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Mental Hygiene Promotion in Republican Shanghai by Jinping Ma A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/143621 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Remoulding the Chinese Mind: Mental Hygiene Promotion in Republican Shanghai by Jinping Ma Thesis Submitted to the University of Warwick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History September 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... v Declarations .................................................................................................................................. viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................. xii Timelines ....................................................................................................................................... xiii Maps .............................................................................................................................................. xv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The History of Modern Shanghai ....................................................................................... 2 1. Foreign Powers and Hygiene Regulation ........................................................................ 3 2. Chinese Policing on Hygiene and Civic Order ................................................................ 8 3. The Cultural Milieu for Hygiene Promotion.................................................................. 10 Scholarship on Mental Illnesses in China......................................................................... 12 1. The Transcultural Study From Anthropology And Ethno-Social Science ...................... 13 2. Understanding the Chinese Mind in Traditional Medicine ............................................. 17 3. The Legal and Political Status of Madness in China ...................................................... 21 4. History of Medicine and Science and Literature Study .................................................. 23 Mental Illnesses, Colonialism, and Bio-politics in the Republican Era ........................... 27 The ‘Chinese Mind’ in the Republican Era ..................................................................... 30 Outline of Chapters and Sources ...................................................................................... 33 Chapter One: The Conceptual History of Jingshen Before 1935 ................................................. 39 Why Concepts Matter? ..................................................................................................... 39 Psychology and Psychiatry Education in the Early Twentieth Century ......................... 41 Jingshen and Mind ............................................................................................................ 44 Jingshen and Psychiatry ................................................................................................... 50 Feng, Dian, Kuang, and Xian ............................................................................................ 55 i Jingshen and Shenjing ...................................................................................................... 62 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Two: Regulating the Mad: Asylums and Psychiatric Hospitals in Shanghai ................ 65 Problematizing the Mad ................................................................................................... 67 1. Qing Government Efforts on Legislation ...................................................................... 67 2. Nanking Nationalist Government (1927-1937).............................................................. 69 Building Asylums: Policing, Philanthropy, and Treatment ............................................. 72 1. Policing and Xin Puyutang ........................................................................................... 72 2. Problems Within the Walls of the Asylum .................................................................... 76 Calling for Psychiatric Hospitals ...................................................................................... 78 1. Greater Shanghai Hygiene Plan .................................................................................... 79 2. Regulative Needs from the Concessions ....................................................................... 80 Shanghai Mercy Hospital for Nervous Diseases: An Arena for Powers .......................... 83 1. Mercy Hospital ............................................................................................................. 84 2. Negotiations for Management Control from SMC and FMA ......................................... 86 3. Seeking Legal Support: Authorizing Detention and Payment Responsibility ................. 88 4. Problems in Accepting New Treatments ....................................................................... 91 5. The Mercy in Warfare .................................................................................................. 93 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 95 Chapter Three: In-between Medicine and Nation: Psychological Education and Mental Hygiene Promotion in Shanghai .................................................................................................................. 97 Calling for Mind Remolding ........................................................................................... 100 1. Madness and Cultural Backwardness .......................................................................... 101 2. Abnormal Psychology and The Rise of Mental Hygiene ............................................. 103 Chinese Mental Hygiene Movement ............................................................................... 107 Zhang Yinian and Mental Hygiene in Shanghai ............................................................ 110 1. Zhang Yinian ............................................................................................................. 110 2. Psychological Association and Promotion of Mental Hygiene ..................................... 113 3. Psychology Quarterly ................................................................................................. 114 ii 4. ‘Mental Health’ Bottle, ‘Personality Soundness’ Wine................................................ 116 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 119 Chapter Four: A Jewish Psychiatrist in China: Fanny Gisela Halpern and Mental Health Promotion .................................................................................................................................... 123 Fanny Gisela Halpern and Vienna University Medical Training .................................. 124 The Invitation from China .............................................................................................. 128 Halpern, Yan and National Shanghai Medical College ................................................. 132 Mental Hygiene: Beyond Colleges and Hospitals ........................................................... 134 1. Problems of Psychiatry in China ................................................................................. 134 2. Committee on the Problem of Psychiatry .................................................................... 136 Solitary Island: Mental Welfare in Warfare .................................................................. 138 1. Mental Hygiene Association of Shanghai and Training Clinics ................................... 141 2. Clinical Training ........................................................................................................ 146 3. University Courses ..................................................................................................... 148 Mental Hygiene in the Airways ...................................................................................... 149 Pacific War and After: From Salvation to Self-Redemption ......................................... 152 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 154 Chapter Five: Personal Psyche, Public Exposure: West Wind and Psychological Knowledge
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