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Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia – Inpa INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Sistemática e Filogeografia de Pimelodus blochii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) da Amazônia MARCELO SALLES ROCHA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do convênio INPA/UFAM, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, área de concentração em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior. Manaus – AM 2006 INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Sistemática e Filogeografia de Pimelodus blochii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) da Amazônia MARCELO SALLES ROCHA Orientadora: Dra. Lúcia H. Rapp Py-Daniel Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do convênio INPA/UFAM, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, área de concentração em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior. Financiamento: PROBIO/MMA/Banco Mundial/CNPQ e PPI 1- 3050 Manaus – AM 2006 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Rocha, Marcelo Salles Sistemática e filogeografia de Pimelodus blochii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) da Amazônia Manaus:INPA/UFAM, 2006 IX + 82p. Dissertação de Mestrado Palavras-Chave: 1.Siluriformes 2.Pimelodus 3.Sistemática 4.Taxonomia 5.DNA mitocondrial 5. Filogeografia Sinopse Neste trabalho foram evidenciadas através da análise morfológica seis novas espécies de Pimelodus, mostrando que os exemplares brasileiros identificados como Pimelodus blochii são morfologicamente diferentes de P. blochii do Suriname. Na análise molecular foi realizada uma análise filogenética com o objetivo de verificar o monofiletismo do complexo P. blochii, utilizando também exemplares do complexo P. albofasciatus. Ficou evidenciado o não-monofiletismo do complexo P. blochii. O então chamado complexo P. albofasciatus ficou representado por três clados, enquanto o complexo blochii por outros três. Agradecimentos Agradeço à Dra. Lúcia H. Rapp Py-Daniel pelo privilégio de sua orientação, que nesses anos foi além de uma grande orientadora, uma grande amiga, sempre disposta a colaborar. Agradeço pelo seu empenho e esforço em viabilizar as condições para que fosse possível a realização deste trabalho. À coordenadora do curso BADPI, Dra. Angela Varella, pela amizade e também grande ajuda que foi muito importante nestes dois anos. Às secretárias do BADPI, Carmem do Carmo Arruda (Carminha) e Elany, pela amizade, simpatia, grande colaboração e pelos cafezinhos. Foi muito importante a colaboração dos pesquisadores Drs. Efrem Ferreira, Geraldo dos Santos, Jansen Zuanon, Elisabeth Leão, Sidinéia Amadio, Lúcia H. Rapp Py-Daniel e Cláudia de Deus, pelas coletas e doação dos exemplares de Pimelodus utilizados neste trabalho, e também pela coleta de tecido para análise de DNA. Aos Drs. Jansen Zuanon, Flávio Bockmann, Geraldo dos Santos, John Lundberg, Mário de Pinna, Oscar Shibatta e Elisabeth Leão, pelas sugestões, conversas, e muito conhecimento passado, que contribuiram muito para a realização deste trabalho. Sou grato a Miguel Velasquez (UNMSM - Lima, Peru), Hernan Ortega, Oswaldo Oyakawa, Oscar Shibatta, Paulo Buckup, Gislene T. Vilara, Renildo de Oliveira e Luis Claro Jr. pelos empréstimos de exemplares muito importantes para este estudo. Aos amigos Daniel Pimpão, Daniela Fettuccia, Renildo de Oliveira, Janaina Brito, Jean, Giuliano Huergo, Lene Ribeiro, Leandro de Sousa, Jansen Zuanon, Vítor Masson, André Canto, André Galuch, Cylene, Rodrigo e Fernando Mendonça que além da companhia, sugestões e colaboração, sempre estiveram dispostos a pescar um mandi. Aos pescadores do INPA, Agenor, Mário e Carlitos, pela grande ajuda em campo e pelos bons momentos de conversas nas pescarias. Aos técnicos do laboratório, Arnóbio e Raimundo, pela ajuda em laboratório, criação de peixes e pelas conversas. Ao Cristiano Moreira e José Birindeli, pela ajuda no MZUSP e pelas radiografias tiradas de exemplares de Pimelodus blochii. Agradeço também ao Leandro de Sousa pelas fotos tiradas em campo no PROBIO, no Araguaia, e as ótimas fotos em estúdio, além da ajuda no Linux. Ao pessoal do LTBM (Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular) do INPA pela grande ajuda prestada no meu estágio no laboratório, em especial a Jacqueline Batista, Kyara Aquino, Renata Schimit, Renata Marão, Renata Frederico, Giuliano Huergo e Davi Santana. Aos amigos da turma de 2004 do BADPI, pelas grandes viagens e companhia ao longo destes dois anos. À minha família pelo carinho, apoio, ajuda e compreensão nesses anos, principalmente nessa época difícil que foi vir para Manaus. Ao meu amor, Andresa, por ter me acompanhado e vindo para Manaus, e ter sido minha companheira em todos os momentos. SUMÁRIO Lista de figuras ..............................................................................................................iii Lista de tabelas...............................................................................................................v RESUMO........................................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................ix INTRODUÇÃO GERAL................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 - Análise morfológica do complexo Pimelodus blochii da Amazônia .... 4 1- Introdução.................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 - Sistemática da família Pimelodidae...................................................................... 5 1.2 - O gênero Pimelodus La Cepède, 1803 ................................................................ 8 1.3- Justificativa............................................................................................................ 9 1.4 - Objetivo .............................................................................................................. 10 1.4.1 - Objetivos específicos.................................................................................... 10 2- Material e métodos.................................................................................................. 11 2.1 - Material examinado ............................................................................................ 11 2.2 - Dados morfométricos e merísticos ..................................................................... 11 2.3 - Osteologia .......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 - Descrição das espécies...................................................................................... 13 2.5 - Análise estatística multivariada .......................................................................... 15 3- Resultados ............................................................................................................... 17 3.1 - Análise das Variáveis Canônicas independentes do tamanho........................... 17 Pimelodus blochii........................................................................................................ 20 Pimelodus sp. n. “A” ................................................................................................... 24 Pimelodus sp. n. “B” ................................................................................................... 29 Pimelodus sp. n. “C” ................................................................................................... 33 Pimelodus sp. n. “D” ................................................................................................... 37 Pimelodus sp. n. “E” ................................................................................................... 41 Pimelodus sp. n. “F” ................................................................................................... 45 3.2 - Chave de identificação para as espécies do complexo Pimelodus blochii da bacia Amazônica.................................................................................................................. 50 4 – Discussão............................................................................................................... 52 i 4.1 - Comentários sobre a sistemática do “grupo Pimelodus” sensu Lundberg et al. (1991b). ...................................................................................................................... 55 5- Conclusão ................................................................................................................ 57 6 – Referências bibliográficas .................................................................................... 58 Capítulo 2 - Sistemática molecular ............................................................................ 64 1-Introdução................................................................................................................. 65 1.1 - Justificativa......................................................................................................... 66 1.2 - Objetivo .............................................................................................................. 66 1.2.1 - Objetivos específicos.................................................................................... 67 2 - Material e métodos................................................................................................. 67 2.1 - Material examinado ...........................................................................................
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