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Universite D'aix-Marseille These Pour Le Doctorat En UNIVERSITE D’AIX-MARSEILLE Faculté de Droit et de Science politique d’Aix-Marseille THESE POUR LE DOCTORAT EN DROIT Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Lingwei LI Le 9 novembre 2017 LES PLACES RESPECTIVES DE LA MEDECINE CHINOISE ET DE LA MEDECINE OCCIDENTALE DANS LE DROIT CHINOIS ENTRE 1840 ET 1982 Membres du Jury Madame Hoang Anh NGUYEN, Professeur à l’Université nationale du Viêt Nam de Hanoï, Rapporteur Madame Geneviève REBECQ, Maître de conférences à l’Université de Toulon, Rapporteur Monsieur Banggui JIN, Maître de conférences à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille, Codirecteur de Recherche Monsieur Antoine LECA, Professeur à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille, Directeur de Recherche Résumé Pendant des milliers d’années, la médecine chinoise jouit d’une notoriété importante. Cependant, après la première guerre de l’opium en 1840 et avant la promulgation de la Constitution de 1982, cette médecine locale a vécu une phase de lente décadence. Ce changement est dû à la mutation radicale de la société chinoise et à la confrontation avec la culture et de la médecine occidentales de l’époque. Dans le but de remédier à la situation délicate du moment et de pallier les difficultés sanitaires du pays, les pouvoirs politiques successifs ont tenté d’installer différents systèmes de santé systématisés, modernisés voire occidentalisés : soit en privilégiant la médecine occidentale, parfois même avec une intention d’abolir la médecine chinoise, soit en stimulant une collaboration des deux médecines. En s’appuyant sur cette histoire de la rencontre et de la cohabitation souvent heurtée des médecines chinoise traditionnelle et occidentale moderne, ainsi que sur les particularités de chaque médecine, il parait judicieux de vouloir procéder à une collaboration des deux médecines avec plus de profondeur, afin de mieux gérer la santé publique. En effet, cette collaboration aurait le mérite de perfectionner le système de santé, de stimuler l’activité médicale, d’alléger les dépenses de santé et enfin d’améliorer la santé et le bien-être de la population. Bien entendu, aujourd’hui, améliorer la situation d’existence et de développement de la médecine traditionnelle est une obligation pressante. Mots-clefs : Médecine chinoise, Médecine occidentale, Statut juridique, Coexistence, Abolition, Système de santé, Soins de santé primaires. Abstract For millennia, Chinese medicine has been of some renown. However, during the period going from the first Opium war of 1840 to the promulgation of the Constitution in 1982, this medicine has slowly declined. This change is mainly due to the radical mutation of Chinese society on its whole, and to its increasing confrontation with western culture and medicine. Successive political regimes have tried to set up diverse health systems, which they modernized or westernized, in order to remedy the delicate health situation and relieve some burden from existing institutions. They either openly supported Western medicine, even to the point of wanting to abolish its Chinese counterpart, or tried to stimulate some form of collaboration between the two medicines. Based on this history of clashes and forced cohabitation, and on the specific aspects of each of them, it seems a sound goal to proceed to a deeper collaboration between these two medicines, to help and manage public health more efficiently. Indeed, this collaboration could in itself better the current health system, would stimulate medical activity, could reduce healthcare costs and finally should improve global health and wellbeing of the Chinese population. But of course, it is first and foremost a pressing duty to enhance the current status of existence and state of development of Chinese traditional medicine. Keywords : Chinese medicine, Western medicine, Legal status, Coexistence, Abolition, Health system, Primary health care. L’Université d’Aix-Marseille n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans les thèses. Ces opinons doivent être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs. Madame Nguyen, Je vous remercie très sincèrement et suis très touchée que vous ayez accepté de faire partie de ce jury. Madame Rebecq, Je vous suis particulièrement reconnaissante d’avoir accepté de siéger dans ce jury. Monsieur Jin, En tant que codirecteur de ma thèse, votre soutien, vos conseils, vos encouragements et votre bienveillance m’ont insufflé la confiance nécessaire à l’aboutissement de ce travail de recherches. Permettez-moi de vous en remercier très sincèrement. Monsieur Leca, C’est un honneur pour moi que vous ayez accepté de diriger cette thèse. Votre écoute, vos conseils avisés, votre totale disponibilité dans le suivi ont été particulièrement précieux tout au long de ce travail. Je vous en remercie très sincèrement. A mes parents, Votre confiance, votre dévouement et votre amour ont été déterminants dans la poursuite de ce travail. Je vous en remercie et vous aime du plus profond de mon cœur. A mes amis, Tania, Fabien …, Sans vos encouragements, vos conseils et vos aides, ce travail n’aurait pu être ce qu’il est aujourd’hui. J’exprime ma profonde reconnaissance pour vos soutiens constants tout au long de ces années de thèse. Liste des abréviations al. Alinéa Art. Article av. J.-C. Avant Jésus-Christ CA Cour d’Appel CAA Cour administrative d’Appel Calif. California Cass.civ Cour de Cassation, chambre civile Cass. crim Cour de Cassation, chambre criminelle CDSA Centre de droit de la santé CE Conseil d’Etat chap. Chapitre CMS Commission du mouvement de la santé CNCTST Comité National Chinois pour les termes en Sciences et Technologies Coll. Collection dir. Direction doct. Doctrine éd. Edition, ou éditeur GERA Groupe d’études et de recherches en acupuncture Ibid. Ibidem, au même endroit ISO Organisation internationale de normalisation liv. Livre MO Médecine occidentale MTC Médecine traditionnelle chinoise n° Numéro OMS Organisation mondiale de la Santé ONU Organisation des Nations Unies op. cit Dans l’ouvrage précité p. Page PCC Parti communiste chinois CPC Communist Party of China PMI Personnel de la protection maternelle et infantile PNC Parti nationaliste chinois rapp. Rapport rééd. Réédition Rev. Revue RPC République Populaire de Chine R.P. de Chine République Populaire de Chine s.d. Sans date sect. Section s.v. Sub verbo TCM Comité de terminologie Trad. Traduction Tribunal. Corr. Tribunal Correctionnel vol. Volume WHA World Health Assembly WHO Word Health Organization ZZJC Edition du Zhuzi jicheng PREMIERE PARTIE : LES PLACES RESPECTIVES DE LA MEDECINE CHINOISE ET DE LA MEDECINE OCCIDENTALE DANS LE DROIT CHINOIS A L’EPOQUE IMPERIALE (1840-1911). ...................................................................... 33 TITRE I : LE SYSTEME MEDICAL DANS LE DROIT CHINOIS TRADITIONNEL. ............................................................................. 35 Chapitre I : La relation entre la philosophie, la médecine et le droit chinois dans leur contexte culturel traditionnel. .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Chapitre II : Le statut de la médecine chinoise dans le droit chinois avant la Réforme de la fin de la dynastie Qing (1840-1900). ........................................................................................................................................ 65 TITRE II : LES PREMIERS CHANGEMENTS DU DROIT CONCERNANT LA MEDECINE. ............................................................... 105 Chapitre I : Les premières discussions visant la médecine chinoise et la médecine occidentale. ............... 107 Chapitre II : Aux origines des nouvelles institutions médicales (1901-1911). ............................................. 143 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LES PLACES RESPECTIVES DE LA MEDECINE CHINOISE ET DE LA MEDECINE OCCIDENTALE DANS LE DROIT CHINOIS A L’EPOQUE REPUBLICAINE (1912-1982). .............................................................. 183 TITRE I : LA SITUATION DE LA COEXISTENCE DES DEUX MEDECINES DANS LE SYSTEME DE SANTE DE LA REPUBLIQUE DE CHINE ET DANS CELUI DES TERRITOIRES SOUS CONTROLE DU PARTI COMMUNISTE CHINOIS (1912-1949). ................................................. 185 Chapitre I : La médecine dans le droit de la République de Chine (1912-1949).......................................... 187 Chapitre II : Les statuts juridiques des deux médecines dans les territoires sous contrôle du Parti communiste chinois (1927-1949). .............................................................................................................. 237 TITRE II : COHABITATION DES DEUX MEDECINES DANS LE DROIT DE TAÏWAN, ET DANS LE DROIT DE LA CHINE CONTINENTALE (1949- 1982). .............................................................................................................................................................. 275 Chapitre I : Statuts juridiques des deux médecines, précédant et suivant l’installation du gouvernement du Parti nationaliste chinois à Taïwan. ........................................................................................................... 277 Chapitre II : Les deux médecines dans les systèmes de santé établis par le Parti communiste chinois (1949- 1982). ......................................................................................................................................................... 331 Introduction La loi de la médecine et de la pharmacopée chinoises de la République populaire de Chine a été promulguée le 25 décembre 2016 et elle est
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