State of the Environment Report for Uganda, 2000/2001
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STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT FOR UGANDA, 2000/2001 Copyright @ 2000 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder provided the source is acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior permission, in writing from NEMA. National Environment Management Authority P.O .Box 22255 Kampala, Uganda http://www.nemaug.org Typeset in 12 point Times New Roman by NEMA; and printed in South Africa by …… ii Editorial committee Charles Sebukeera, Editor-in-chief Frank Turyatunga, Technical Editor Ruhi Nalumoso, Copy Editor/Proof Reader Elizabeth Gowa, Layout/Production Manager Jessica Adripa, Word processing/graphics Bob Kakuyo, Technical Assistance Acknowledgements Elizabeth Mutayanjulwa, Cover page Beatrice Adimola and Living Earth Foundation (Uganda), photo credits iii Steering Committee Prof. J.Y. Okedi National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Dr. Aryamanya-Mugisha, H NEMA Mr. M. Rutangye NEMA Mr. C. Sebukeera NEMA Ms. F. Ssewankambo NEMA Dr. P. Kasoma Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources Ms. A. Karekaho United Nations Development Programme Ms. R. Bogere Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Mr. R Busard United States Agency of International Development Dr. D. Tunstall World Resources Institute Mr. I. Kapalaga Grants Management Unit Ms. R. Musoke Ministry of Lands, Water and Environment Ms. J Nakamya Uganda Bureau of Statistics Mr. C. Drazu The Netherlands Embassy Dr. M. Isooba Uganda Wildlife Society Technical Review Committee Dr. Aryamanya-Mugisha, H NEMA Mr. Charles Akol NEMA Mr. Eugene Muramira NEMA Dr. Festus Bagoora NEMA Dr. Robert Ogwal NEMA Ms. Beatrice Adimola NEMA Authors Dr. Yakobo Moyini Mr. Gershom Onyango Principal Researcher Margaret Aanyu Research Assistants David Kironde Martin Aryagaruka Jocelyne Mutegeki Elsam Turyahabwe Rober Sabiiti John Tumwiine Susan Abeja Tom Okao Orech Peace Matovu Digital Map Production Firipo Mpabulungi Sula Kibira Patrick Buyinza iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF BOXES.................................................................................................................... x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. xiv FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. xvi 1 Environment and Development................................................................................................ 2 Economic Growth ....................................................................................................................... 2 Development in a Wider Context ............................................................................................... 3 Sustainability............................................................................................................................... 4 Poverty ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2 Land .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Land Resources and Food.........................................................................................................15 Land Degradation...................................................................................................................... 17 Population ............................................................................................................................. 18 Overgrazing........................................................................................................................... 19 Bush Burning ........................................................................................................................ 20 Agrochemicals ...................................................................................................................... 22 Soil erosion ........................................................................................................................... 23 Land Tenure.............................................................................................................................. 25 3 Forests and Woodlands ...........................................................................................................32 Forests and Woodlands............................................................................................................. 32 Deforestation............................................................................................................................. 36 Encroachment ....................................................................................................................... 36 Land Conversion for Agriculture Outside Protected Areas.................................................. 38 Unsustainable Harvesting ..................................................................................................... 39 Urbanization and Industrialization........................................................................................ 40 Institutional failures .............................................................................................................. 41 4 Wetlands Resources................................................................................................................. 43 Wetlands Degradation............................................................................................................... 49 Draining of Wetlands............................................................................................................49 Vegetation Depletion and Changing Land-Use .................................................................... 50 Industrial Pollution................................................................................................................ 50 Policies, Laws and Treaties....................................................................................................... 51 Policies and Laws ................................................................................................................. 51 Tenurial Arrangements ......................................................................................................... 52 The RAMSAR Convention................................................................................................... 54 5 Freshwater Resources.............................................................................................................. 56 Supply and Demand.............................................................................................................. 58 Access ................................................................................................................................... 59 Water for Livestock .............................................................................................................. 61 Water for Irrigation............................................................................................................... 63 Quality....................................................................................................................................... 63 v Institutional Framework............................................................................................................ 64 6 Biodiversity............................................................................................................................... 66 Loss of biodiversity................................................................................................................... 71 Habitat Loss .......................................................................................................................... 74 Unsustainable Harvesting ..................................................................................................... 74 Introduction of Alien Species ...................................................................................................75 7 Urban Areas ............................................................................................................................. 78 Proliferation Of Slums And Unplanned Settlements................................................................ 79 Water and Sanitation................................................................................................................. 82 Piped Water........................................................................................................................... 82 Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 84 Year........................................................................................................................................... 84 Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................................... 85 8 Atmosphere..............................................................................................................................