residences at Cragside by the Ship Copper Plating Company, of New York, in the next stage of the rocess. i has just been put to a prac t.ical test in coating the iron removed after having been allowed to act for twenty- and Tunbr dge Wells. Those applications of electric hull of an ocean tug 98 feet long with copper to the four hours, and a solution of copper sulphate is sub- transmission were perfectly successful, though it was thicknflss of one·twentieth of an inch. The tug is be- stituted. Large copper plates are used as anodes; the only lately that the transmission of electric power had ing treated in a dry dock in Jersey City, but it is ex· current is reduced to three volts and the amperage re- been taken up in earne,t. First of all electric tram pected to coat new ships before they are launched, to mains the same. ways were developed, and their rapid extension was save the expense of docking and loss of time. The deposition of copper takes place immediately, sufficient proof that reliable electric motors conld be The destructive effect of barnacles on the hulls of and the process continue!' until copper has been de· erected and would work reliably and without trouble. the ocean liners and war vessels is well known. Some posited to the thickness of '1\ to T"S" of an inch ; the There was a belief in the minds of some people that an idea of the saving in cost by using the new process current is then stopped, and the bath removed. The electric motor cost about as much for .repairs as a may be gained from the statement of Philip Hich- deposition of the copper usually requires about four steam locomotive did for coal. His firm had electric in his report to days. The coating is closely adherent and cannot be motors on tramways which had run 60, 000 miles bOrIl, the U. S. naval constructor, J , with Congress, in which he says that to dry dock, clean, removed except by chipping with a cold chisel, in out any repairs whatever. If they made a motor suffi and paint the cruiser Chicago in any port would cost which case a portion of the iron usually comes away I ciently strong, so that it could do its work comforta. THE ELECTROPLATING THE HULLS IRON SHIPS. OF OF about $12,000, and that i coatings on the average it would be w th it. The lapping of the has been al bly, it would not use up the brushes. Mr. Siemens necessary to do this three times a year, making I ready described. There is no chance for galvanic then described the system of electric transmission in $100, 000 for a three years' cruise. upon Only a short time I action to set in e xcept by a blow or grinding a nse in the works of Messrs. Siemens Brothers & Com ago vne of our war ships burned 1,000 tons more of rock which might cut through the film. But after such pany, at Woolwich, which has been put in to succeed on her homeward trip froUl Rio than on her jourcoalney 11 a blow the vessel would undoubtedly have to be docked steam power. He said the works were ligh ted from there, and her speed was two or three knots less for repairs and a small bath could be applied to recop the same currents. If engineers introd uced electric hom· becausp of a foul bottom. From the hulls of thpere per the defective spot. The plating of propellers will power for pumping or hauling in mines, they could use Alert and Atlanta twenty-fivetons of barnacles and beI of particular value, as the least bit of corrosion in the same mains for lighting purposes, and they would incrustations were removed. Some of the foreign terferes seriously with thei r efficiency. Of course in find it worked perfectly well. Having given the result navies resort to the cumbersome method of covering practice a large number of tanks or baths would be in of careful experiments as between steam and electrici the vessels with planking, which is in turn sheathed use, and it is expected that an ocean steamer of the ty, he said there could be little doubt about it that for with copper. i A coating of copper will keep barnacles largest s ze (600 feet long) could be completely plated new works electric transmission was the cheaper. off the hulls, and i will also prevent the pitt ng and cor- in four weeks. Whether a change from the old system to electric rosion to which iron and steel vessels are now sub· Experiments n y have b een made on the copper coating, transmission could be recommended could o l be de· jected. using sea water which has been brought from ten cided by the local circumstances. As a rule, electric we i By the new process, which llustrate, the copper miles out at sea; it is found that this water has no transmission was most valuable where power was re is electrically deposited in sections upon the surface of effect on the coating. To Mr. Henry Bergfels, the quired to be transmitted to various and distant por the vessel in successive rows, and the joints of the sec· plater of the t,ug, much credit is due in the way of tions of the works, and especially in such places as tions are overlapped during the electro-deposition in overcomi t ly arise in ng difficulties, which na ural a new mines, etc. By the conversion the colliery owner such a manner as to perfectly unite the whole coating undertaking of this description. It is now expected would save sufficientto repay th e outlay in ten years. of the vessel. The entire surface below the water line, that an elaborate plant will be buUt to accommodate In other words, the cost of erecting the plant for the including s the riveted laps of the steel sheet , the kflel, vessels of large size if the Assistance proves to be all year would be less than the present cost by an amount the stern and rudder post, are thus protected by an right in actual sea trials. Thfl success of the plating equal to 20 per cent of the outlay. unbroken metallic sheet of copper. The baths are stage u of the process is ass red, and all that is now .... � .. open upon one side, which is applied to the hull of the needed to demonstrate the success of the process as a LORD KELVIN holds that the internal heat of the vessel, and our illustration shows the bath actually whole is a test in actual !Service to see if the coating earth has nothing to do with climates. The earth, he applied to the hull of the tug Assistance while sup- has the permanency which there is every reason to say�, might be of the temperature of white hot iron ported UpOIl blocks in the dry dock. I believe it possesses. 2, 000 feet below the surface, or at the freezing point The method is a triple one. bath which in Our engraving s The , I i from a photograph showing one of 50 feet below, without at all affecting a climate. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit �mttitau. JANUARY 26, 1895.] J 57 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PARTIAL ECLIPSE OF THE was in a terrible plight. A shell burst through her have forsworn wa r forever. A shell glanced from the MOON, SEPTEMBER 14, 1894. deck and she slowly foundered. In the Chih Yuen steel deck of the Chen Yuen and went through her The accompanying photograph of the partial eclipse nearly all the woodwork was burned away and there conning tower, shattering everything. A lieutenant of the moon on September 14 and 15, 1894, was made were 200 shot holes in her, mostly from machine guns, was in thl; act ot speaking to the engineer ; he was with the 10 inch equatorial refractor of this observa before she sank. blown to pieces and his head was left hanging on the tory, with photo connecting lens placed in front of the The Japanese cruif'ler Yoshino threw 3. 750 pounds of speaking tubes. The.woodwork in nearly all of the visual objective. The diameter of the moon's image projectiles a minute, able to pierce any but the thick- vessels was very much splintered and inflicted many in the principal focns is about one inch, I painful wounds. In the first meeting of the which is enlarged by a positive photographi Chinese and Japanese sea force, near Che cally corrected enlarging lens to four and mulpo. on July 12, the details are even more one-half inches. This enlarged image is horrible. On the Yang-wei everything was taken direct in the telescope at the time of a ruin. The funnel had been shot away to exposure. within four feet of the deck. As foreed The time of exposure for this negative was draught was used, the men rigged a jury two seconds. The driving clock of the tele stack of sheet iron and canvas supported by scope was regulated to lunar rate, so that a derrick. A hose was kept playing con the moon's motion was accurately ff ,10' ,ed. stantly on this makeshift funnel to prevent This photograph was made at the time of it from taking fire or melting. Down in greatest obscuration, or half past eleven, the boiler room naked coolies 8hoveled coal and shows the diffused circular outline of for dear life ; gin was as free as water for the earth's shadow. them, and whenever a man lagged he was WILLIAM R. BROOKS. urged on with blows from a thick club Smith Observatory, Geneva, N. Y. made of rubber belting. The draught .. �.� .. was so intense that a continuous sheet of The Inter.tate C ommerce Report. flame poured from the funnel. The main The eighth annual report of the Interstate deck was a lake of blood an inch thick. Commerce Commission, which recently ap Floating in the deeper parts were fragments peared, deals with the year ending June 30, of bodies, and here and there a writhing 1893. At that tirilethere were 176,461 miles human being whose tortures were not yet of steam railways in the United States open ended. Whenever a man was found hope for traffic. This was an increase of 4,897 lessly wounded, the surgeon gave him in miles for the year. The total number of stant relief from his agony. He carried an persons employed by the railway8 was 873, - atomizer filled with prussic acid, and when 602, or about one in every seventy inhabit a man was found who was fatally injured, ants of the United States. Notwithstand he sprayed the poison into the man's mouth ing the comparatively small mileage added and nostrils. The dying men craned their during the year, 52, 187 new em ployes were necks forward eagerly to escape the torture taken on during th e same period. This in they suffered. The shattered remnantf:' of crease may be attributed to the large num humanity were thrown overboard and the ber of additional men required for signaling vessel, WIth gaping sides, steamed to Shang purposes, for workers in freight yards and hai. for porters in passenger stations. Since Many nautical authorities are of the opin June, 1893. nearly one-third of the entire ion that the work of the Japanese navy railway mileage of the United States has is the most successful since the time of been in the hands of a receiver. The gross Nelson. Captain Mahan thinks t.hat noth capitalization of the railway s of this country ing in the engagement will point to a re was reported as $10, 506, 235,410, or at the modeling of war ships, but it will certainly rate of $63, 421 per mile. These figures do largely affect their eq uipment. The 66 ton not seem excessive when compared with the guns of the Japanese fleet did good work, THE RECENT PARTIAL ECLIPSE THE MOON. capitalization of the English railways. Some OF but it was not the large guns, which will years ago it was estimated that the railways send a 750 pound shot through th e best ar of England were capitalized at a rate of $185,000 a est armor. The scene during the heat of the conflict mer made in Europe, but the rapid-firing guns which mile. A receivership on an English railway, especially was appalling. The fusillade swept away masts and decided the battle by turning the decks into shambles for a trunk line, is not of frequent occurrence, so that funnels, shattered conning towers, pierced the gun and destroying gun moun ts, stacks, fighting tops and we can safely assume that a part of the responsi- shields and the hulls. Above the armored deck all conning towers, as well as riddling the hulls. I bility rests with our State laws, which fix rates too was reduced to total wreckage. The battered ships One battle cannot, of course, determine all the ques low to be profitable, and federal laws, which prohibit. with gaping sides were kept from foundering by the tions of naval construction, but the teaching of the rail ways from making agreements among themselves : steam pumps, which were constantly at work. When battle of the Yalu seems indisputably in favor of to reduce unprofitable competition. dusk (lam e, the vessels, listing badly, steamed slowly swift cruisers armed with rapid-firingguns. • '.' • away. When the contending fleets separated, it is be- The conflict seems to have definitely decided that REPAIRING CHINESE WAR SHIPS. lieved that they were both short of ammunition. The wood work is out of place in war vessels. Baron von In @ur issue of January 12 we described the great greater part of the damage inflicted to the Chinese Sterneck de Ehrenstein, the chief official of the Aus battle of the Yalu River, the most important naval vessels was done by shot, and not by ramming or tor trian navy, says, in speaking of the Jnpanese cruisers engagement since the advent of iron and steel in ship- pedoes. being able to hold their own against the Chinese iron building. We now illustrate the repairs which were The details of the condition of the vessels during clads : "This fact has opened the eyes of the great made to one of the vessels of the Chinese navy, which the conflict was terrible. Some of the foreign officers powers, and induced them to give greater attention to had been riddled with shot from Japanese war ships. on the vessels of the contending fleets give sickening the construction of cruisers in the future." After the retreat, the remnant of the Chinese fleet accounts of carnage. One of them expressed an opin steallled A Bridge oC Concrete. away toward Port Arthur, the Woolwich of ion that if the European rulers could have seen the Ch A ina, to make repairs. Port Arthur. where many of co ndition of the decks of the Chen Yuen, they would concrete bridge having a clear span of 164 feet and the vessels engaged in the 26 feet wide was recently Yalu battle were put in a constructed over the Dan seaworthy conditbn, was ube at Uunderkingen, in afterward taken by the Austria. Stone is scarce Japanese. and dear there, while good The Chinese admiral Portland cement is pro opened the Yalu engage duced in large quantities. ment on September 17, The centering was covered 1894, at a distance of about with oiled paper, on which 7, 000 yards. The firing at the concrete was laid, con the outset was indifferent, sisting of 1 part cement, but the Japanese gunners 2� parts sand, and 5 improved their aim the as b l' 0 ken stone, all tho distance began to lessen. roughly mixed. Blocks of The Chinese barbette ship this concrete have shown Ting Y!len was the first to a resistance of 187 tons per suffer any severe InJury, a square foot in seven days, Japanese shell bursting 235 tons in twenty-eight in her battery. Two of days, and 308 tons in five the big guns of the battle months. The concrete was ship Chen Yuen were dis applied in layers 12 inches abled and she was left de thick, start i n g at the fenseless, except for her abutments and workin� secondary battery. She toward the crown, where had 120 shot holes in her it is 3M feet thick; mid sides when she steamed way to the crown it is 4� away_ The Ching Yuen feet thick. The time spent was soon riddled with in laying the concrete was shells. The Chao Yu ng only nineteen days, and ran ashore and became a ten days after the centers target for the Japanese were struck. The defl�ll· gunners until she was set tion proved less than 4� fire. The King Yuen on CHINESE WAR SHIP AFTER THE YALU ENGAGEMENT. inches, © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. llUtricau. J citutific (JANUARY 26, 1&)5. BOULEVARD LAFAYETTE, CITY in New ersey, New York, Ohio, Massachu THE IN THE OF tected by legislation from destruction by blasting. pending J NEW YORK. Near the southern end of the Boulevard, beginning setts, Illinois, and Kansas. city park is to be established. We have already described and illustrated the Har at about 170th Street, a ,. � .. . R This embraces the area approximately bounded south Curious Foods of' the Fishes the New York lem iver Dri veway, extending along the edge of the in Harlem River from 155th Street to the north, and ter and north by 170th and 183d Streets, and bounded on (lity AquariulD. t he Boulevard and on the west by the r v g minating at Dyckman Street, near the north end of the east by The work of p o idin suitable food for the many the island, a road designed to provide a speed way river. It includes Fort Washington Point, seen in the varieties of foreign and domestic fish in th e New York for horseR. While this work has been going on, bird's eye view projecting to the west into the Hudson City Aq uarium makes a very curious and interesting which is de�tined to result in the development of a River, one of the most picturesque spots on the island. study. The food provided is as nearly as possible like magnificent park region along the banks of the Harlem This park is destined with its long water front to form the food the fish eats in its natural free state. The the most beautiful of our c ity parks, but the River, a similar work of equal or greater importance three fish are fed once a day at a regular hour. The live has been in progress, and is now nearly completed, on miles of the Boulevard Lafayette alone will almost food is placed in the tanks and is soon captured the west side of the island of New York, along the represent a park. The unexcelled beauty of its views by the fish, and the dead food is thrown into banks of the Hudson River. The backbone of New can only be judged by actual inspection. Those con the pools as required 8,nd the part not used is after York is, to a great extent, primitive gneissoid rock, versant with the driveways of · other cities here and ward taken out to keep the pool clean. It is found and the shores of the Hudson River, in many places abroad say that the Boulevard Lafayette is the most necessary to have as much variety as possible in fish boulevard in the world. From one point precipitous as those of the Harlem, are composed beautiful foods, since the fish are very fastidious in their diet largely of this formation. Starting at the intersec upon it the Hudson River can be seen running north and often refuse to eat the food offered them. as far as Tarrytown. We hope later to recur to tion of the Boulevard on the line of the Eleventh ward The live food consists of clams, shrimp, kilIies, crabs, Avenue, the Boulevard Lafayette, the work to which the subject. and a variety of small fish. Clams are used in large The work has been in direct charge of Mr. W. M. we have alluded, runs westerly a short distance and quantities, being cut up into sizes to suit the fish. then, turning to the north, winds along th e bank of Dean, superintendent of street improvements, and For sharks and such large fish live menhaden are the river, high above its level, until, in the neighbor has been executed by Mr. Rhody McLaughlin, con- placed in the pools. The skate and the dog fish eat t hood of In wood, it turns to the east and intersects trac or. large snails, the striped bass are fed on soft crabs...... Dyckman Street. Most of the work upon it is done, The smaller fish req uire especially prepared fish. If and next summer, it is believed, will see it completed. Periodical Comets Due in 1895. clam!> are fed them, for instance, they have to be cut BY W. T. LYNN, B.A., F.R.A.S. By an act dated June 15, 1868, what is known as up into mince meat or else carefully scraped. · The sea the Boulevard. corresponding to the old Bloomingdale Two comets of short period are due to returnto peri anemone, for instance, are fed on crabs and the soft Road, was desi gnated as extending from Fifty-ninth to helion in the course of the present year, but whereas parts of oysters, and it is necessary to place these par w il One H undred and Fifty-fifth Street. By an act of one of these, which is in view h e we write, hal been ticles of food on forks to place them wit hin the ane June 18, 1873, the Boulevard was ordered to be opened seen at no fewer than twenty-six returns and consecu mone's reach. The sea horses are especially delicate - tively when and widened from One H undred and Fifty fifth Street since that of 1818-19, it acquired its name feeders, and great care is taken in preparing their food. s to the present Dyckman Street, 100feet being assigned from that of the illustrious a tronomer who investi A minute crustacean is sometimes put in their tanks. as its maximum width. An ordinance dated October gated its motions and calculated its orbit, the other Shrimps are also used at times for this purpose. They i 16. 1891, empowering the Department of Public Works has h therto beeI} seen at only one appearance. must be perfectly fresh, however, and be served with to do the work, went before the Mayor and was ap The first comet is, of course. our old friend Encke. the greatest care to make it resemble the sea horse's !' o proved. The law empowering the Commis i ner of which was first discovered by Mechain, at Paris, on natural food. Public Works to open the Boulevard to any width the 17th of January, 1786, and first seen the present The barnacles are provided with a net which they within the 100 foot limit appears among the laws of appearance on the 31st of October, 1894, at Nice, being move through the water to secure their food, and are 1891, chapter 219, and the name of Boulevard given by then in the constellation Pegasus. very near the place also very particular in their fare. The juice of clams an act of 1870 to this portion has been changed to the predicted for it in the ephemeris of Dr. Backlund or oyst.ers is usually fed to them by dropping it in Boulevard Lafayette, a most appropriate name, on ac (Astronomische Na flhrichten, No. 3, 263), who, we re the water directly above them. The barnacles sub count. of the revolutionary association .. of the region. gret to notice, st."\.tc>. \at this is the last time that he sist on the fibers of the mollusk. The smaller crusta- The bird's eye view shown at the foot of the cut will be able t·, un '\ 'rt/;,I- e its calculation. The comet, ceans are fed with very small pieces of young hermit gives the general course of the road, and shows how, he finds. wL \ \ as,' it:' perihelion on the 4th of February; crabs, snails, lobsters, etc. The coral polyps and other nrn connecting with Dyckman Street, it will lead to the the last 1 it Wh g hi that position was on the 18th of very small varieties are fed in a similar way. Great t Harlem River O obe , occasion 1t made one of its very northern end of he driveway. But ct r �."1.l, ('1\ W :1. . �:\ care is always exercised to provide the best quality of c . this is not all. At the point of connection of the Boule near app 0 t ll ll ; to t .1,- planet Mer ury food and to vary it so as to make it appetizing to the vard Lafayette with Dyckman Street, the old Bloom The otlle.: (ornet tiue in 1895 was discovered at its fish. The work of feeding and the antics of the fish July, ingdale Road, or Broadway, a fine macadamized bou first appearance on the 16th of 1884, by Prof. while eating are well worth watching. The feeding levard, passes, leading to Kingsbridge, Yonkers, and Barnard. now of the great Lick Observatory in Cali hour is indeed by far the most interesting part of the the country north thereof, and running south to the fornia, but wh,o was then at Nashville, Tenn. Although day in the great aquarium. . city Then between Broadway and the Boulevard thus discovered in the northern hemisphere, the comet ...... Lafayette is another boulevard, known as Fort Wash remained throughout that appearance in the southern. Lucif'er lJIatch Inventor. ing-ton A venue, so that a nu mber of circuits and Dr. Gill and his assistants afterward obtained a num It has been generally believed, and we gave the state opening-s and outlets are provided irrespective of the ber of observations of it at the Cape of Good Hope, ment sOllie years ago in t.he Leisure Hour, says the Harlem Driveway. and it was also observed at Melbourne and other places, ed itor, that the invention of lueifer matches was due to Starting at about 155th Street on the south side but was al ways very faint and difficultof observation. Mr., now Sir Isaac Holden, M.P. , who still survives as and winding through Audubon Park, the view at the Its orbit was determined by Herr Berberich to be one one of the oldest members of Parliament. This was in upper right hand corner of the cut shows what may be of short period, amounting to only about five and a 1829, as we then said. In boyhood, before that time, termed the opening of the new Boulevard. It soon half years: but it.s position at the return expected in a little bottle of phosphorus in a case was the ne plus reaches the river, and our other views are drawn at he winter of 1889 was exceedingl y unfavorable, and it t ultra of invention, and was used instead of the ruder different points along the line. Some are drawn look was not seen. Another appearance will be due in the flintand steel with tinder, either for domestic purposes ing north and others looking south, the river, which summer of the present year. Herr Berberich ealcu or for the surreptitious midnight feasts of schoolboys. lies to th e west of the Boulevard, showing how each lates (Astronomische Nachrichten, No. 3, 260) hat it t It turns out that the real inventor was John Walk- view faces. The 100 foot width has been included in will then be somewhat brighter than at the return er, of Stockton, two years earlier, in the survey, but owing to the expense, the road for the when it was discovered in 1884, and that its perihelion an apothecary 1827. In a lecture in the Borough Hall of Stockton on present has been made but 60 feet wide. This 60 feet, pas�age WI' 1 pro b a bI y.a kI e ace on th 3d f J une. 1 t p e 0 ,. Methods of obtaining light and fire in all ages and however, has been measured in from the western line Its distance from the sun, when least, is nearly equal among all nations, Parrott, the lecturer, exhibit of the survey, so that any future widening will be done to that of Mars.-Knowledge. " Mr. ed the old s op of Mr. Walker for that year. It by cutting into the hillside toward the east the level h book , • • I • was shown that a box of lucifer matches, getting light of the road being definitely fixed by thepresent opera PlI o nogral.h versus Grapho?hone. by friction, was sold in April, 1827, to Mr. Hickson, a tion!', and the retaining- walls being adapted for the A decision was rendered in the Supreme Court of the solicitor, for ls. 3d . ultimate widening. In some parts the ground is ex· District of Columbia OIl December 24, in the suit which . . So important is the discovery deemed that an influ- ceedingly steep and rocky, and along the western edge had b en pendmg for nearly two years, b ought : � bythe ential committee is formed to erect a statue to John at many place� a high retaining wall has been built, AmerIcan G aphophone Company, nommally agam. st � Walker. Sir Isaac Holden is an honorary member of laici dry and to a batter of three inches to the foot. the ColumbIa Phonograph Company. but the real . . , . .. thIS :s� tockton comm ttee, statmg, wheu nom ated , roadw y proper has been given a uniform width partIes d e f den t an b'eIng 'I'homa s . A Ed'Ison an d th e I ., m . The a that he was not aware flIe prIOr" ty of mvenh(m. 40 feet. As the bottom or foot of the retaining wall Ed' on Ph onograp h W or s. I t was a IIege d y the. 0 t . I of IS . k b . . Other claIms have been made F ance and Germany, marks the western limits of the 100 foot space, it is ob A I erICa G rap h op one C ompan� th a t th e orIgIlla III r � � . h I but the honor or ood fortune certainly belongs to vious that the area available for the sidewalk varies. EdIson tmfOll phonograph was a faIlure, as the sound g . J on h W a Ik er, w d'Ie d' In M ay, 1859 , age d 52 . a s e I 10 In some pl ce , where th wall is 45 feet high, the bat records It m�de were no t accura t e, perm�nent , nor I It was the beginning of a most wonderful movement ter alone occupies over 10 feet of the width which the capable of bemg reproduced as often as deSIred, could . • h'IS ory. art , an d commerce. Th' k th e super- sidewalk would otherwise have. The sidewalk space, not be detached from the machme, handled, and trans- III t III f0 stitious awe with which, not in Jerusalem alone, but therefore, varies from 10 to 20 feet. In order to get ported, an that the art as now known was created by . . throughout the nations who are ignorent of the inven- filling and stone for the wall, the contractor availed the mvent�IOns of Alexander Graham Bell, ChIChester . . . tlOn,· h'ail e d th e ..llnracu' ous Ig ht btaIne· d rom himself of the fact that the 100 foot width was at the A. Bell, and Charles Sumner Tamter, who theIr I� I "I' 0 . f began I'fer t c h es 'H. ow vast the wea Ith d erlve d among- disposal of the city and cut into the hillside for filling, work under the auspIces. of the Volta Laborator Asso-UCI . rna . . . ClVI' 1' zed races f rom th e manu f t ure f " sa fe t- y so that in many places the excavation has practically ClatIOn, and whose patents were afterward acqUIred by I . ac 0 . ma t c h es " a k' d A meUIOrm p a t e h as mean- reached the 100 foot limit without the city having to the AmerIcan Graphophone Companv, and that every 0 f 11 m s ! I I : w h'le b een fixe d on tt· Ie SI·t e f M r. W a lker ' s ld sh op pay anything extra. The sidewalk will be cur ed and phonograph, every phonograph c lmder, and every I 0 0 b � in the High Street of Stockton. flagged and t e road way be left as a first-class dirt phonograph record became practICal and valuable h .,... road, so that a speed way will really be available and at only so far as it relied upon the principle of engraving the service of the horsemen of the city within a few the record as distinguished from the abandoned Tons of' CaterpiUars. - months. method of indenting, used in Edison's original tinfoil Thirty six tons of caterpillars and a large number of The views from the road are superb. From its re phonograph. No testimony was taken for the Colum cocoons were debtroyed in the effort to drive the pest taining wall and western edge a precipitous woody bia Phonograph Company in the case, and when the from the young- plantations of trees on Hong-Kong . und rocky hillside descends to the river edge, along ti me limit fixed by the court had almost expired the Island They appeared on the pine trees with WhICh which wind the tracks of the Hudson River Railroad. defendant withdrew counsel and allowed a decree by the government is trying to reafforest the island, and Then the waters of the Hudson River, at this point default. The court finds for the American Grapho lasted for two months. Stat.ions were established about a mile wide, extend to the Palisades, which rise phone Company on every point, issue!' a decree of in where the caterpillars were received and paid for by from three to five hundred feet, a most iIll pressive junction against the defendants, and orders an ac· weight; this method 8eems to have been successful. feature and one which is to be hoped will be soon pro- counting by the a.uditor of the court. Other suits a.re It is e;stimated that 35,000,000 insects were killed. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit jtntritan. JANUARY 26, 1895.] � 59 - '.. be AlDerican Voice. A PNEUMA TIC BICYCLE BRAKE. relation to each other. The hub of the trolley wheel Why is not as much attention paid to the pleasure to An extremely simple and inexpensive brake, with is held on the trolley arm between springs, to provide be derived by way of the ear as the eye ? In this coun which pressure may be immediately brought to bear for the up and down movement of the car, the wheel try we treat the ear barbarously. The ear gets the on the wheel by operating a hand bulb, provision be being grooved to fit snugly on the line wire, and pro minimum of pleasure, and it retorts by aggravat· ing also made for instantly releasing the pressure, is vided with ball bearings, while, to insure a perfect ing the nerves. AmI so it happens that much represented in the accompanying illustration. It forms contact, it has a radial bore in which is held a copper of the discomforts of our life come through the ear. the subject of a patent recently issued to Dr. Wm. B. plunger, the inner end of which is held in close contact What the foreigner most notices in this conn try, until Wallace, 144 East Sixtieth Street, New York City. with the hub by a spring. In front of the trolley arm he becomes, as we are, more or less callous to it, ilS A portion of its structure is out of sight in the hollow is carried a guard, hung in the same way, to brush "noise." We are not simply pitched on a high key frame of the machine, its lSuppol'tingplate being bolted aside any possible obstruction. The improvement is to a flange of the steering fork, in the upper portion of designed to afford an inexpensive and efficient sub nationally, but on a discordant key. It is not a gayer or more animated country than lSome others, but it is which is held the usual slide tube connecting with the stitute for the pre8ent overhead trolley systems. noisier. Certainly we do not cultivate harmony or handle bars. To the undel' SIde of the supporting plate . , ... moderation. To begin with, the "American voice " ilS hinged a plate carrying a concave shoe adapted to 'rhe Colol' of Horses. has an unenviable reputation. It is a--.t to be shrill, bear against the wheel tire, the hillge plate being Mr. W. H. Hawkes writes to the Australa�an as fol strident, high-pitched, unmodulated. This quality normally raised by a spring, connecting it with the lows on that vexed question, the color of horses : adds an unnecessary aggravation to social life. It dis "It is an old saying among horsey men, good • a organizes the nerves, and increases the tendency to hor.se was never a bad color,' and yet popular prejudice nervous prostration-this and the other unchecked as,;ig-ns all sorts of good or evil traits of character to noises. The human voice ought to be adelilSht; it was particular colors. I can quite understand this with Dleant to give musical pleasure. those who do not know better; but that an expert. like There is no good reason why the American voice an Indian buyer, shonld hold to the popular fallacy is should not give pleasure. The voices of uncultivated almost beyond belief, seeing that we have had innum' ra ces are often delightful. The negroes set us a good erable instances, both in the old country and here, to example in agreeable tones. That there is no radical the contrary. It was recently that some four or five incurable defect in the American voice we know, be races were won in one day upon one of ou r local courses cause we have had orators whose tones were as musi· ' by chestnuts, and I think the fact waR mentioned by cal as the organ and the flute ; there are communities one of your contributors, and they are equally good where we hear for the most part modulated, low, and either in saddle or harness. Yet there are numbers pleasing speech ; and it is getting to be admitted that who will condemn a chestnut at once for hh; color only, an American singer is the peer of any in the world. be he ever so perfect in every other respect. The ob· But in general no care is taken about the voice in jection to a gray one call understand from a groom's speech. Girls as well as boys are permitted to make I point of view, seeing that they are so difficult to keep home discordant and school a babel of mere noise by free from stains as age whitens their coats, but for no the most vulgar and rasping use of the vocal organ�. lack of good constitution or disposition. Mrs. Browning might have written, with us in view, a •• Some will tell you that a roan is the hardiest of all more pathetic poem on the " Cry of the Children." If horses, and yet I venture to assert that a greater POI" children ought ever to be whipped, or, to put a case tion of aged roans doe� not exist. WALLACE'S PNEUMATIC BIC C E more in consonance with the tendency of the age, if Y L BRAKE. .. Others crpdit bla�k horses with being allied to the children ought ever to whip their parents, the castiga supporting plat!', while between the two plates is an devil himself for temper and untrustworthiuess. The tion should be gi ven for the ha rsh, piercing, and dis· only objection to him is th at he is very rusty in bis inflatable bag connected by a tube with a bulb which cordant voice. It is idle to say that this sort of voice partially encircles one of the handles of the handle winter garb. is natural to them. Any voice can be cultivated to a 'Vhite legs are always a sign of weakne�s,' you are bar. The tube is elastic, but has a, rigid section, to H. deg-ree that it shall not be unpleasant, and this edu enable the length of the inflating tube to be adj usted told by many. But I think three to one would be fair cation should go on fro m infancy in every home and to suit the height of the slide tube. The brake is ap betting against the one white leg out of a set of four, every school. It is a matte r of public interest for the plied by repeatfld squeezing of the bulb, producing air the others being- black. What about Odd Stockings public pleasure. Think wha t a tea party might be ! pressure in the bag or flexiblereservoir above the plate and All Fours ? Surely if white legs were a sign of The voice is, however, only set to the pitch of the carrying the brake shoe, the air pressure being reo weakness, such horses should break down at a very other noises. In all thickly settled communities the moved and the brake released by opening an ordinary et'"rly stage of their career. Most judges prefer bays ears are split and outraged by the steam whistle of the escape valve at one end of the bulb. The device may with black points, and it would be difficult to beat factories and the locomotives. In tbe depths of the also be used as a hydraulic brake, and may be ap them for general appearance the year through, but I night the startled sleeper has the veil of seclusion torn plied on vehicles other than bicycles. for one should eertainly deny to them a monopoly of away from him by the scream of the whistles, the in sound constitutions, tractability, intelligence, and all valid's excited nerves are worn to rags by the barbar AN ELECTRIC RAILWAY CONDUIT. , other virtues. I am quite with · Mr. Basil Gray in his ous pipe of the locomotive. We skringe and suffer general remarks, but even he errs the other way, as he In the conduit shown in the engraving one side is with only faint protest. It is only a part of the uni credits white legs with beingindi� ative of some peculiar formed by one of the rails, and the trolley arm is ;:0 versal noise and hubbub. Most of this screaming of arranged that it will have the necessary flexibility and virtue-or, as he says, they always denote quality.' the steam demon is absolutely unnecessary in this day still be sure of making a positive contact with the line This I very much doubt. That skillful breaking and of clocks and watches and guarded railway cros8ings. conductor. The improvement has been patented by future wise education has most to do with the charac· But if we must have the whistle, why not invent one Mr. Albert M. Burgher, Clay City, Ky. The opposite tel' and usefulness of a horse, as well as a man, irre' that is moderately musical instead of being a torture ? spective of his color, can, I think, he accepted as a set This is a suggestion of quiet· loving people, who find tled fact. Renfre w was a splendid tempered horse the noise of our American life every day more intoler until teased to such an extent that he became a man able. Perhaps any abatement of it would not suit the eater. Many a two-legged brother has had his charac· majority, who like to go tearing and whoopiQg through tel' ",poiled by those who should have helped to make the world. him bette!... That horses. like men, have their tem It is fortunate, considering our voicf\s, that we are peraments goes without saying. That an eye for the not Moslems, for then we should substitute for the beautiful leads fa nciers to reject piebald, skewbald. muezzin's melodious call to prayer a harsh summons aDd horses with wall eyes and big blazes for hacks or that would fright.en every sinner back into his bed, carriage purposes is not to be wondered at. But that and compel him to stop his ears against the rasping any should condemn many of our really beautiful invitat.ionto devotion. But is it altog-ether fortunate ? chestnuts is an enigma. For have we not the church and othel' jangling bells ? .. The objection purely to color is, I think, much These give out noise and nerve·shaking clamor instead akin to the action of one who crosses himbelf when of melodious notes. There are few bells in the United passing in the street a person with oblique vision." States that are agreeable to the ear. The foundries Bell's London Messenger. seem to go on the idea that anything in the shape of a ••••• Stl'eet Fat'es bell will answer t.he purpose, with little or no regard ()beap Car in Pblladelpltia. to its tone, and we are called to church with the same The reduction of fare by the trolley cars to German metallic anger that invites us to a fire. The manu to wn to 5 cents and to Wissahickon and Manayunk to facturers are probably indifferent because the public 8 cents furnishes two very practical illustrations of the are indifferent.. Their products are mechanical, and benefit to th e public of the introduction of the new only by chance musical. There is the need of art in street car motor. One reduction was inspired by com- the making and ringing- of bell, as in the making and a BURGHER'S CONDUIT ELECTRIC RAILWAY. petition and the otber appears to have been a conces· playing of a piano. We appear to be content with any sion to a popular demand, possibly expedited by a mass of metal cast in the bell shape, and to let a ring-er side of the conduit is formed by a timber laid paralll:'i desire to anticipate steam railroad competition. Un with the instinct of a blacksmith evoke its dissonance to the rail, a guard plate being secured to the top of del' the reported traffic agreement between two lines with a sledge hammer.-Charles Dudley Warner, in the timber, leaving a slot between it and the rail for the occupying the chief streets lying immediately west of Harper's Magazine. trolley arm, while a stri r of wood coated with insulat- I the Delaware, it is probable that with the opening of • Ie • ing paint is bolted to the web of the rail. The heads spring passengers will be carried from any part of the Work In Altitude... High of the bolts are covered by insulating blocks, against city to any' of the principal entrances of the East and Some curious facts were brought to light on the capa which is secured the line wire, having a flattened face West Park for a single fare. It is equally probable bilitiet; of men to labor at high altitudes during the and rounded outer side. The trolley arm is pivoted at that the competition of rival lines will result in single construction of the Peruvian Central Railroad. This the top to have a limited lateral movement in a bracket fare transportation to Frankford in the northeast and line starts at Lima, and proceeding inland, reaches its insulated on and rigidly fastened to the truck frame, Darby in the southwest. That many people now re highest point at the tunnel of Galeria, 15,645 feet above the portion of the arm lying adjacent to the conduit siding'south of Lflhigh Avenne will seek homes farther sea level. It is stated that men were able to do a fair top being coated with insulating material held in a from the heart of the city may be surely counted on, "sea level " day's work as long as the altit.ude did not casing. On the opposite sides of the casing are recessed but t.he sect.ions abandoned for residence purposes will exceed 8,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level; but beyond wear plates which receive screws in the ends of curved probably be occupied for business purposes. This was this there was a sudden falling off in the work of one springs rigidly attached to the truck frame, and press· the effect of the introduction of the old street cars. fourth to one-third up to height.s of 12,000 feet, and at ing with equal tension on opposite sides of the trolley The introd uction of the trolley has mOI'e than doubled still higher elevations 100 men were required to do work arm, holding it perpendicularly, and yet permitting the possible residence area of the city.-Philadelphia done by 50 level. easily at sea the car and arm to have the necessary movement in Times. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 60 J tituttft, !tUtri,au. [J ANUARY 26, 1895. Zinc to Bleach Molaa.ea. ma a n recovered. I don't think enough remains to harm that the gnetism in a permanent m g et would be increased at The adulteration of New Orleans molasses with sul us." very low temperatures, and experiments Jahn & c r y d ra e n a phate of zinc is again attracting attention. The same A member of the firm of Gustave Co. an· with ompa ativel low temperatures ha th r eg question has been brought before the trade in various swered : . . Yes ; sulphate of zinc enters into the clari tived Faraday's suggestion, bnt Prof. Dewar has com forms within the past ten years, but reports from vari fying process of molasses. We have a formula for pletely verified the opinion of the famous savant, hav ous sections of the country now indicate a more vigor brightening our goods, but it is a common practice in ing shown that a magnet at the extremely low tem w ous investigation of the methods being practiced by the trade. Very few straight goods are received from perature made possible by the liq uid air had its po er New Orleans and other shippers. According to a mem New Orleans, and when we do get straight goods it is increased by about 50 per cent.-Cassier's Magazine. ber of the New York trade, nearly 95 per cent of mo difficult to dispose of them when shown with brighten •.e' . e a d ra r i v r Work th'il otlold Spring Harbor Hatchery lasNes received in this mark t is adulter te ; but, on ed goods. It is a mise ble p act ce, howe e , and I 01' During the other hand, it is explained that it is hard to sell wish it could be btopped." 1894. straight goods, and that molasses is brightened so that A dispatch from Columbus, Ohio, states that a pIau The fish hatchery at Cold Spring- Harbor, Long it will sell more readily. It is denied, h owever, that of adulterating New Orleans molasses came to the at Island, has done much good work d uring the year 1894. the introduction of sulphate of zinc is inj urious, and to tention of Dairy and Food Oommh;sioner McBall, of This hatchery is probably the most prominent and substantiate this several houses that deal in large Ohio. A very extensive dealer in molasses and pre efficient of the seven stations of the New York Fish . quantities of molasses contend that zinc not only serves sen t him two samples of the classes-one bleached Commission During the past year it has turned out a tu brightens the goods, but purifies it. At any rate, th e and the other unbleached. 'l' he m n ufac rer in ques 33,250,000 tom cods and 22, 500,000 smelts, which have proportion of zinc used, they say, is so small that it is tion stated that t.his .. bleached " article is the un been liberated in the harbors on the northern shore of l d z added. The zinc harmless. b eache with li'ul phate of inc is Long Island. There have also been some 300, 000 trout i It is claimed for the zinc that it has peculiar proper po sonous. The manufacturer in question said he had placerl in local streams and in the Adirondacks. ties which allow it to prflcipitate all foreign matter, been forced to "bleach " his sirup in this m anner in About 100,000 salmon and 700, 000 shad have been sent t N Or a a and rise to the surface as a scum, which is then cleared order to compe e with the ew le ns wholes lers, to the head watf'rs of the Hudson, and 500,000 lobsters n ra - . off and the molasses is left a pure amber color. The who first i augu ted the process. N Y. Journal of have been freed in Long Island Sound. fact that molasses is "bleached " in order to compete Commerce. At present the propagation of trout engages most O n wh a a r a with New rlea s oles lers w s freely admitted in .. ,eI" of the time of the hatche y. The sp wn this year the local trade. Four Hundred and Twenty-Cour Degree. Below num ber 1, 500,000 eggs. Besides this interest, much is It was said that the New Orleans Board of Health Zero. bei ng done to supply adequate quantities of tom cods, had prohibited the use of sulphate of zinc in the Four hundred and twenty-four degrees Fahrenheit and at present there are 60,000,000 tom cod eggs in the adulteration of molasses, and for some time the prac below zero ! Just what this means it is almost impos- hatchery in various stages of incubation. One of the tice ceased. The man ufacturers of preserves, etc., de sible to imagine, and, yet, it is one of the temperatures most important results of the year bas been the expe clared that the enforcement of such an order would which have been reached and used in laboratory re- rience gained concerning the propagation of lobsters. practically ruin their business; but nevertheless it was search, and has been made the subject of some highly The 500,000 lobsters raised last year were from spawn heeded until recently, when fresh complaints were interesting experiments and explanations by Prof. taken from females captured off Sound Beach, Connec made to the health authorities that sulphate of zinc Dewar before the British Royal Institution. Four ticut. Superintenrlent Mather believes, however, that was entering into the clarifying process of molasses hundred degrees below zero is not an everyday tem- in a few years lobsters will be cultivated as easily as more largely than ever. perature, nor can it be reached by more everyday trout. Mr. H. , L. Hobart said in reply to inquiries : "There means than the expansion of liq uid air, which latter • •• • A Microscopical Exhibition. is nothing in the storYlworth discussing. Zinc is used Prof. Dewar has succeeded in producing in compara- to purify and r e molasses, but not in sufficient b ight n tively large quantities, and in storing by novel and in- The eighth annual exhibition of the Department of q ua m an ld as required ntities to har anybody. It is o matter often genious methods, to be used in the study Microscopy of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and held before the trade, and that's about all there is to it." of matter at abnormally low temperature, exactly as a Sciences was in Art Association Hall, Monday, S & C . Mr. Post, of B. H . Howell's on o , replied : spirit lamp or a Bunsen burner is used in stud ying the Jan. 14, 1895. The exhibition was one of the most .. Snlphate of zinc is one of the ingredients used in a properties of different bodies at the higher tempera- successful ever held under the auspices of the Insti form ula to clarify molasses, but I don't believe enough tures. tute, eighty-six microscopes being used, the visitors it u r a ult r of is sed to inju e anybody. The d e ation can The tensile strength of iron at 400' below zero is j ust passing from instrument to instrument. The present only be dp.tected by an analysis. There are houses in twice what it is at 60° above. It will take a strain of 60 officers of the department are : H. F. Calef, president ; this market a h that brighten molasses. I believe th t t e instead of 30 tons to the sq uare inch, and equally curi- H. S. Woodman, vice president ; A. H. Ehrman, z a ; inc precipit tes any foreign matter which the molasses ous results have come out as to the elongation of llletals , secretary,; C. p, Abbey, treasurer James Walker, may contain, and then rises to the surface, where it is under these conditions. It was an idea of Faraday I curator. RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. plates, to be depressed by the trolley, extend beneath NUT LocK.-Conrad Hahn, Pittsburg, parallel with the machine is, according to this invention, the slot of the conduit, according to this improvement, a pivoted and held by means of a lock lug from a pendent Enl1:ineering.' Pa. This improvement comprises a plate adapted to be conductor in the conduit being insnlated from a longi- supported from the bolts, and having offsets whlch hold pivotal plate, in such manner that it will be held to a - INJECTOR. Benjamin M. Throop. tudinal snpport, wWle springs in contact with the con a bar over which is fltted a locking plate held in place by supporting position by the weIght of the tilted machine Geneva, Ohio. This injector has a steam inlet and a ductor have upwardly curved with which the spriug arms k.. ys which engage the offsets. The device is simple standing alone, and will automatically swing up out of water inlet connected by a set of lift uozzles with an in- plates engage. The conduit may be very shallow, and and easily applie1, and positively lock the nut or the way when snch weight is removed. The device can terior compartment, while forcing nozzles connect the 'the contact strips held normal1y out of circuit, but are will are nuts in place on rail joints, or in other places where it be quickly secured to and removed from the frame of an latter with the outlet, there being a double valve ar- pressed automatically into circuit by the passage of a may be applied. ordinary bicycle, and when attached does not appear ranged in the casing and adapted to connect the steam car, so that only certain sections of tbe strips are ener clumsy or otherwise mar the general effect of the ma inlet with the steam nozzle of the set of forcing nozzles, gized at any one time, thus rendering the system very T.Ap AND REAMER WRENCH. -Elmer chine. and the interior compartment with the outlet to the safe and preventing any great loss of energy. J. Nichols, Pawtucket, R. This tool comprises a l. BICYCLE SUPPORT.-Abraham H. R boiler. The construction is very simple and inexpensive, stock with threaded neck on wWch screws a sleeve, the ih bany, Wauseon, Ohio. In guides at the front of the ma and may be easily operated to force water under either RAIL FOR ELECTRIC ROADS.-Charles sleeve being mounted to turn on a handle connected with chine, according to tWs invention, is supported a rod at normal or increased pressure to the boiler. Sill, New York City. TWa is a rail upon which the a movable jaw sliding in the stock. The handle con cars may travel in the usual manner, while it also affords nected with the movable jaw does not turn, but is whose lower end is a fork straddling the front wheel, AC - Gre Chi BOILER BR E.- Peter Mc gor, a housing for the electric conductor and trolley wire. moved bodily in or out to open or close the jaws. and links pivotally connect the lower ends of the fork with cago, The body of this brace is preferably of light, m. The rail has a base from which extend upward two legs pivoted adjacent to the axle, whereby the 'legs may flat metal, having one end sUtted to form two members, parallel webs upon which is bolted a top plate forming be thrown down into contact with the ground to support which are twisted and semicircular in cross section, di the rail tread, the rail thus affording a longitudmal dnct Ae-ri cultural. the wheel in upright position. This device is readily ap verging laterally, and having their ends bent outwardly plicable to a new or an old machine, but in applying the for the conducting cable, wWle from the duct lead HARROW.-Joseph B. orrison, Fort to form opposite outwardly extending feet. The im M improvement when a machine is built, the swinging legs apertures to a recess in the rail carrying the trolley Madison, Iowa. The tooth holder of this harrow has provement is intended as an inside brace for the heads may be pivoted to Ings extended from prongs of the steer wire. upper and lower laterally projecting clamps which or other flatsurfaces of the boiler, and is very simple and flt ing fork. around the tooth, the inner ends of the side arms of the inexpensive wWle yet having great strength. Mining, Etc. clamps being extended or prolonged over the body, SCALE BEAM COMPUTING ATTACH forming flange-like portions separated from the body to MENT_-Edward W. Wise, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Railway Appliance ApPARATUS FOR TREATING ORES.- •• form a seat for the rail plates, and separated from each Accordin� to this invention the weight held to slide upon Norris H. Cone, Leadville, Col. TWs is an apparatus other to CAR COUPLING.-Carman F ost, Hew avoid any obstruction to clamping the tooth the scale beam actuates a screw shaft and the gear con r more especially designed for roasting and chloridizing against the rail. This improved not only lett's, N. Y. TWs is an improvement on a formerly tooth holder nection of a computing cylinder, whose surface is ar gold, silver, copper and other ores. It comprises a re- clamps patented invention of the same inventor, providing a the tooth firmly,but also braces and gives rigidity ranged in columns bearing computed rates, in such way voluble cylinder on the inner face of which arranged to gravity coupling dog wWch will automatically couple are the beam. as to indicate both the weight and the price of the article pi s communicating with a main or chamber, a with an opposing drawhead, a spring being applied to � gas LANTER ATTACHMENT - l m being weighed, the movement of sliding the weight upon statlOnary cut-off covermg_ some of the m:plpes, whereby P . Wi lia L. the coupling dog to insure its returning to its coupling Stickles, Churchtown, N. Y. TWs is an attachment for the beam causing the computation be automatically they will be successively closed on their upward move- to or normal position remaining straight. A section is a marker nner or shoe of a planter to form a clean nt performed, and the beam being capable of use in the or and ment and opened on the downward movement, the � . � combined with the drawhead section, the two sections bed and WIthout clods to I terfere WIth. the 0wmg dinary manner at any time. pipes being held within a firebrick lining, and connected � !l.' being side by side, and so located that the line of draught plants, the ground at each SIde of the furrow bemg left with means of heating and cooling. I FINISHING COVERINGS OF BRAIDE will be immediately through the center of the drawbar very Ii/lht. 'fhe improvement also provides a furrow at- D MO ULDS.-Franz Markgraf, New York City. The bnlb and the center of the coupling proper. SEP RATING PRECIOUS METALS F OM tachment for the runners, especially those adapted for .A R ons effects in gimp, trimmings, tassels, etc., heretofore SAND, GRAVEL, ETO.-PasCal P. Cnplin, West Bend, marking a field to be planted by hand, and one which CAR COUPLING.-Edward C. Inderlied, principally fiuished by hand, are pl'ovided for by this In , relates y n may be readily adjusted to as deeply in the ground Rock Rift, N. Y. This invention consists principally of Iowa. This invention w dr placer mining, a d run ventor by a new method of and device for finisWng the as desired. a link adapted to engage hooks on the opposing draw the separation is provided for without the use of water braided ends of covered moulds by a special machine, bars and means for raising and lowerin,/l the link to en by means of an apparatus combining a revolving in INCUBATOR. - Archibald Kerr, Carmi the braided projecting ends of mould coverings being in. gage or disengage the link with or from the drawbar clined screen with dtlIerent degrees of fineness of mesh chael's, Pa, According to this improvement the eggs con serted by a special progressive movement, whereby the hooks. Cars of different heights may be readily coupled in connection with tubes leading from an air supply, tained in the incubator may be bodily turned over, being work is performed in a superior mann.. r and at greater with this coupling, the several parts are positively con r-hutes leading from the screens discharging into the manipulated from the outside of the machine.!The eggs are speed. nected with each other, so that none are liable to be lost, tubes, and hinged gates in the chutes. The air pressure contained in revoluble trays perforated at top and bot E and the coupling or uncoupling is easily effectedwithout is supplied by bellows and a blower, and varies in the tom, enabling the hot air to circulate freely through them, SPECTACLE CASE H OLD R. -Robert T. the trainman going between the cars. different tubes according to the grading of the material the trays having doors or removable sections one of Roberts, La Harpe, Dl. This is a simple device or clasp in by the several sieves, each pan of the separated metals their sides, permitting the trays to be lifted out singly for fastening a spectacle case to the pocket of a garment. TIE AND RAIL FASTENING. -Ellery C. diJleringfrom the flnest flourgold to grain gold. without removing the tray drawer. It consists of two lengths of wire, to be passed singly Davis, Crookston, Minn. This is an improvement in around and looped permanently upon the case, the wire metallic ties and rail fastenings, according to wWch the FOLDING COOP, ETC.-Thomas A. Al- being twisted together at the meeting point, and two tie is channeled and a flangedinverted chair permanently Mechani cal . len, Astor, West Va. This is a coop or crate in which hooks forming the terminals of a small length of twisted secured to it, both having coincideut bolt holes and one the sides and ends are jointed to the bottom, the sides wire. of them having lateral slots, flanged and notched clamp PORTABLE HYDRAULIC PUNCH. -Elijah folding in ward 8Jldoutward between the ends, and links ing bolts being used, engaging a detachable locking de B, Cornell, Philadelphia, Pa. This punch may be quickly connecting the ends and top and forming stops to limit INK WELL.-John Werner, Brooklyn, vice. For use on curves. the bolt holes of the ties and placed in position for effective operation and as readily the outward movement of the sides. It may be easily N. Y. A tube is held in this well and a bucket slides in chairs are located at different distances, and the im released from the work, being especially designed to opened for use or folded into smaD.'space, being especially the tube, a stopper closing the tube and the neck of the provement is designed afford the maximum of sim facilitate the puncWng of the webs of railway rails, to designed to facilitate the sWpping of chickens, turkeys, well. A bail pivotally connected with the bucket is se plicity, strength, cheapness, and dnrabillty. metal beams and plates, and structural, architectural or pigs, rabbits, etc. cured on the stopper, the bail having lugs fitting in slots bridge work of all kinds. In connection with the punch inthe tube to gnide the bucket in its up and down move piston is a coil spring, whose tension may be regnlated, ment. The construction prevents the writer from dip Electrical. Miscellaneon and which facilitates the hackward movement of the •• ping thepen too far Into the ink, which does not evapo CON UIT LECT .I L CLOSED D FOR E R CA piston after the punching has been effected, the liquid BICYCLE SUPPORT. -Harry A. Brooks, rate and become tWck, and prevents the spilling of the RAILWAys.-Frank Windle, Philadelphia, Pa_ Spring employed then escaping into the reservoir. Rapid City, So. Dakota. leg member held to swing A ink if the well is upset. © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. citutifit jutttitau. JANUARY 26, 1895.] $ 61 and omitted. The indexes seem hardly adequate to the entific American Cyelopedia of Receipts, Notes FENCE.-Lorenzo M. Shirtcliff, L n- yn amount of text. It is posBible that upon looking through Queries." ville, Ill. 'I'his inventor has devised an improved wire the book we might find much which the index doeB not fence with metal channel bar posts each having a foot charge for insertion 'UI1I © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 62 J (itutifi( !tUtti(au. fJ ANUARY 26, 1895 . K. 532,693 . 5:;2,66'9 indicator, W. Nicbols ..·...... Permutatioh lock, H. H. Kelley ...... I candle power incandescent lamps will be lighted, each Casb.register and ...... 53'�.718 Casb register, indicator, recorder, and cheCk . PhonOgraph,.J. Broich ...... 53 57 �()vertigement&. 9 amperage to ? pr , . . 532, �5g 1 Pbotograph nolder, Lund & Kullberg ...... ; ...... 2, 1 lamp requiring a voltage of to 12 and 1 1� inter Ecki & Pfeifer ...... 532.04:1 . H ow apparatus, H. M. Cu�bing et al ...... PootOgraphlC flash hgbt machine. C. & Ii. Cllf� 5 A. Ten or eleven. 2. many 3 candl e power I amps, Cementing 32 63\l and centripetal lubricator, Wester- ford ...... , ORDINARY RATES. Centrifugal ...... 532.616, 5. 2 617 ...... ; ...... 532,659 each lamp requiring a voltageof 6 to 7 and amperage 1 velt & Walters 1 , Plpmg svstem, steam, �. M. Foster 532.525 huJide ill8eJ"lton .....,..:; n line 11 r011 Piston rod ard pr?tectmg same, W. E. Carr ...... Pae-e. eReh ce t. .. n WI' Cereals for food. groove machine for reduc- 532,698 .... Hlle to l� ? A. Twen y. 3. What size of pure lead· wIre . . . 532.603 Illlcli Puu-e. eaeh ll1 l11 el'lifll) -- $1 .00 It t ing, H. D. Perky ...... Pla lter, corn. J: .,naveIY:...... : ...... 532,6 . . . . l SUbSOlI and turmnll, J. Mallon 77 ar some classes oj Advertisements, Special ana 8 amperes fuse ? A. A wire_O'04 mch m diameter (ap- Cereals for food, perforated roll macbine for re- Plow, cumbmatlOn Fm' ..... 2,4 1 Poli8hmg mitten, N. F. Humpbr�y ...... �32,462 Higher rates are requi,red. ducing. H. D. Perky ...... 53 8 032 441 proximately). Cereals for food, roll machine for reducinll.H. Power transm�sBI.on, system of, C. S. Bradley ..... , above . . 5.1 2.480, 532.697 Press. See Prmtmg press. 'l'he are charlles pel' a�a.Le line -about ei£"ht es : ow can D. Perky ...... 53'2.705 532 � words per li'Qe. 'j'his notice shows the width of tbe line. F C S I Printing press, W. H. Golding. : ...... "0 ( (370) ...Wfl 't H me It Cbain, detacbable link drive, A. Ritscber ...... 532.'9'3 and is seL in agate type. W.n�ravinlZs may head adver.. Cbair See Dental chair 532.712 Propeller, A. Swermtzeff-Kusmmsky ...... at .. a b out two pound so f gI ass'. C an 1't b c d'one 10 an ord' ma�y . . protector. tisements t.he same rate per agate line, by measure Cheese cutter, F . .J. Siewers ...... Protecto:.;. See ,Head 'Dent, as " ..�'12,644 Pulp el?gme. �alt & Hood ...... 532,�94,0 the lettel' press. Advertisements must be stove in a crucible or not, and will a plaster of ParIs Churn. W.o H. Curtice ...... 532,626 ...... 532 89 received at Publication Office as early as 'llhursday .. PulverIzer, SOlI, S. McColm IIlt ? ass canno t e b I Cigar bundling device, D. Acosta , . . . . 53 2.�� morning to appear in the followtng week's issne. mould answer to pour It O A . u-�l Circuit breaker, automatic. �. P. Davis ...... Pump. double-acting fJrOportlOnat'ing duplex ' ''' A F...... ,r>31 blgb and prolonged heat Cistern cleaning apparatus. C. G. Moremen ...... 532,685 pJunger,.W. Brown� ...... 5?2 52 manipulated as you specify, Pump. tlu"bmg.J .. P. <;ahlll...... 532, 7 . . . . . � Clamp. See Dental clamp. . 532 18 reqUIred, and It must be shaped m moulds by blowlD�' Cleaner. See Boot or sboe cleaner. Dish Rail jomt, H . . f.. ScbmlCk ...... �10 or c]ean�r. Railway block Signal, �err;gan lfi, McCI��e ...... 532,1)33 pres 8 ing • Plaster of Paris moulds will not answer. 532,562 • y closed condUit electrIC, MeChntock & Clip, Janeway. Jr .• & Corey ...... Railwa . 532.576 Simple pouring into a:mould WI'II not auswer. Clippin2"macbine, bair, C. Babcock ...... McLane ...... W. 532.628 2 90 k . a Clotb steaming and sponging apparatus, R. C. Raihvav, closed conduit electric. J . Scbnepf ...... 535. ,5 J. asks : 1. In ma lng Moran ...... 532,474 Railway, conduit electric, W. T. DUlan , Jr...... 12,449 E. G...... 532,593 W��p��}�g�les (6371) ...... 532, � Coat banger, A. Prym...... 53U Railway converter sy.tem, electric, C. . Scott . . machine as described by Mr. Bonetti in the SCIEN1'IFIC . COl s f li i ��j.�������. Foot SENDand Hand FOR PowerCATALOG lIIacntnergUES 1894, to shellac the i����:��R���� dS� . .��� . .t.�� .��. 5?2,b82 Vi: ii: 'D'tiiany:J·r .'::.'::: � AMERICAN of May 26, is it necessary 1 ��: �:;�::� ��\,��: �o�����. . 532.744�:� A-Wood-working Machinery. Cooking utensil, J. M. Glassmeyer ...... 532,'1".'ll Rake and loader, combined, D. F. Grabam ...... 532 673 glass disks, if glass is used? A. Shellac the glass disks. <'ooler See Beer cooler Ram hydraulic r. Land .. B-Lathes, etc. Jr 532;651 to excite the machine (�ore 'rriaking- apparatus, G. P. Hassett...... 532.437 Refrigerator car. J. H. Dy·e;soii:::::::::::: ··::::: 2. What is mosaic gold that is used : ::::: g� ��� Re e Billiard time register. Cash reg- SENECA FALLS MFG. COMPANY. �g��i:r�i��.O[O�: �OB�M\rinic'h: :::: : : : : ::::: : 1 l� ' See and bow is it made ? A. Bisulphide of tin; it is made by � ��r� 695 Water St., Seneca Falls. N. Y. . . . 532,565 Coupling. Sae Car couplinl'. 53 Rod mill reel, W. A. Kilmer ...... niting at a low red heat parts tin, 6 mercury, 6 salam- 652 1 . ig 12 b x . � g � H mosaic gold " rc- 8 R:-do�'n��������·.:·:::::.�·. . · . 5H :536 ! � �:V�rc:�fJ�{\7.Ast�nr..� ��::::::::::::::::::::::.::: moniac,7 flowers of sulpbur. The g�:�e�{�;. �. . . ::::: :: 53 ...... �:�ig532,714 Crate, folding, J Mont omery ...... 2.684 , tbole , H. W. Stone of crucible. 3. Are the collec- . g . Rowlock pm F. mains in the bottom the Current motor, alternating. L. Gutmann ...... 532.549 Rubber, etc .. machine for washing. C. Simon .. 5B:? 600 tors a set of combs like those on an ordinary Wimshurst 8��m�%,gj' % �:;;�';;�".iCC: o e .. 4. d ' . p &'F: W: eiiri';::iji;m �aU�j��I�� �a: ������ machine ? A. Yes. Are there any acids that I could Ifj��. :::::for:::: '::: :. " '.: :: ��:� to Cutter.or See Band cutter. Cbeese cutter. Lead Saw wheels, cleaner. and oiler. . band, E. C. depeml upon to go through glass make an inch and a rule cutter. Mershon ...... 532,471. Cut ar i 1 t e all .. 532.551 • 532.49 quarter hole, and how must I do it ? A. Usc a copper ����g � ���� . . .. i S . . . ��.�. �� .����� .���� ��_��. �' �: ���!�O: 'S�� �l�·c�ee�. wiiidOW· screen: ···· ·· der urpe tine. c Dec r i i 5 2 n .. . . 532, or brass tube. with eillery pow and t n C - �:i;�� �� ������:.� ���� ���� 3 .607 . ..��� ...... ��: ..�:...... �:. 6 ����: s�e C(re�i�1��lii·iiirig·seai: window seat·: 629 ment a cork to the glasR for a guide and fix the tube in Dental chair, portable. E. H. Lovejoy ...... 532,67 Selvedge protector for cotton minin� machinery, Dental clamp, J. W. Dennis ... " .." ...... 532,723 G. Townsend ...... 532,611 a carpenter's brace and grind through it. No acid can be o a s r. lCE-BOATS-THE lR CONSTRUCTION Is plaster of Paris a non-conductor when thor- .... ������� sees��u� �i�t\�g :E:!��� used. 5. B���:{ �:k�i�J�'�' ���1�::::: : :::::::::::::: ��:�� 532 661 and Management. With working drawings� detR.ils,and e . le ...... , directions In full. Four engravings. showlllg mode ot' oughly dry and made into moulds ? A. It is a very , Rr�;�tr����. &.�. '1Xia�:����· . �fi:::l. �::��il�a����k sig·l1al: · boats :::::::::::::.:��:XW:. . �:X�� ...... 532,706 construction. Views of the two faste�t ice-sailing poor one. Disinfect!ng apparatus, l:t' . J. Mitcbel1...... 532.47H Sie:naturegatbering machine, H. L. Roberts...... 5B2.525 Ilsed on the Hudson river in winter. By H. A. Horsfall. Door, O. C . .\leeban ...... 532.574 S lipper or sboe. worsted, J. C. Bickford 5 ,\1.E. Contained in SCIENT1FlC AMERTCJ..N SUPPLE M. ,Vbat is the reason I . 532 78 D or, flexibl , A S. S auldin ...... �moke abaHng , PercIval & Ludington .... , V. writes : o e . � g ?��,�1. furnace . . . .. 532.438 '\lENT, 1. The same number also contains the rnles and (6372) Door opener. automatlC, B. Rasmuson ...... 53532.�.5,4 ':'imokepu ifier.C. G. Berllqmst...... B. F. . . 96 r .. 5.!J2.46.5 reg'ulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs. the sail that arc incandescent electric lamps are not in usc much Draugbt device, sipbon. Taylor. : ...... Soap making compound, G. T. Lewis . _ ...... 532 in� and management of ice-boats. Price 10 cents. Drums, adjustable couplinll for boIler. J. W. Sodawater dispensing apparatus. C. 739 or not at all ? A. As a matter of practical lighting, the " Adami ...... e ...... r n SAVE MONEY l electric profession has settled upon using the full arc or DU:r��� �e·chanism: 'ri': ' Wrigilt· ...... j�t� :8i�Iiior��� .�������.��: .������:::::: t . . . . .-'.: �5.'-3�2:��:.479 �g?e� .�: �:l� e Dye, red, Pathe & DresseL ...... Stand See Lamp stand. Umbrel1a stand. 0 i ����U:-!f - fill incandescent lamp. 'fhe intermediate types do not o ge 532 7 D 0. Y M,;� of � �����ie�:::::::::::::::: : : ..:: ���:� device fo·r.·T:A� .5 0 9ur wn Type setting easy. pr .�s�'nt the advantages either extreme type. g�:: :�lg���: �i:al . ��::� g�::;��;s� ·ar;f���·ing· ' ' tric elevator and controller, R. WIlson 32, . . . . 582.612 !S. 'Printed rules. r Elec motor 5 514 Traves ...... 532.696 55 C • H •.M ask s ,vhethe. a an ...... 2. 7 inting' Stamp jorcatalogue Lev en Electric motor brake. W. II Mor/i! . . 5325a .6624 5 Stone moulding device. �l . Peckover ...... 53 PrPress for Cards, Cir- � , uc> • d presses, type, paper. (n':'-,3) gleetric switch, W. P. Hancock ...... 2 4 W. Stone working tool, Clarke & Walker ...... , (5 culara,Small Paper. etc. Press$40. for etc., factory. j-u' 01'an electric condenser can be charged with an or- Electn:al appliances, contact device fDr, ...... Ii'. 532,588 Stopper. See Bottle stopper. HygroSCOpicstop- _ to charged, Schmdler-Jenny...... per. KELSEY CO., di,lllry battery. A. The jar or condenser can be r a 532.583 ����i�!l m n J &: 11IEIUDEN. CONN. bllt lin less the batteryiwere of very high voltage the charge �l�;!���·co���o�li�"i j�:l;:. J.°Iieichmann ...... ��TM�, R: �o�j,�:. Engine. See Beating engine. Gas engine. Pulp .��.n��.�:::::::::::::::: �:� " woulLlbe weak. Switch. See Electric switch. Non-arCing switch. BRMS �ND IRONGE'RS .. IN STOCK WITHCUT DR '�ST TEOH;I"- ene-ine. Rotary engine. to, Railway switcb...... 632,447 C. writes : Engine cylinders, means for .locking heads W. Switch operating device. W. Dryden I ...... 5.�2,589 . . . H. P. would I ike to �' . Scbmidt ...... 'l'ablet,writing. . . (6374) . . . . 532.680 C. Leffingwell...... 532,569 Engravmg macbIne, W. Merl ...... Tank. See Flusbing tank. , PItIQI, u&T . know the output in volts and amperes of a 50 light 50 volt E a s o ��.����.� c i mCIAL WOltI(TO OftN". KIID fOIl OUR 11M . • • �. . 3 679 x���rDf. l M:S�t� �. �� .- 5 2 :: ��:� 'T. MFG. CO" 4S :SUDBURY STREET, 8061'01'\ " t.ransformcr used as a common induction coil, the coarse . ��. :� .��.����. , �::�g: g}:���·f�·r�: ��!�riiB::::::::::::::::::: : �jtt F. WELCH�A f���� 1 Extractor. See Cork extractor. Teleponic circuit annunciator, T. Spencer ...... 532.605 coil connected to a 50 volt circllit with ten candle 5.'-l2.470 or bow . 16 Fence, C. March ...... r.I.1e le for testing frames. 'extension; J: power 50 volt lamps in series. Primary has layers No. t & 532 733 If. 2 �:ri�::, �:vi�·e f�; �:aVi'ng' 'eros's 'w:ir'es iii,·j·.·£: . Tile de�0Pa�i��I��paraius· ·i:·S·room·e::::::::.'::::: ��:� 4 wire. Secondary 12� pOllnds of No. 14. A. You do Shough ...... 532,599 'llile moulding and pressing mRchine, Tbo f K. - not give relative number of tnrns of wire. It will ap J:it���'er �� �t�r;u t�����·J. Becker ...... !.)H2.632 1'i1e����i'n�: · · · ' . . �32.539 ·c: ·c: ·G·iiman·.·. ·.·.·. .·.·. .·Grlffltbs.·.·.·. .·.·.·.·.·.·.· .·.·. .:':.� �:t?a proximately reprodnce the voltage of the primary light Flusbing tank. W. E. Delehanty ...... Tin plate, manufacturing. W. H...... 5.12,660 Farnam ...... , 582,466 ing circuit for which it was constructed, provided it is ex }1'ly catCher for use on animals, A. 1. . a3'J 454 rrire, pneumatic, S. Lee •...... ••••.••.•..•. 8 Fly screen for windows. doors, etc., M. H. Blals- rr ongue support. Doran & Gochenouer ...... 532.64 HAVE YOU SEEN . . . 532 . . . 3 3 642 cited by the secondary alternating current of such a cir dell ...... 532,.44889 Toy, J. S. Crowell ...... : The New Green River Forging apparatns, axle, J. H. Simpson ...... 532,002 Toy, mechanical, A:·MRrliii..... :::. : .. :. :. : ...... 532:678 AI cuit. For amperage divide the voltage by the resistance . . . O. 532 687 �'orm, dress, P. A. Smith ...... 532,513 I Transplanter. F. Mulbaupt ...... , of ...... 532 740 M (about 2� ohms) the zinc coil. jfruitpicking sbears, F. M. WilSOll ...... • Transplanting machine, G. S. Gundersen , Drilling achine ur le o ace. n Everything done-drilling P If D��ial ��;na��� sm�k�:���\�11���. ��:� ��f;;d: l.��C�Ck�· ..� �.����: ::::.:::::::::::::::::: ��:m and revers Furnace attachment. W. ElwelL ...... !l?2.452 'llrol1ey catcher, Nicbols 532,477 ing-with one band, without taking it H;. .. . 532,584 & Fraser...... $15.00 TO INVENTORS. }l�urnace top, blast. F. B. RlChards ...... rl'rousers. skirted, L. Sittig ...... 532,601 from crank. Price F. 532 691 Furnaces. air cut�otl·for.Rbodes & Kloz ...... 535.'32,,5f!7041 Typewl'iting machine. J. McLaughlin ...... , IT Send tor Oatalogue. alvanome er, A. H Hoyt.... . to bat rack, combined, An experience of nearly fifty years.and the preparation G t...... 532,559 532 667 Umbrel1a stand and and coat CO. for r n l WILEY & RUSSELL IU FG. of more tban one Dundred thousand applications na- 8:�:n:��:�:t�� ��r �!{l�i a�i���� E:' ii: ' Ells': . Greenfield,Mass S. A. s b .. . . 532.45� val�e, ��r�'F�� iiig:'Cas'ler ·&:Ha:stings·::.;::::::::.: �:� .. U. f:�� a�db�::�S'�edo� ���g,:��7��I�t�.��d���:S��� ��1: worth ...... 3 ,586 Valve rnecbanism for hydraulic motors, F. B. 5 2 . . . . 532 456 as appar tus. water, J . M. Rusby ...... Graves ... .. � ...... , equaled faCilIties for procurmg patents everywhere. A (� a ...... 53?,638 ...... 532, 41 Gas bur e , safe y, C. Clamond 532,555 Vebicle brake lJ. D. Cool .: ...... 6 TO INVENTORS. 1?u"r e��t"Wr�:wJlia�l�rl���;; synopsis of tbe patent laws of the Umted States and all '.' r � b on .... 532.596 ltI odels, Sllecial .�nci1hies to Gas engine, HIrscb ...... Veh!cle pr4?pe ! hng mechanIsm, H. F. S eld offers Iuvenf, foreign countries may be. bad onapphcatlOn and persons G?nerator. 1\.See Steam generator. eblCle shifting Woods . . . 532,716 and J' th e r f t t tb 'r , t I o V seat, P...... 532.526 OJ·S. Guarantees to work out ideas in strictest secrecy, ��i� �� �6 � �� :' �' t l�if� � Gla�� moulds. apparatus lfor operating. F. Rein- �, 02 endin-'Z" macbine. coin controlled. J. A. Bryce ... n t t c �g��:�Pa vit e � i � c: or es V . . - 532,435 i . nardt ...... , ...... �1 2,7. VentIlatIOn, bouse. 1,. Allegretti...... ���k� 1f�:��m::: t:�e g�u ���tZ&�e��L wl1ichare low in accordance with tbe times and our ex- I ' ...... 532,734 Gov.er . steam en,:nne, H. Johnson V�n�i1ator. See Wi�d0!Vventilator. uable ideas, v�i� tensive faCilities for conducting the business. Address ' Gr n u?r E. Kurtz ...... 532,736 V IOhn or other musi�al IDstrument. B.E. Wollen- which they lack mechanical training to de MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERlCAN, 361 Broad- f!.l 1?lD. 8. . . . 532,622 velop. Novelties andSene patentedca St., articles manufacturedOhio. . . HaIr pm, M. N. Packard ...... 5.1?,b'll5 haupt ...... by Cleveland, w!!....ay " 'Sew' York...... ""'.... D. . 532,442 contract. 181 ,,,, � Harne staple, R. Stoner ...... 5.12,608 Wagon body fastener, C. Bradsbaw ...... 532,504 O. 53 ____ Handle for coffeeor tea pots, etc., A. J. Vollrath. Warp beaming machine, H. Farrar ...... 2.546 Hanger. See Coat bunger. Watcb stem winding and setting mechanism A yu e 532,� ' ...: 532,520 Harmonic analysis. apparatus for� G. U. l ..... Barton . . . . NDEX F NVENTIONS . . . . 532.534 ...... Fryer...... 532,656 Harness, J . E. Clark ...... Water closet, W. J...... O I . 32 2 r wheel. I Harvester, Ubben & Mobler ...... 5 .50 Wate 532.595 ...... 532 6 6 current. Seivert & young ...... Harvester, corn, A. E. S. D�nner , " Wbeel. See Water wheel. Wind wbeet E. White 532, 1 For whlcb LeUer_ Palent of' tbe Harvester. corn',F. S. Garrison ...... 532.532,6§657 Whist, card rack for duplicate. C...... 6 9 Head prote�tor, p. W. Larwood, Jr ...... WI ! . . 532,591 VnICed Stale. were Granted . I ow, W. Scbofleld...... 53 53 H�atmg bOiler, G. W. Clark ...... 532.,033 Wind wheel. E. Everson ...... 2,4 Emge. door, A. C. Jacksoll ...... 532 4� Window 532,675 bed, fastener, A. M. Leverin� ...... Hinge, foldmg J . Person ...... 532,519 Window or analogous device storm P oertner & NOW READY I .'. January 15, 1895, Hook. See Ladder hook. Packing book. 53 2 '00 Romunder ...... : ...... 532,00 device. . " ...... 532.686 Horse detac.bing A. Barhite ...... 'IV{J Window screen. H. E. Moyer .... ' ' . . . . 532,659 " N D EACH BEARING rUA r DATE. Hot water Clrculater, C. Pbelps ...... 532,(82 Window seat, Graul & Sbaw ...... 532,694 . . 532,487 �ydrau1icmotor. E. C. Nicbols...... Window ventilator. W. Scharnweber...... Fo urteenth Edition of R. O. . . 532,508 [See end of copies of Hydrocarb�n burner or gas generator, Handy. 532.458 Wire mat. C. White ...... 532 1 note at list about these patents.) HYl!"roscoPIC, stopper. L. 0;. A. Scbnbbert ...... 532,592 Wire streteber, W. H. Beal...... ,7 7 IndICator. See OfficeIndl Cator� Wrapping machine. newspaper, J. T.McColgan ... 532,688 ...... 532 ,563 A!1·�stable . 2 n ect . aczander Wrench. See wrench. ion. H. Wagner ...... 53 ,715 �ar..1 �!e . � l ...... Adhesive composit 5::1262 ���:'e� Wrencb, C. B1I IDgs ...... F K 7 . .1 • SeeE. wringer...... 532,684 Ad ' t bl b B ttl.� ::::::::: ·:::::::::: 532 004 y l ...... ' ...... 532,537 Wrinller. Mop Aii��a�t,���;��iib.&, De�s ,' ���11: S! ��W �oinC · · · Experimental Science . . . . 532,600 Pugh . . . 532,485 Anchoar,nd C. Spr0at ...... 532,654 Journal box lubricator, W. H...... Anvil vise, combined. ]f. O. Farwell ...... E. Deleb 532.MO Doldt ... . 532,727 Keg, beer, W. anty ...... Athlete's suppurter, J. Eo ...... , ...... 532,738 Knob. door, IV . H. Taylor ...... 532,609 or Pierce ...... Pos in . . 532,700 Auger, eartb sand. M. Ladder, extension. T. s ...... DESIGNS. Axle ...... 5 32,618 hook, . . 532,709 lubricator, car. Westervelt & Walters Ladder extension, T. Saxton ...... bag D. Stewart " .... •.••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• Ba�. See rJ'raveling f1>"1 Lamp. electric arc. Chester & Ratbbone ...... 532,531 Cake. . . 23,955 j 532 4 A...... Bag holder, adjustable, . H . amer Th ..... :...... , c._ Lamp stand, E. R. Sboemaker ...... 532,59 Carpet, M. Rose ...... and for W. . . .. 532 5328 ...... 23,954 Bags, method of apparatus makmg, Lathe. staffturning, D. H. Churcb ...... , ...... 532,671 532,521 H. Kerr ...... Lead or rule cutter, Bender & Conner ...... llot ...... O. 532,515 Ba box, P. Zuckrie�el. 532532,711516 Leveling instrument, H. Woodworth ...... 532,627 MARKS. Band cutter and feeder, H. Scbmidt ...... Life-boat, M. A. Anderson ...... TRADE Band cutter and feeder, 'V. T. Wright ...... 532,623 Liq uids. process of and apparatus for elevatin�, Bank, savings. L. J. W. Wall ...... 532,505 Poble ...... 532 699 for J. G . F...... , 25,869 Battery plates, mechanIsm forming, C. J. Loading macbine, G. Dickinson ...... 532,6 Beer, bottled lager. T. Hamm ...... 532,701 47 tbeir Reed ...... Lock. See Permntation lock. Bicycles and parts, Marcb·Davis Cycle (Jom- ...... 532,719 . . . . 5.1 5 . . . . 25,8.% Bearing, roller. P. Danserean L ck A. . 2. 73 pany ...... W. Tower . . . 532,501 o , Manl...... 25,884 Beating engine. H. F...... k 'Vestpbal ...... 5 .500 Brass castings, Brady Metal Company ...... J...... 53�,741 Loc , H...... 5H32.703 E. Bed, B. Ryan ...... Lock attacbment, W. G. Rex ...... Cement, Portland, Frank Morse Company. . . 532,552 . 5:;2.495 25,880, 25.881 Beer cooler. E. L. Hall ...... Locklllg system, lall, T. A. Taylor ...... 8 & 2d ...... 532.558 . . 25 70 Bell banging device. Borneisen Smith ...... 532,635 Loom picker, C. W. Holbrook. Confections, Firm of F. Biscboff...... , . . 532,W8 ...... 532,512 . 25.861 ...... Belt hook slide. I,. Sanders ...... of ...... Loom sbuttle guide and tension, J. \VilHams Corsets. H. W. Lyona .nd...... Belts, macbine for assembling parts link. H. Lubricator. See Axle lubricator. Journal box Harness snaps. loop round eye, J. C. Covert. . 532,072 ...... c 25,882, 25 883 P. Lutton ...... 532.684 lubri ator. Bicycle rest, T. Haskell L J. E. Lonergan . " Lumber and timber, F. C. Chaffin...... 25,886 J. . . . 532.444 Lye.ubr icator, ...... 532,469 25 867 Bicycle saddle, H. A. Christy ...... 532,547 making granulated compound, G. '1'. Lewis' .. 532.467 Meats and lard, cured. J. HoffmannSons ...... Bicycle saddle, A. L. Garford ...... Maf2neticseparatDr. H. Arden ...... 532,7 2 Medicine for the cure of rheumatism and kindred Von . . .. 532,568 4 . . . .. 25,873 Billiard time register. H. Leesen ...... Malt house. J. F. Dornfeld ...... 32, 4 complaints, Bildstein & lSupot ...... J...... 532,542, 5 2 5544 . Bin. See Grain bin. Malt stirrer, F. Dornfeld, 53 . 3 Mineral water, natural and carbonated,. Bedford . . 532,707 O...... 532.5.1)8 Company . Blower or pump. C. Rumley ...... Malting drum, Hentscbe1...... Mineral Springs ...... 25,868 [ See ...... 532,545 Boat. Life boat. floor. J. F. Dornfeld Non-alcoholic preparations for the cure of liver i Malting 5 s, n t relie , R. icola . t'i2.577 s l �:f re� \V�� :�rg f N i ...... p :r� ����rl �;���:�JlB.��l �t��, ti 'sim ' ar ' 25,874 ��n:�·a���t�� f��:i��l�rirnace.. J. W. McGrana- 532.690 . i . ai h i an · il 5 8 1 ban ...... Metal cutting-off goods, H. D. Williams ...... 2 . 79 ' E...... 5,2,62U and centering. machine. C. C. Boot or sboe cleaner, B. Winte...... rs ...... , .. 532.6.'10 Newton ...... 5.,2,692 Paper bag8, Union Bag and Paper Company ...... 25,860 Bottle, measuring. W. S. Baird Metal cutting macbine, shape, D. Hammond ...... 5.q�.(57 Preoarations. certain tOilet. Lever Brotbers ...... 25.871 1hatcher ...... 532,498, 5 32,499 532 R d o v e :g�� les;�Iff��Wotb� . . M�fl�Ii�:: g��;�W.g machine, C. Haggenmacher .. .550 U�?ci[hlj�1:, ari� �:h����tb�r:����, �0���13�j���6 X? brake. , 30 RubbeI Company...... REV[�ED AND ENLARGED. Brake. See Car brake. Carriae-e Electric W . 532 . M.ining machine. coal, J. . Harrison ...... 7 Salve. 25865 1�0 110 .. t8 motor brake. \' ebicle brakc. Mining macbines, cutting cbain for, J. A. Wi.';gs, W. R. Trower ...... ·.. ·. ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.'.: 25:876 l'ages nlld Superb (: nelded. . . . 532.670 . . . . Brake handle, F. N. Kelsey ...... Jr . . . . . 10 5.1 Sbeep casings, Gus. V. Brecbt Butcbers' Supply ...... 532 5 , 2,511 ...... 25,sr� Breast !!ltraps. detachable pad for, B. L. Heyman. 532,732 MOistening gummed surfaces, apparatus for, G. Company...... 532.409 East . . 25,8'12 Just the thing for a holiday present for any man, Bridle bit. C. W. B'i8ber ...... 532,455 S. Hill...... Soap, 8eouring, River Chemical Works ...... or anyone i rm i L 532, Ta O i woman.liltudent.teacb er, interested In science. It�����i;o�t.�: £t�P:�ly :::: �g�lgi�� ::::c�t��b f�� f!�dry ' #)() b� ���ry� �:�� sWve������ ...���.f .. In the new matter contained in the last edition wiU be ��Burner.��� See Gas burner. Hydrocarbon�::::::: bu �:::::::rner. ��:r� Boegen ...... 'work; " j'.' 'iri:.. 32.74::1. I Thread, cotton, Barstow Thread.�� Company,��� . �.i?� 25,877 found the SCientificUse of the Phonollraph.tbe curious 5.�2,528 . 5 Mop . . . 532,6;' 3 2 862 to 25,864 Butter, etc.. retlnin!!.J. H. & C. H. Campbell...... wringer. H. L. Ennes ...... 5, C s c t 2 875 f Can capping and . 5. �Ih �t��� �O� k::l�d�n�:r:�tTnt�?;i c�� �R�sfg�:. r�� crimpine machine, C. R. .Austin. . 532.55532.5184 Motor. See Current motor. Hydraulic motor. Tonic. Frekerick Stearns & Company ...... Wood.. . p f a b Candy cutting machine, M. S. Hersbey ..' ...... 5B2.62 Music box tongues. device for Vibrating. A. Wood preservinll (>ompounds\l...... Milwaukee ...... 25.878 r . 1 . . 532 5 � Car brake. railway, D. L. Winters ...... Richter ...... , 85 Preserving Company � W;��e��i;:��g���c�::t �:s� ��C;;�. � ��:Ij)� �h ���� 532,fi74 ...... 532 73 c �ar. combined flat and dumpin�, M. S. Le Gore ... Nail turner, A. W. Miles ...... 7 C a 5.qz,5')8 . . . 53'?,509 �f �\����ic'ila�WS&��f��·. ir��lr��al �rr�8'F?��'� Car controller. electriC, H. P. Davis ...... Nippers, cutting. G. F. Wbiting ...... i 532,6]9 : ...... 532,59( §�� �J;s C"1al' conpling. J. N. Bannon ...... on-arcine- s'Yitch.S cott & Uavis ..... the er, F.lectrical Hocker. Electric Chimes, How to Color N F. 5..!J ,54! .\ J) l'j lltf'cI cop�· of speciflcation and drawing- ot l�antern Slides, Study of the Stars. and a great deal of Car coupling. Boyd & Frantz ...... 532,440 Nozzle. spraymg, J. Dorn!eld ...... � : the or . any patent in foregoing list any patent in print other new matter which will prove of interest [0 sci en" Car coupling, C. D. Curry...... 5R2.6155.12.643 Nut ta,Pp1!l2:ma chine, F. S. Cook ...... , ...... 53�,5..� 2.�f}3 issued since 1868, will be furnis'h ed from this officefor tiflcreaders. Car couplinll. A. Weaver . Officelll © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1895.J $ Citutiiic �mtticau. Founded by Nathetv Carey, 1785. HENRY CAREY BAIRD &. CO. - I INnUSTRI.ALPUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS IMPORTERS .w ac 1 our correspon ence met od, WIth at APPAltA,TUS. Architecture. R. R. and Brid&.e Engineering. & D aDh� '1�tuerms dylow. Cat.�I free.ec tScientrtciItyficMach Fin!!'ml.t , Clevel d, eO. P u 810 "Valuut t .. Philadelphia, Fa., S. A . Hom �I�!,�l mbing, Heat!q�ing, Mini�!�!!��ing, Engli.sh Bran�h. S U. Both Hand�r� and:�f�f'Power. ! eB. S nd CIrcular, statmg 8ub)6ct A;C��:uttlTfDgSizes ' 1 to inches.IDes. e for free Our New aud Revised Catalogue· of Practical and O 6 "DTAL and O 'V,ISb to stuciyor yonrtrade. SCientificIT Books. pages, Evo. and our other Catalo�ue8 Water. Gas, and Steam Fitters' W OD l u tr_ 90 'rools, Hinged Pipe �Ises, �Ipe Cut- .au:. WOR RS' . 8TC OOL orre,s ondence �cboo of Ind s ial and Circulars. the wllole covering every branch of Sci. � ROLL SA W S SCIences,� A TON. euce applied to tbe Arts, sent .free and free of postage ters. 1'1 unIversally !!IOR SCR N PA. to any one in any part of the world wbo will furnish acknowledged�tOckM nnd to be Ih THE BEST. FOOT }'PORM WERERS IT�ERS, address. his o .. CJILA'iUES,RUCLA� ' MACHINES. C r i Engines. Bl'ewel's' :�� i MAStockCHINE RY • an lllo acbl sslnc ry. -c"';;';;::::- All�/K&�G t l all d Bottlers' THE VILTER B i d_" ()-;"_i�!'i2:"P O '· . vo.C' o l n the For the Pictorial and Literary Presentation �-.ii.!'. _r__ . / � MFG. CO., 899 Clinton Street, Milwaukee, Wis. ______of ______e the Events of the Day _____ LEA DINC �o:eth l�:;v r I CE The Rembert Roller Compress Co. !!lYRESend icVERentsY for LOW large lllus. PRICEcatalog.S I 6ALVESTON, TEX.\!S, e n c b t THE WILKINSON CO., U 83 Randolph St., Chicago • ft f:�br:�� �; � �!�lt�rv� o'!!�e�no� t'e :t��s J."a��;r�} I 18, 1800, .;.;;,n • the United States No. 441,022, issued November GREA'!' MINING - DE- ..�( . to Henry Rembert : 'rUNNELS. That the claims of this patent cover a method of scription of the Revenue tunDel near Ouray. Col •. con.. Harper's balingU cotton conSistingof compressing the same pro- structed by the CarOlina Company, on Mount Sneffles, i n a m r s and of the Newhouse tunnel now being driven into the ti1e���ic�I; mountains at ldaho Springs. Contained in SCIENTIFIC �f��� Vt� YirS �:�;�:�� ���h��O�� & : 964. 10 e t l or after to A ERICAN SUPPI.E"ENT. No. PriCe cents. To .�.,�. ������ :re��:re: tg��::ftt�l i:�b��� ��!�� be.. had at this officeand from all newsdealers. '� 'l'hat as the exclusive owner of this process the 8elfINCU-BeguBATOlating BrooderRS Weekly Company is prepared and intends to maintain its sale Most Perfect Maclilnes, Best•. TAKES THE LEAD. t r n s Material and Workmanship. �!t� a�r����0 :�10���1 fl;��, ��:!�n: o� gIg!f�Ir8�� fi; and Hnd Our Regu lntol' any manner practiCing the same." 14CUTwith KARIT THIS youI' OUTDame and P'i.��� addreHiIt i·. is so accurate'l'lteriDo that thermom In addition to its many other attractions, and e will send this eter can be dispensed with. illus w d you beautiful breeds high-class poultry. trated records of the ach ievements in :����:!�fo� . w��� Full1 � stock poultry supplies. • the e.xpres8offict', and :i8�r you::8�t f�� GATES ROCK &. ORE BREAKER if l bini!: c o t l u Capacily up 10 200 Ions per hour. j�fs �:� ����:, � B�,::a�i!'8!',� gfb ogro sire��eQh�cy:�: "'. SCIENCE AND ART .'" r c r ficently�2���r!:�� engraved 1�;rO: �:and equal �:�ar. ��d ��O�� ���!)��� a r e in form a notable feature. During tg� G!rd !:'.� :h. ee 1894 there have all other Breakers combined. toAa �:�:�� '�!I: V8u USE GRINDSTONES? Builders of high grade Mining years and beautiful gold plate If so, we can supply you. All sizes been capital articles on such topics as : chain and charm gsent tree . "ith mOlilltect and l1 nn.ollllted. always Machinery, King-Darragh Concen every watch, write to-day ,this may kept in stock. Remember, we make trator, Connersville Blowers. Dot appear mention whethe! specialtyof selecting stones for all spea Ohicago Drainage Canal. IIY" Send jor Catalogues. aj!!'alni GATES IRON 'VORKS, Cial purposes. Ask jor catalogu;l. The Cl.EVELAorND !S'I'ONE �HENA¥IC;NAIL.d�WrF8� CO. Recent Excavations at Dashur, Egypt. 50 C So. Clinton St., Chicago. & 186 IMPORTINC CO., .. Floor, Wilshire, Clevela.nd, C Liberty St., N. C Franklin St.• Boston, Mass. 2d O. Gold Mines of Colorado. \'. 237 S3i I1eathorll St., Chlcago, lILi MANUFACTURE OF SMOKELESS MAXIM'S FLYING MACHIN E.-FULL Need of a National Health Board, Powder.-By Oscar Guttmann, F.I.C. An intere�tinll description of the remarkable apparatus which Mr. summary of the mo�t striking pecuJial'ities of this rap re r g i Electrical Industries, idly increasing industry. Contained in SCIENTIFIC �����. ���IY1R �R��:r�;i��s� �����ed \� ��i�i� AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 9"2 and 973. Price E MapA large, handsome of the Map Un of thei Unitedted States, Stat mountedes cents each. To had at this office and from all A� 6 b�'��J"atss,�:�&rg: :�d !J7:ew::r��fer�� Cleansing the Streets of Paris, 4nd suitable for office or home use, is "issued by the 10ne wsdealers. he �!�f;. f�gin Burlington Route. Copies will be mailed to any ad Constant advancement in excellence is the chief by P. S. guide in the direction of dress, on receipt of fifteen cents in postage, ELECTRIC TELEPHONE HARPER'S WEEKLY, EUSTIS, General Passenger Agent, C., B. and Q. R. R., o rO and , with almost boundless resources, it will con Chicago, Ill. toS81��v�Ii::!':r ���!'t��. �:��ed t::��� tinue to treat every scientific event of public in ------nntl HEAD NOISES home, shop, store and office. Greatest conven· DEAFNESrelieved by usingS ience and best seller on earth. Wilson's Common Sense Enl' nl'UIn. terest comprehensively and at the shortest notice. Agent8One in IDakeresidencef'roID means 85 to a 850 sale per to all day. the New scientificinvention, entirely different neighbors.a Fine instruments, no t YS, works in construcdon from all other devices. As... anywhere, any distance. Complete,O ready for sist the deaf when all other devices fail when shipped. Can be put up by any one, and where medical skill bas given DO relief: j use o r t They are safe, comfortable. and invisiblej '\V���a�t���' � m� �:� ��elr�s w�il::e bave no wire or string attachment. \\" rite I ��:� C r er. for pampblet. 10, Columbus, O. Telephones WATERjor PamWHEEL hlet. S. urMention this paper. W. P. Harrison & Co., Clerk �r�������ee �;: ��f���;'��t? d Send P WILSON EAR llRUM MFG. CO., Suitable for exe{, anges or private plants. JAMt:S LEFFt:I. & CO., SendJor Testimonials DrumIn positiOD. LOUISVILLE, Ky. ! lITSome good territory left forand reliahlePrices. agents. !Sp.. I .... fleld. Ohio. U. 8. A. TURBINE e MASON TELEPHONE CO.. R'CHMOND, VA. TC>C>x... S � 1�0��j.:i,������: areE:J:>G-E often nearly ruined by using a grind_ f.orLE l�anCTURERStern Slides. From! original subject, 75 cents ARTESIAN PROF. E. stone not adapted to the work. Our each from own negative, cents eacb. ScienltECEtificN'l'LY B� l'UB) Ca,]SHED.tal ogue WELLS -BY v y of grits j 40 G. Smith. A paper on artesian wells &8 a Bource of �J:r:l� tto'� Our New Catalogue containing over 100pages. includ water supply. Essential geological conditions of a.rte f����r:d Y For Uatalogue of ��"""i1��r: 3[ay send you o"ur Catalo{JUf, Instrumentthe ing works on more than fifty different subjects. Will sian wells. Some cbemical features of artesian well we Musical be mailed free to any address supply. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP. which 'WilL g"ive you some injormatinn ? you think of buying. Vio on application. 943. FTON !STONE COlll l' ANY, rep':aired by the Cremona C PLeMENT. No. Price 10 cents. To be had at this GR.\ lins MlJNN &; O .. Publishers SCIENTIFIC A�IERICAN, officeand from all newsdealers. , OHIO· C. STORY,SEN 26D Central St., Boston, Mass. 361 Broa wnJ', N ew No. 80 River Street, GRAFTON ------d YOI·k. ------_._- l! T:E3:E I:I: OLIN" :>:> OILanufacturers WELL of everytbing SUPPL needeYd f oCOr . . for eit e il ter Tests, GAS ARD GASOLIRE ERGIR:!', " Boilers, Eng E, nes, Pipe, \..iordage, Drillin� 1 " 'oOls,� etc.�!. lll�us'd� !�. t:atuio �aue. �,;!; . � fROM TO 10 HORSE POWER, fOR ALi peWER PURPO:;!!;. r! d&.Scount. sheets on requestpnc:e Juts, and • T:a:E OLZ1V <3r.A..& EN"Gr-ZN'E Oo.� . � i�".�urg, uli City and Bradford, Fa: 222 CHICACO STREET, BUFFALO, NEW YORK. FIREPROOF FLOORING.-DESCRIP- , Rnggles-Coles Engineering Co., C tl n Street, New Also, 32 Cortlandt St., New fork. 39·41 O I d York, Agent8. Uon of the various systems of fireproof llooring em · n t ploY"d in Europe and the UDited State.. With 73 ilIus. Agent's prOfits per month. Will prove tra.tions. Contained in SCIEN'l.'[FICAMER ICAN SUPPLE_ It or pal' forfeit. New articles just out. THE H P NOSCO E e t MENT. No. Price cents. To be had at thIS $1. ;)0 r�d l����l��':ft�'rs� �!��8 officeand from94 ".all newsdeal10er s. $525 A sample sent free. Try us. . hypnotizationY 0sSible inP almost every case. (]ircula"rs ELECTROGRAPH Co., 28 Bond St., N. Y. g k S free. M. O. T 8DD, Inventor, Los Angeles, Cal. A.rc hitectural 00 I Useful, Beautiful and Cheap. I rhePer Kochfect Patent File,Ne forwspa preserving perNewspapers, Fi Magle.. s m et b n c o a �KANVAE'SPOR ��l�: r:dt?C�JL. ��bs:ri�:�s i� t�: ��:�N��rC ��E:I� Any person about erect a dwelling house or sta CAN and SCIENTIFIC A)-IERIC.A.N SUPPLEMENT can be hle. either in the countryto or city, or any builder wishing ElEGTRO EN6JNES s plied for. the low price of $1.50by mail, or $1.25 at the to examine the latest and best plans for a church, 'ltf, t a v b r des t ooN'T s6tE�TI� � © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �mttitJu. )!rCilvedisements. DAI MLER MOTOR ORDINARY RATES. BUILDERS OF he d a d ind � p Inside Page. each insertion, - ,-:; centM line 1i' R, QuickE process R Y ,and �:!; large stock,� l'J :When� � in� 'Jfa turry, ffe� Hack l'age. each insertion. a line Highest Grade Single and Twin Screw Launches. TA NI'l'''; • • EMbuy of H CU., NEW CITY. $1.00 T E YORK For some classes of and Safest, cleanest and speediest power boat built. CINCINNATI, and STROUDSBURG, Higher17' rates are requireda Aavertisements, Special PA. No smoke or smokestack, ':ehe at ove are charges per agate line- about eight no boiler, no elec words per line. This notice shows the width of the line, tricity. No steam or naphtha under pressure. and is set in agate type. Engravings may head aaver Run on HOLDERS tisements at the same rate per ag-ate line, by measure ODe pint of gasoline per horse power I rI/�A i/.: DJI USTABLE ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be per hour, and are under way in less '-1\ received at Publication Office a.s early as Thursday than one • NCANDESCE.N'rRLAMPS. .• / morning to appear in the following week's issue. O. C.wH ITE GO. WORCEST ER. minute. No licensed engineer or pilot. '0" '! � SEND FOR CIRCULARS. MASS. Also Stationary Motors. Parson I"Horologlcal Institute s • � Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price List. • OFFIOE AND WORKS, "STEINWAY," LONG ISLAND OITY, DOUCLIS THEFOR BEST.ASKING . N. Y. FIT A gcbool for rnatcbrnaker� HOE5. CORDO VA N. ENGRAVERS AND JEWELERS. FRENCH &.ENAMELLED CALF.' WANTJ.D nlR,FINE TOOLS IN EvrRYSHOP 17' Send for Catalooue and References. 'GENTS PARSON 'S HOROLOG ICAL FINE CALf&KANGARDll It cAT:l'6�J�R t::.H.BESLY INSTITUTE. 'ANDAGENCV. & {;O: $ 3.5J1POL lCE,3 SOLES. CHICAGO, I LL.U.S.A.- 30� Bradley Avenue, PEORIA, ILL. $t)�.9$2 . WORKINGMEN's #' • EXTRA FINE' • "THE STANDARD I, $2. $1.7� BoYs'SCHOOLSHOEl No drip to soil table THE BA'I'TEItY N c is plug.sealed , � i � needs noCA preparationI'O.FA RAD or attention ; never polarizes j �W��iBeautif'y. nickel:r�� plated.�� � works in any position. Mails under a 2-cent stamp and Sent address is suited for any purpose for which a battery is used. to 00 Wanted Over-OD�HmonPeople wear receipt oj ar/,uprice, Volts, 1.25 ; Amp., 1.9; Size, 11-16" x 2 each. 2� tho 3-,," $1.10 c. bIsrru:o ,,�•. . "_� a Nassau Electrical Co., 108 Liberty St., New York. W. L. DoUglas'$]& $4Shoes Standard Strainer 00. 31.,1!! f��� �ft';,� · All our shoes are equally satisfactory Wimshurst Machines BRISTOL' S They give the best value for the money. antI 60 Lhrht Dy. Recording Instruments. s, 1 6 They equal custom shoes In style and fit. n amo (�Rstings, Pressure Gauges, Vacuum Gauges, Volt.. Their wearing qualities are unsurpassed. Simple and otber SCIENTIFIC tneters, Amperemeters, Wattme.ters, and The prices are unlform,-.stamped on AMERIC Motor Castings. $6.00 Thermometers, make continuous records solo. AN Pi1I!I and NiQht. From $1 to $3 saved over other makes. ENGINE CASTINGS, Will pay for themselves. to $100.00. Every instrument fully guaranteed an'ij L lf your dealer cannot supply you wecan . TEI,EPHONES, sent on days' trial. fir Send jor Cire'l.(.' The lightest and most practical cameras for hand lars and 30Specimen Chart. ------Send stamp for catalogue. orKDOAKS tripod nse. An illnstrated manual, free with Bristol Comllany, Waterbury, Conn. ALMER BROS., Mianus, Oonn every Kodak, tells how to develop and print the The Repair Bicycles ___.... __ .. -"""'-... pictures. a a WE - HOUSE COLD ROOM.-BY THE •• AND Eastman Kodak Company. G. HattJeld. With directions for construction. Four ...... �- ,For a Living. R li!asy wayto make GOO}) IJ iviD " Fu!] outfit-Bellows, engraVIngs. Contained in SCIENT] FIC AMERICAN SuP.. R,ochester, i If ! Bend for � S er, Solder, ' nts. To be d at his o � rg���ts ¥g � t r;{ e ha t N. Y. �� , � a � 'f � ne ��I s� �Oatalouge.Z Send three* 2-centrr� 'Ji��stamps for lUus.: Gataloft"e�� :� oj Tools. � �� [ir�� E � k: ! J � ;:li :: FHA�S.� . ",In'rea St., New YOl'k. �i�!,' U() . �1 IJ( to 50 H. P. THE M fl9 otoro th Oentury pP" ESTABLISHED � lS41). BA.BY VAPOR LA.UNCH. PIONEER in Use of Gasoline. nor heat. absolutely safe,·$250. Sen<1 stamps The Most Popular Scientific Paper the World No fire Started at the Head and in for large illustrate<1 Catalogue. . HAS REMAINED THERE. Only $3.00 a Year, Including Postage. .. , Unequaled in Simplicity, Ecr;n- Weekly Numbers a Year. •• li� "'c Reliability, and Power. _ mny, This widely circulated and splendidly illustrated For Circulars, etc., address '__ . ... ::=s paper is published weekly. Every number contains six .. Oharter Gas Engine P. O. Box Sterling, teen pages of usefnl information anc1 a large number of 00., H8, m. original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam ,Machinery. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE New Inventtons, Novelties in MechaniCS, Manufactures, TRUSCOTT BOAT MFG. CO •• •• n k r f h C I Chemistry, Electricity,Telegraphy, Pbotograpby, Archi Drawer D. U ST. JOSEPH, MICH U. S. A. A �u i E i ca� � tag a h s ��c� � tecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, ��:cents.��.{" �Also� to; be� �had� of newsdealers: � in: rall parts of�� 10 etc. Complete list of Patents each week. t BUY the country. ESSER O . �e�¥ N. Terms of SllbscI"iPtion.-One COpy of the SCIEN KEUFFEL & BRANCHESG :l�7k� g � Y. TIFIC AMERICAN will be .sent for ooe year-52 numbers 111 Madison I:lt., Chicago. Locust St., St. Louis. ThatTE L",ood-nEPotHO ,. cheap'N rhingESs_" The dUler 708 ence innre 'cost i8 litt1e� We g-...nmtee our apparatus and postage prepaid. subscriber the United States, to any In VANDUZEN SJi�M PUMP Canada, or Menco, on receipt of Tllree o a s by -� D ll ""m..".� ""'K In·�dUW 0 fGW.L·IqUlu·.1. r ;,tomJIFJ1\'r,�)�· the publisbers ; six months, $1.50; three months. $1.00. M S ��WESTERN ·�Tllll..EPHO.. E-CtNg ').'!PJ�tl.'fQN CO , never Clogs nor MonadnockN Block, CHICAGO. -i"ervP';"",Guaranteed.. Clubs.-Speclal rates for several names, and to Post. Wrlte for Keujfe! Esser Co.'s Gataloaue of 1895. 26th 440 [ir &: masters. Writ.e edition._3:r:J� Enlarged by over �N��R�100 pages, the most �N�complete fo1' nn:rt.i l"n ln.... g and reliable catalogue, representIng the largest and 'P6t-nt"". Tbe safest way to remit is by Postal Order, most complete stock in this line. Cost $7 to .75 each. Address Dnl.ilJ; Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside -FOR- l1tEVAN DUZEN & TIFT CO., of envelopes, securely · sealed, and correctly addressed, 102 to 108 E. Setond St.. Cincinnati, O. seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address Computing Figures ;�;;;;ct'UT�S;�T��;;mMilling Parts of Machinery. 1 �;;;�;; mentall is robab iIIIoIilllllJoIjJIIIII�1 These Cutters canbe made In great all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to y p ly the a ICE YACHT. - BY ardest kind of toil known. variety of outHnes and can be sharp.. THE MODERN MUNN CO., Broadway, New York. h & 361 The o om ter make& it d g i n Geo. W. Polk. A new and valuable paper. containing C pt �g fO fu. � �r g� mf a f� directions and specifi<'ations for the con� easy, ism twice eas quick., t' uIl, practical --\'@.-- the: productiun� ¥ �� of duplicate: !� � and�, in- the fastest and best kinds of Ice Yachts of relievesin .. . struction of sures accuracy and en a terchangeable parts. the latest, most approved forms. Illustrated with - THE - all mental nerv s strain. II1r lllustraud Catalogue Free. - and on gravings drawn to sca le, showing the form. position, Why don't you et one ? a and arraDl�elLent of all the parts. Contained in SCIEN g No. 624-. Price � � � � � TIFIC AM-ERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 10 Write for Pamphlet. The L. S, Starrett Co., l!: 8 ' 'i'll� �il2 �J1� : cents_ To be h�d a� this officeand of all newsdealers. FELT " TA RRANT MF4It CO, JdtutititThis is a separate �ttt and td(aUdistinct publication JUpplt fromttt ttMTHE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, but is uniform therewith in 152-'58ILLINOIS ST•• C.IOAeo. size, every number containing- sixteen large pages full AND of engravings, many of which are taken from foreign The Fox Automatic Tape Band---# papers and accompanied with translated descriptions. For Filing Pa ers, etc, Better, Cbea er, and Cleaner PATENT SECTIONAL r. • TANKS THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is published th r b r. .l:c TOWERS an U b ' � t��� S MESSRS. MUNN & Co , Solicitors weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It . � � �e. of Patents, bave had nearly fifty IRVING FOX, '8'� �:' : B;o •ton • ALL IRON TOWERS Oliver Street,:C'I:.Yl years' continuous experience. Any of " and Columns, for presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in 1'. 8 . o , Mass. 1 'J one may quickly ascertain, free, the principal departments of Science and the Useful Water Works, Cities, Towns and Manu· all whether an invention probably is factories. it Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, �atural � ori� i �l d �: WOOO TOWERS. History, Geography, Arcbreology, Astronomy\ Chemis �: �Jd � ��sf and� PLAIN, ALL try, ElectriCity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, tO b � f R�; � � ':, fJi'�:' �b, EL EVA'I' ED TANKS Steam and Railway En1Z'ineeriDg Mining, Ship Building, for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Plants. Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology. Manu ... Manufacturers of Iron and Steel Tanks. �'*l+� facturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering'. Agriculture, The Louisiana Red Cypress Wood Horticulture, Domestic Ecunomy, Biography. Medicine, 'l'anks a �pecialty. etc. A vast amount of fresh and valuable Information obtainable in no other publication. taken through Munn & Co. receive The most important Engineering Works, Mechanisms, American specialPAT notice in Ethe ScientificNTS Amer. w. E. CALDWELL CO. i e and Manufactures at home and abroad are illustrated � im l�� �� . a� � l i and described in the SUPPLEMENT. !;icircula.tion� �� & of� any&g scientifiC: re :r work.:: Price for the SUPPLEMENT, for the United States, Bell Telephone ISa year. Specimen copies free. Address MUNN & CO., Canada, and Mexico. $b.00 a year ; or one copy of the New York, Broadway. 361 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of the SUPPLE Company, MENT, both mailed for one year to one address for $7.00. Sin;;le copies, 10 cents. Add ress and remit by postal order, express money order, or check, 125 Milk Street, MUNN CO. , Broadway, New York. & 361 Boston, Mass. --\'@.-- This Company owns Letters THE�l SCIENTIFIOtild ingAMERICAN !;t ARClitian.HIT E T AND ELOClTY OF ICE BOATS. COL- C s' Patent No. 463,569, granted V A BUILDERS' EDITION Is issued monthly. $2 50 a year. STEVENS POINTS lection of interesting letters to the editor of the SeIEN.. Single copies, 25 cents. Thirty.two large quarto pages, to Emile Berliner ovem- This tool consistsTRAM oftwo MEL bodies of our No. Tn�lC AMEHICAN on the question of the speed of ice N , boats, democstrati nlZ how and why it that these craft forming a large and splendid Magazine of Architecture, 111 tool, with round bar 18 inches in length is making a F shed. sail faster than the wind which propels them. 11lustrated richly adorned with elegant plates in colors, and with 17, 1891, for a combined nl ber �� � i1, � O with explanatory diagrams. Contained in t;CIEN'OFIC � �lI� AMEHICAN10 SUPPI.. EMENT, No. Price cents. other fine engravings illustrating the most interesting ;i�"ila��; � i i �14-. 10 j Telegraph and Telephone, S be had at this officeand from all newsdealers. exampl es modem Architectural Construction and i � �e �� e p � '1'0 0 f ie�:and�l�ii Fine � ;Machinists'?a �� Tools.� D�9[ �:u�:t allied subjects. and controls __ _ Letters-Patent 17'1ll'ustrated. catalo(/'Uefree all. Durable-Easily Applied. A speCial feature is the presentation in each number to This rootJng is manufactured of a variety of the latest a:qd best plans for private resi No. 474,231, granted to from natural �rrinidad asphalt J. STEVENS ARMS AND TOOL (lO. dences. City and country, including those of very mod Box Chicopee Mass. materials, and will not dry up Thomas A. Edison May 3, P. O. 280. Falls, and become brittle under ex erate cost as well as the more expensive. Drawings in posure to th e weather as coal perspective and in color are given, to�ether with Plans, 1892, a Speaking Tele· METHODS OF MINE TIMBERING.- tar roofings do. [ir Send jor for ree sample of roof 12 years old, DeSCriptions, Locations, Estimated Cost, etc. By W. H. Sturms. very valuable and exhaustive with circular and price list to graph, which Patents cover paper on th e subjectA of tlmberinll mines to prevent The elegance and cheapness of this magnificent work caving-. With 50 illustration8. Contained in SClEN .. WA RRE!' CHE lI ICAL have won for it the Larll:est C i rc atio n of any fundamental inventions and TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. lUI<'G. l and Price cents each or971). 50 cents976, for9 77,the Fult& on Street,eo .. Architectural publication in the world. Sold by all 978 series. To979. be had at this10 officeand from all newsdealers. 81) New York, S. A. newsdealers. $2.50 a year. Remit to u embrace all forms of micro U. MUNN & CO., Publishers, phone transmitters and of 361 Broadway, New York. carbon telephones. O PRINTING INKS. Used� for Bicycles, Locomotives, Yacht. Fire, and Marine BOilers, and all Mechanical The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is printed with CHA8, purposes� � F�l� where�� lightness�m�!:� and_KL�eat SEAMLE strength are desired. ENEU JOHNSON CO.'S Tenth and Lombard SS TUBING 11< INK, SHELBY ST EEL TUBE CO., Box SHELBY, OHIO. Sts., Philadelphia, and Rose St., opp. Duane, New 'l' HE 10, '7 Yor� © 1895 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
4'1 [$3.00 a Year
