A Wartime T,estament

The New Look in Soviet ,Policy

Our Rotting Doll rs photograph by crArazien

are Canning Fruits and Juices in the Never-ending Search for Better Steel

"Putting up" prunes and fruit juices may seem like By measuring the vacuum loss, as it occurs, tech­ an odd occupation for steel technicians. But, at one nicians can estimate what the life of the test cans of J&L's laboratories, where tin plate for food would be under normal storage. rrhis knowledge containers is evaluated, canning is one of the many helps in controlling the quality of tin plate to make test procedures~ sure canned foods on your grocer's shelf continue The food is packed in cans made from selected to have long storage life. lots of J&L tin plate, thin steel coated with tin, Quality control guides every step. in the produc­ sealed, and cooked at sterilizing temperature. The tion of J&L tin plate and other steel products. It cans of food are placed in a controlled temperature combines with research-another of the activities storage room, where the heat accelerates any action that go on behind the J&L tradennark-to assure that may be reducing the vacuum within the can. better steel for every application.

JONES & LAUGHLIN STEEL CORPORATIDN PITTSBURGH 30, PA~ THE A. Fortnightly Our Contribut.ors For WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN, former Moscow correspondent and a frequent contributor to Individualists the Free/man, recently returned from Europe reeman with data on the Kremlin's "new look" policies. ••• WILLARD M. FOX is Director of Market Re­ Editors JOHN CHA~lHE.RLAIN FORUEST DAVIS search at Remington Rand, Inc. and' has writ­ Nlanagiug Edilor SUZANNE LA .FOLLETTE ten a couple of books in his field.... RENE KUHN is nov; on the foreign news desk of a weekly magazine. Freeman readers will re­ Contents YOLo 3, NO.7 DECEMBER 29, 1952 member her correspondence from Britain, in­ cluding interviews with Aneurin Bevan and Cover Cartoon by CHARLES LOCKE Herbert Morrison. Editorials RALPH DE TOLEDANO, an associate editor of Newsweek, is author of the recent book "Spies The Fortnight , 221 Dupes and Diplomats," from which the Free~ The Durkin Aftermath ,, 223 man ran a preview article, "Moscow Plotted Study in Slow l\iotion , 223 Pearl Harbor." (June 2, 1952). ... ALICE Snafu in Germany , ,...... 224 WIDENER'S Freeman series on the UN was fea­ The Other France · j" 224 tured on two television programs this month. In the Libraries !.. 225 Mrs. Widener is no stranger to the air waves. An Editor's Notebook FORREST DA~IS 226 As Alice Berezowsky she had her own suc­ cessful radio program, "Women of the World." Articles Another article in her series will appear in an The New Look in Soviet Policy early issue.... JOSEPH S. ROUCEK, who contrib­ WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLiN 227 utes his first book review to the Free/man, is a The New Logic BEN RAY REDM4N 230 professor of sociology at the University of Our Rotting Dollars WILLARD M. F~X 231 Bridgeport, and co-editor of the well-known The UN's Pink Sisters ALICE WIDEN~R 233 book on national minorities, "One America." Our Juvenile Pundits RENE KUI{N 238 A Wartime Testament RALPH DE TOLEDA*O 240 Among Ourselves The Winning Side JOHN A. LUKApS 242 The tired mailman who is the patron Yuletide Books saint of Freeman editors has been delivering A Reviewer's Notebook JOHN CHAMBERLAiN 244 seasonal cheer in the form of appreciative let­ Chodorov: Complete Individualist THADDEUS ASHlj3Y 245 ters-and checks-from subscribers. Here are Report for Ike...... MORRIE RYSKI*D 247 some of the comments that have enhanced the The Realism of Spain THOMAS G. BERGfN 247 traditional glow of the season for us. Satellite Europe JOSEPH S. ROUC:¢K 248 A Seattle housewife writes: "Louis Brom­ Saga of Copper ASHER BRYN~S 248 field's 'liberals' have such a stranglehold on my finances that I have been tardy in renew­ Brief Mention j•• 249 ing my subscription to your excellent maga­ POenlS zine," but adds that our articles provide a Quo Yadis? ADELAIDE HERI*G 226 "long-needed tonic for nerves mangled by Ballade for Bureaucrats DON KNOWLTON 232 twenty years of the New Deal." A professor in Madrigal Not to Be Reprinted CHRISTOPHER MORL~Y 241 a New England college renews his subscrip­ Katyn Forest...... HIRAM LYDAY SLOANAl{~R 243 tion with "It is nloney well spent!" An Army Corporal sends twenty dollars-"and a list of Foreign rrrends good people in whose hands the Freeman will The Eisenhower Blues ·····CANDI:pE 236 be an aid and weapon." Heart-warming news comes also from the Arts and Entertainments university front. A student majoring in so­ Revival of the Unfittest WILLIAM S. SCHLA~M 243 ciology at Kansas State College who is en­ thusiastic about our articles, writes us that he i" 250 Letters was introduced to the Freeman by a retired This Is What They Said i" 237 manufacturer who is an equally enthusiastic subscriber. Another college scout reports that the copies of the Free1nan on a fraternity­ THE FREEMAN is published every other week. Publication Office, Orang~, Ct?nn. IEditorial house table in Ohio are getting dog-eared from and General Offices, 240 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. \opynght. m thle Umted States, 1952, by the Freeman Magazine, Inc. John Chamberlam, PresIdent;: F<;>rrest frequent perusal. And from Villanova comes Davis, Secretary; Alex L. Hillman, Treasurer; Suzanne La Follette, 1\sslstant this high praise: "The Freernan is excellent in Treasurer. i Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Orange, Conn. Rates: T"1enty-fi..~e all departments and maintains a standard of cents the copy; five dollars a year in the United States, nine dollars for two Yrars; SlX dollars a year elsewhere. literacy which is well-nigh astounding. Every The editors can not be responsible for manuscripts submitted but if return ppstage is issue seems to contain at least one or two ar­ enclosed they will endeavor to see that manuscripts rejected are promptly returined. ticles which are not only good, but really out­ It is not to be understood that articles signed with a name, pseudonym, or initials neces­ sarily represent the opinion of the editors, either as to substance or style. They are standing, the kind that most publications of printed because, in the editors' judgment, they are intrinsically worth reading. your type come up with not oftener than every

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the world's most idiotic pyromaniacs. Communist The Fortnight anti-Semitism may win some converts to Marxism, or at least to cooperation with Soviet imperialism, The McLiberal press, to whom General MacAr- in the Moslem countries; but no one can align him­ thur ranks as a whipping boy with Senator self with racist injustice and come out of it alive Taft, missed quite a scoop in its handling of the in the long run. Hitler, Streicher, Goring, Gobbels General's speech to the NAM. The New York Times and, finally, Mussolini, tried it; they are all dead. for example, printed the story on page 14-quotin~ And the shadow of the Grim Reaper now looms the General's declaration that "there is a clear and over the walls of the Kremlin. definite solution to the Korean conflict"-ignored it editorially, and left it to General Eisenhower four The new head of the CIO, Walter Reuther, is days later, to discover that such a pronounc:ment, labor's liveliest spokesman. He is also a man of coming from the man who defeated Japan and com­ many ideas. During the war he had ideas about manded brilliantly in Korea until his summary raising and salvaging the N ormandie, about utiliz­ dismissal, was important news. And only after ing automobile factories for the mass production Truman's display of what one commentator wittily of planes, and about redistributing incomes over called "sour grapes of wrath" did the Times dis­ $25,000 per annum in order to equalize sacrifice in cover that the General had "lost stature" by mak­ behalf of the war effort. Now, a man of ideas is ing his pronouncement in a speech to the NAM. always a force, and it is this particular fact of na­ The General has been criticized in other quarters, ture that makes us very concerned for the future both official and unofficial, for having failed to im­ of American labor. Mr. Reuther's ideas on tech­ part his plan to the Pentagon or the President in­ nology may be good or bad, but his ideas about so­ stead of the NAM. Possibly so; but what earthly cial and economic organization are, in our estima­ indication has either the high brass or the Presi­ tion, dangerous because they stem from a philoso­ dent given MacArthur since March 1951 that any phy going back to his childhood. That philosophy, plan 'of his could have the slightest interest for to put it briefly, is the philosophy of the old-time them? Moreover, MacArthur obviously did not ex­ German socialism-the socialism that glorifies the pect his speech to be interpreted as intimating that State by looking upon it as the natural partner of he had suddenly invented an entirely new Korean labor. The old-time German Social Democrats were solution. Undoubtedly he has been closely following humane men, but they were not clear thinkers developments in Korea; undoubtedly also he has about the nature of the political animal under cen­ been modifying in their light the plan which he tralized rule and bureaucratic organization. Walter outlined to a joint committee of Congress after his Reuther impresses us as being just as humane as return. This is evident in another sentence from his forebears, but also-and this is the misfortune his NAM speech: "The solution then available of -he impresses us as being just as cloudy. success is not entirely applicable." Quite properly he did not state just how he would modify his plan. paUl Robeson, we learn, is sending out a circular But our guess is that it still calls for victory, and letter appealing for help in getting his songs that the President and the Joint Chiefs would have distributed on records; from which we gather that rejected it once more for that very reason. this once popular singer has found that being a Communist propagandist does not pay. This sales ~spite our bottomless dislike for Joe Stalin, we effort is a private enterprise and perfectly legal. D have always given him credit for a certain It allows the citizen to choose whether or not he amount of canniness. We had always assumed, for will contribute to Mr. Robeson's sUJ)port. What dis­ example, that he knew enough not to play with fire. turbs us is a letter from a friend recently back But now that his Czechoslovak Communist Party from Vienna, who reports inquiries from acquaint­ has officially and openly ranged itself on the side ances there whether Paul Robeson is a very popu­ of anti-Semitism, Stalin has enlisted himself among lar artist in America, because his songs are so fre- quently featured on "Voice of America" programs. tations of Eisenhower's speeches by our more re­ Does the promotion of this anti-American singer sponsible journals," we are pleased to read, "con­ have to be official, and paid for willy nilly by the stitute one of the most scandalous episodes of the American people against whom he has declared kind in recent times." Furthermore, "some people open war? on this side of the Atlantic ... shared the dismay and resentment felt by so many Americans at the he British have gone all-out to capture the bi­ general conduct of the British press in this mat­ Tcycle market in the United States. They have ter." Our friends abroad who feel that way should, d:one this by manufacturing a bike that is con­ however, control their remorse. There is really no siderably lighter than its American counterpart. reason for exaggerated contrition in Europe when The British sports model is 28 pounds, their heavy Mr. Alistair Cooke, a chief muddier of the Atlantic roadster is 36. American bikes run as high as 45 waters, has just been rewarded by the Ford Foun­ or 50 pounds. (Figures from the Wall Street Jour­ dation with the assignment of teaching Americans nal.) So popular are the British bikes that Ameri­ honorable manners on TV's "Omnibus." can manufacturers are clamoring for a tariff to "even up" the competition. We can think of a bet­ he popular British journalist, D. W. Brogan, has ter and easier way of· meeting the problem: let the Tjust been tapped by Harvard to teach American American companies manufacture a lighter bike. Government. Just as we were about to congratulate his students, we recalled a recent statement of his efore the dust settles (to quote a departing which seems relevant. Discussing the ballot pros­ B Secretary of State) on the global interpreta­ pects of the Progressive Party, Mr. Brogan ponti­ tion of the Republican landslide, we would like to ficated last October: note for future reference the consensus of the The Grand Old Man of the American Negroes, leftist British intelligentsia, as represented by the Dr. W. L. B. DuBois, argues, with his accustomed New Statesman and Nation: "The flood-gates are skill and passion and no very {marked twisting of open ... The election of Eisenhower ... is a tri­ history, that by voting the Progressive ticket and umph for the witch-hunters, for the American Le­ only so can the American Negro force the American politicians to take him seriously [our italics]. gion and the FBI, for McCarthy and McCarran. ... The American people had the choice clearly Now that the Harvard appointment has forced us before them, and they have chosen. But they should to take Professor Brogan seriously, we are by no try to understand why their decision will embarrass means certain that this statement augurs well for their relations with the outside world." Which re­ his teaching the history of American government lations, we feared for a moment while perusing with "no marked twisting," though we readily Mr. Kingsley Martin's excitable journal, were about grant that it proves "his accustomed skill and pas­ to be broken off. But in the nick of time we recalled sion." Particularly passion. that British Socialists were never so narrow­ minded as to reject dollar aid from witch-hunters. legant journalistic comment is so rare nowadays E that we are always anxious to share our hap­ peaking of witch-hunting, it will interest the ,,piness with our readers whenever we encounter a S American Calibans who have just elected that sparkling gem. Here is one we found in the Lon­ ogre, Eisenhower, that their civilized and mellow don Economist's discussion of the recent ordeals of British cousins are seriously contemplating a re­ the United Nations Organization: form of their penal code. Before the House of Com­ A Negro formerly employed by UNO made his mons is a strongly supported resolution which de­ way to the executive offices and reported that mands the mandatory sentence of flogging for cer­ "voices" had told him he was the new Secretary­ tain violations of the law. Few other issues are at General. "Voices" may well be needed to find a suc­ the moment so seriously debated in the British cessor to Mr.' Lie, but while startled clerks were popular and highbrow press as the reintroduction admitting this, the exalte took an elevator to the marble foyer on the ground floor and, anticipating of the cat in jurisprudence. Being the rough type, investment in his new office, started to disrobe. The and far less refined, Americans are still satisfied following morning he awoke in the psychiatric ward with more conventional punishment for criminals, at Bellevue Hospital, announcing that he had such as public exposure through alert Senators. changed his mind and did not wish to be Secretary­ General. Thus far no other candidate has been so And even if this backwardness of theirs were, in open in his desires, or so quickly disillusioned. Mr. Kingsley Martin's words, to "embarrass their relations with the outside world," Americans would Delighted with our British colleagues' sensitive resign themselves to the disapproval of McLiberal coverage of UNO events, we shall keep them posted civilization abroad rather than legalize the whip. on developments in Bellevue's psychiatric ward.

nent the slightly insane performance of the harles M. White, head of Republic Steel, is urg­ A European press during our election campaign, C ing a realignment of political parties. We so frequently deplored in the Freeman, we are check on that. Conservative Republicans have just glad to amplify a voice raised in the British Time four years in which to team permanently with Jef­ and Tide. "The bad reporting and biased interpre- fersonian Democrats. After 1956 will be too late.

222 THE FREEMAN Anyone with the political brains of a Jim Farley The Durkin Aftermath could have told Eisenhower that the South and the northern Catholics should immediately have been Senator Taft's explosive reaction to the appoint- rewarded and exalted by proper manipulation of ment of Martin P. Durkin, an AFL man and the symbols of representation. In proposing Sena­ Stevenson Democrat, to be Secretary of Labor has tor Harry Byrd of Virginia for the Treasury post, been very satisfactorily explained by the New York Bob Taft offered a most satisfactory way of re­ Times's Arthur Krock. It seems that Taft was warding the southern conservatives. And in sug­ merely giving calculated warning to Eisenhower gesting Clarence Manion, former Dean of the that he had better beware lest Fair Deal thinking Notre Dame Law School, for the Labor portfolio, (to which some of the Dewey faction among Re- Taft showed that he was quite aware of the north­ publicans are sometimes prone) become a disrup­ ern Catholic contribution to victory. For Manion tive element in the new Administration. Taft, ac­ is a Catholic, and he used to be a Democrat. cording to Mr. Krock's informants, clarified his The Eisenhowerites might stress the fact that stand in l'affaire Durkin to a group of friends in Durkin, their choice for Secretary of Labor, is a Cincinnati. His objection to the Durkin appoint­ Catholic himself. But this is meaningless in the ment does not mean that he is threatening to go context of events. For, though he is of the Catholic off the reservation; it simply means that the Taft­ faith, Mr. Durkin does not symbolize the northern ites in Congress are going to insist that Eisen­ Catholic dissatisfactions of 1952. He stuck to Ste­ hower live up to the promises implied in his state­ venson when many of his co-religionists were bolt­ ment of campaign principles. ing the Democratic candidate because he seemed So far, so good. But there is another aspect of "soft" on the Communist infiltration issue. And he the cabinet appointments to which Eisenhower stuck to the official labor-boss program when many should pay more than summary attention. No doubt of the rank-and-file laborites, both Catholic and every single one of Ike's chosen aides is a good Protestant, were voting their preference for Taft­ man from the standpoint of efficiency, courage, in­ Hartley restraints on Big Union bureaucracies. tegrity and common sense. The next cabinet will In the Freeman's opinion, it is not too late for indubitably' have all the virtues of a good military the Republicans to repair the damage done by Ike's general staff-good liaison, good research, good failure to consider the symbols of politics as well advice, and prompt execution of policy. But politics, as the efficiencies of politics. Our esteemed contem­ as Eisenhower needs more and more to be told, is porary, Human Events, has suggested a way to not simply a matter of thought and action; it is pull the southern conservatives into a permanent also a matter of psychology and of symbolism. The alignment with the conservatives of the North: trouble with Ike's cabinet is that it was not pro­ let the. Dixie Democrats who are of the Byrd­ jected with the symbolic factors of politics in mind. Byrnes-Shivers persuasion have equal place in the George Sokolsky has pointed out that New York organization and hierarchy of the next Congress. and Michigan have been given a preponderance of And let the northern Catholics be recognized by offices in the Eisenhower entourage. Dulles and offering them full consultation and participation in Brownell are New Yorkers; Wilson and SUlnmer­ a program to eradicate the last vestiges of Com­ field are Michiganders. The Far West has done munist infiltration in Washington, in the schools well in the cabinet, too-as witness the choice of and foundations, and in the labor movement itself. McKay of Oregon for Interior and Ezra Benson of Utah for Agriculture. But the South, which con­ tributed signally to the Eisenhower victory, got nothing beyond Oveta Culp Hobby's appointment Study In Slow Motion to a minor post. As for the northern urban Catholic vote, which was decisive in certain populous areas, he mills of the International Monetary Fund it seems to have been carelessly ignored, if not in Tgrind with exceeding sloth. In the summer of fact studiously slighted. 1948 Elizabeth Bentley named Frank V. Coe, its This brings us to the heart of the Republican powerful $20,OOO-a-year secretary since its forma­ dilemma. From 1933 to 1948 the Republicans were tion in 1946, to the Un-American Activities Com­ faced with a five-fold Democratic coalition, for the mittee as having aided a Soviet spy ring. Coe ap­ Roosevelt-Truman party drew its hybrid strength peared before the committee and denied the.charge. from the northern city machines (supported by a In 1951 the State Department refused Coe a pass­ large Catholic element), the old-line Dixie Demo­ port as a poor security risk. Last August Ivar crats, the parity-hungry farmers of the plains and Rooth of Sweden, Manager of the Fund, tried to the Far West, the labor unions and the planning­ get this decision reviewed. The Senate Judiciary minded intellectuals. This coalition was always an Committee, in its report on the Institute of Pacific uneasy one, and in the recent election the Repub­ Relations, declared that Coe had "collaborated lican~ cracked it by emphasizing the Comm.unist with agents of the Soviet Intelligence apparatus as and "creeping socialist" issues to the point where shown by sworn testimony." And· by Cae's own ad­ the Dixie Democrats and the northern Catholics mission Secretary of the Treasury Snyder, before jumped over the line and voted against Stevenson. the recent election, asked Mr. Rooth to fire him.

DECEMBER 29, 19i2 223 It was only after Coe, who was formerly a high war, the ruffians [Landsknechte] of the SA and SS Treasury Department official, had monotonously in­ are being set up again as the best allies of the voked the Fifth Amendment throughout question­ American generals. ..• The result is deep bitter­ ness on the part of the people, especially the work­ ing by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee ing people, against the United States. Rather than on December 1, that the Fund at last relieved hiln see the Nazis prevail once again (with American of his post. Since then, other members of its staff assistance) the working people will decide in favor have proved equally recalcitrant witnesses. If Mr. of Moscow. This American policy is destroying our Coe's case is any criterion, it will take atomic force democracy (you know how weak it is in any case). Once it has been destroyed, what will be left to to dislodge them from their jobs. separate our State from Moscow? The SS-gangs? The conclusion is inescapable that the Interna­ These ruffians, maintained by the Americans today, tional Monetary Fund does not "care a single dam" will go over to the Russians at the first signal. ... whether or not its American employees are enemies Mr. Voigt points out that Germany could be the of their country; and that it fired Mr. Coe at last most pro-American country in Europe, but that if only through fear of American public opinion and our army continues to subsidize secret leagues of the U. S. Congress. For it was exposed as a safe Nazi murderers, it will ruin everything for the asylum for American subversives almost five years West, not only in Germany but in all Europe. Rus­ ago. We quote from the February 1948 issue of sians, of course, are also financing former SS and Plain Talk, edited by that able journalist and im­ SA men, not only in their own zone but in the West, placable foe of communism, Isaac Don Levine: where their hope of getting a foothold is based on these Hitlerian remnants rather than on the Com­ Communists and fellow-travelers have found a new refuge, the international organizations which munists. With both Stalin and the U. S. Army in are not subject to any form of "loyalty check." league with the former terrorist masters of the Many employees who left the Federal government German people, this second quotation of Mr. Voigt's just ahead of investigation are now drawing Uncle is a logical pendant to the first: Sam's money on a so-called international payroll­ tax free. The best-known hideout in Washington is Instead of asking, "How can we Germans help to the International Bank and Monetary Fund. Many avert a war?" we ask, "How can we avoid taking of the members of the old American League for part in the defense of western Europe?" Peace and Democracy are working here, as are some of the more leftish of the former UNRRA staff. We Americans have no one but our own govern­ ment to blame for the cynicism of the Bonn gov­ Five years is a long time for an agency heavily ernment in its fixed policy of getting as muc~ out dependent on American funds to have granted asy­ of this country as it can, without quid pro quo. lum to disloyal Americans. Let the McLiberals who With our army encouraging those forces in Ger­ would belittle their opportunities for mischief pon­ Inany which thousands of American soldiers died der two of the questions Mr. Coe refused to answer: to defeat, and with our political officialdom facing 1) whether he had had anything to do with plan­ both east and west, as Freda Utley described it in ning the disastrous postwar fiscal policy for occu­ our last issue, how can we expect the German peo­ pied Germany; 2) whether he had had anything to ple to trust or respect American policy or even to do with the equally disastrous fiscal policy of this understand what it is? We, ourselves, do not under­ country toward China. Enough said. stand it-and that probably goes for Foggy Bot­ tom as well as for rank and file Americans whose newspapers do not even inform them of the multi­ form betrayal of their interests by officials· acting Snafu In Germany in their name. President-elect Eisenhower has looked over the ur English contributor, Mr. F. A. Voigt, writes ghastly mess his Administration will inherit from O us quoting from two letters he has lately re­ Truman and Acheson in Korea. He could do worse ceived from Germany, both from friends for whose than find the time to look into the mess he will take reliability as observers and interpreters of the over in Germany. German scene he can give positive assurance. (Mr. Voigt was for some years the Manchester Guar­ dian's Berlin correspondent.) We quote these let­ ters, first because they indicate an irresponsibility The Other France (to use no harsher word) on the part of the Ameri- can army in Germany which threatens disaster to harles Maurras died in an eclipse as fantastic this country; secondly, because they make the re­ C as the turbulence which his seething furor has ports from Germany in the American press read been spreading through France and, indeed, all of like the work of amateurs. Here is the first: Europe for fifty years. There is, with the one ex­ The American army maintains its secret leagues ception of Bolshevism, not a single convulsion of [Geheimbunde] with much money and with plenty the European mind which has not received its im­ of weapons. All true and trusty SS-men who have petus and intellectual explosiveness from that prepared their list of Social Democrats who are to towering genius of hatred. He was the intellec­ be murdered. Near Boxheim, in Hessen, the Hes­ sian police unearthed one of these secret leagues. tualizer, if not the inventor, of racism, anti-Semi­ As the Social Democrats are not so keen on tism, Fascism, Nazism; and he imbued each of

224 THE FREEMAN these perversions of the modern mind with such intellectual glamor and so much literary wit that In the Libraries the Academy, the exclusive hall-of-fame of the Third Republic he despised, made him one of its e know of a small-town Connecticut public li­ forty "immortals." For more than fifty of his 87 W brary that receives gifts of "historical in­ years on earth he was the luminous scourge of terest" from a certain Dr. Emily M. Pierson of libertarianism and optimistic democracy. And he Cromwell, Connecticut. The gifts consist of books died in loneliness. such as Anna Louise Strong's "I Saw the N'ew Po­ But did he? Has his kind of France died with land." The Freeman does not speculate on Dr. Charles Maurras? Each time the rationalist Anglo­ Pierson's motives as a benefactress of culture; it Saxon world repeats the mistake of identifying the merely records the obvious fact that Anna Louise whole of France with the mercurial pragmatism of Strong finds little to criticize in satellite Poland. her political professionals, it seems to be in for a The Freeman does not speculate, either, on the rude awakening. fate of the Free1nan in certain libraries that pre­ Perhaps no other nation of the West is so fatally sumably are supposed to offer "objective" guidance divided against itself as France. Nor are the fifty to periodical literature. It is content to print a years of trouble connected with Maurras and his copy of a letter written by a friend to John M. Action Frangaise a mere reflection of his personal Cory, Director of the New York Library: fierceness. In historical truth, Charles Maurras is at least as representative of one France as, say, Dear Mr. Cory: Edouard Herriot is of the other. And what sepa­ There's a bit of cloak and dagger business at the Cathedral Branch of the New York Public Library rates the two Frances, apparently beyond recon­ which has long puzzled me and which may very well ciliation, is the one event for which an eternally interest you. The good ladies at Cathedral, and for grateful America celebrates la grande nation-the all I know other good ladies at other library French Revolution. branches, are playing a game which suggests the American statecraft has for more than a hundred name, "Hide-the-Freeman." It's really loads of fun when you get the hang of it. years stubbornly refused to grasp what one must Here is how the game is played. The librarians know in order to comprehend France: that France cram the periodical rack with all the popular pub­ has never ceased to revolt against the French Revo­ lications and the not so popular ones. And, of course, lution. The rest of the Western world has absorbed the Nation and other publications of similar edi­ torial inclinations are always there to tempt time­ the tremendous shock-wave of 1789, but it is still killing perusers. shaking France-an unending irritation of the But where is the Freeman? Well, here is where French body politic, a live and burning issue for the card-carrying library user must prove his met­ each succeeding generation. tle. That's the game. A bit of sleuthing solves the The Napoleons, Louis Philippes, Boulangers, mystery. The polite lady says, "the Freeman? Oh, the Freeman. Yes, we have it." A key turns slowly Clemenceaus, Petains, Dreyfus Affairs, Cagoulard in a lock. A drawer opens. And, 10, the Freeman! Affairs and Laval Affairs come and go; but the And why is the Freeman so carefully hidden point is, they keep coming. This articulate and from prying eyes? The nice lady behind the desk choleric nation has for a hundred and fifty years says, "Oh, we never put the Freeman out on the refused to accept the findings of its own Revolution rack." Why? "People steal it." Further questioning brings out the fact that no one ever steals the Na­ as a final judgment of history. Decade after decade tion or Life or even the Saturday Review. Just the another protest is filed in France against the ra­ F1"eeman. A remarkable situation. tionalism, the modernism, the progressivism of What does it all mean? Do the light-fingered 1789-sometimes merely a quixotic literary mani­ favor the Freeman over, let us say, Seventeen? Should the Library post a couple of Pinkertons in festo, sometimes.a furious outbreak of passion, but each of its branches to keep an eye on New York's always the significant expression of the fact that a bookish thieves? Or, nasty thought, is this some very substantial faction of the French people con­ devilishly clever plot to suppress libertarian litera­ sider their country a nation displaced in history. ture? France has been since 1789 the country of the per­ I leave the solution of the mystery, and of the problem of how to give free men easy access to the manent counter-revolution. And Charles Maurras Freeman, in your hands. I merely suggest that was merely the latest, though perhaps the most some way be found to make the Freeman available talented, rationalizer of an unabating national to all, and not merely to the persistent who seek it frenzy evoked by an historic experience which out in locked library drawers and bolted library France refuses to digest. closets. To the casual observer, and even more to the op­ Comment on this letter is superfluous. But we timistically biased Anglo-Saxon statesman, France can not resist saying that we feel it a compliment is the bright epitome of the modern mind. But in no matter what the motives behind the "Hide-the­ the ancient closet of the French national family an Freeman" game. Either the Freeman is so good extremely live skeleton keeps rattling with un­ that people can not refrain from taking it home equaled fury and a peculiar venom. And not before with them, a pardonable form of kleptomania, or American statecraft comprehends that fact will our it is so formidable and persuasive in its arguments Eu~ropean policy attain what it has been lacking that the McLiberals are mortally afraid of having for generations-realism. it lying around in the open.

DECEMBER 29, 1952 225 Stevenage's attempt to palliate the crimes of Alger Hiss, I am now able An Editor's to divulge upon the best of second­ hand authority-word issuing al­ most, if not quite, from the noble Notebook horse's mouth-that he is indeed concluding the book in question, to By FORREST DAVIS be issued in England either in March or July. A letter just arrived from one of our excellent English he vast compound of sound, refer to the admonitory present­ contributors brings as an enclosure T sight, emotion and salesmanship ment of the New York County run­ from his Lordship's secretary the known as the Christmas season away Grand Jury (the Grand Jury information that "the book is a· nears its annual apogee with radio . being one of the last unimpaired critical analysis of the case," add­ and television endlessly assailing citadels of Anglo-Saxon freedom) ing that "Lord J owitt does not, of the nation's ears with "Silent Night, with regard to the infiltration of the course, express any opinion as to Holy Night" and "0, Little Town of United Nations by the enemy in our the guilt or the innocence of Alger Bethlehem." Who would say it nay, midst. It is a matter of personal Hiss." yet who dares chide the late George satisfaction to us at the Freeman We turn from that disclosure to Bernard Shaw for his celebrated that Mrs. Alice Widener's uncom­ a review by the recent Lord Chan­ and caustic comment, "Cheer up, it promisingly factual reporting of the cellor of Whittaker Chambers's will 'Soon be over"? Since its early Communist nibbling at the UN edi­ book, "Witness," in the Record of stern repression by Puritan America fice can still be brought before the the Association of the Bar of the as a piece of Popish exuberance, public without let or hindrance by City of New York for evidence con­ Christmas has gradually assumed censor or other government author­ cerning his Lordship's bias toward the chief place among American ity. We must admit likewise to a this matter. Lord J owitt's review festivals. Each year the department perhaps unworthy joy that our free dwells in detail upon the disturbing store displays of light and color and tractable society still contains nature of Chambers's early years, grow more impressive, each year the derangement of his family life the civic demonstrations in plaza, and his own sensitive and deraci­ esplanade and city square become nated reaction to his domestic en­ more garishly splendid. Quo Vadis? vironment. Basing his judgment The churchmen who condemn the upon Chambers's own tortured con­ commercialization of Christmas are, (Inspired by the UN murals) fession and a number of discrep­ to me, a bit shortsighted if not This thing described as Modern Art ancies in his testimony from first to downright churlish. Underneath the Is, like as not, a counterpart last, Lord J owitt comes to the con­ vulgarity of the Christmas lights Of a general obsession clusion that the witness "is plainly there does shine through the fact of That progress lies in retrogression. a neurotic." immense historical significance that ADELAIDE HERING I read the Jowitt review with on a certain night in the village of care. I find in ita drastic, if pol­ Bethlehem a Redeemer was born to ished, attempt to blacken the chief lay down his life for the sins of the witness against Alger Hiss. J owitt world. Even the least sensitive a large component of frivolity. Our steers clear of the question of guilt Christmas shopper can scarcely es­ public can be swept for days with a or innocence. He sidesteps the trials cape the spiritual undertone of bells childish pleasure in the intimate themselves, pleading that Cham­ and carols. details of how a GI of Danish ex­ bers gives them only scant atten­ The Christian West, giving traction can be successfully mu­ tion in his book; a conclusion which ground as it has during the last tated by the wonders of medical I did not reach with reference to year to the advances of materialism science into a shapely and not un­ "Witness." What is clear from the and romanticism summarized under enticing lass. So also we take it in review published in the organ of the name of Bolshevik imperialism, our indifferent stride when our one of the great legal societies of needs look to its symbols. It should Chief Magistrate, with some justi­ the metropolis is that Lord Jowitt be no small comfort that the creche fication to be sure, "blows his top" began, or has pursued, his study of and the cross still dominate our De­ with abandon and verbal brutality the Hiss case with a large and per­ cember scene in contrast to the ham­ against a couple of the distinguished haps vindictive presumption against mer and sickle that push with five-star generals of World War II Chambers; that he attempted in steady brutality upon the nerves of for what may turn out to be a bene­ this review and will no doubt do all belonging to the new barbarism volent conspiracy to undo his blun­ the same in his book, to impugn of the East. Other and more secular ders in Korea. Chambers, not Hiss, to the end that consolations occur to us. the unambiguous verdict of aNew We may be comforted at this Yule n accordance with our promise to York County petit jury concerning season that a certain strong spirit I report from time to time respect­ the evil behavior of Hiss may be of independence still moves us. I ing the status of Earl Jowitt of cast in doubt.

226 THE FREE:MAN • The New Look In Soviet Policy

Stalin, says a well-known exp'ert pn S,oviet Russia, thinks he .can com,plete his world conquest without By WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN risking war; but if we le,arn from our past. errors we can ste:u:l his signals for the rest of the game.

A slogan of desperation, invented by peets that, if he should ever write certainly with Stalin's approval, by Leon Trotsky thirty-five years ago, uninhibited memoirs, he would take Nenni in conversations with the has become Joseph Stalin's formula greatest pride and satisfaction not I talian Ambassador in Moscow and for achieving his grand design of in the military victories of Moscow with Richard Crossman, editor of ultimate world conquest. The slogan and Stalingrad but in the diplomatic the left-wing British Laborite week­ is "No war, no peace." sleight-of-hand which preceded his ly, the New Statesman. Trotsky, as Commissar for For­ pact with Hitler and his few days of Most of Stalin's replies to ques­ eign Affairs, represented the Soviet token war with Japan. tions by inquiring reporters are Republic in separate peace negotia­ The deal with Hitler, followed by quite worthless from any news tions with Germany and its allies at the German smashing of Polish re­ standpoint. They amount to little Brest-Litovsk in January and Febru­ sistance, gave Stalin more than more than general approval of the ary 1918. Pressed to the wall by ul­ twenty million new serfs and a com­ ideas of peace and "co-existence." timative German demands for large manding position in eastern Europe; The talk with Nenni was something cessions of prewar Russian territory, almost without firing a shot. His else again. For Stalin seems to have Trotsky decided to play his only successful blackmail of the failing accepted for an indefinite time the trump card: a gamble on the out­ Roosevelt at Yalta gave him all the present partition of Germany. And break of revolution in central objectives for which Tsarist foreign he gave a very plausible clue to his Europe. He ended a melodramatic n1inisters had schemed in the Far expectations in a statement relayed speech with the following oratorical East and laid the groundwork for a to the Western world via Crossman gesture: Communist China, again almost after the latter's conversation with without any military sacrifice. Nenni: We withdraw from the war, but we are obliged to refuse to sign the Stalin and his colleagues are ready peace treaty. ... Refusing to sign Staliu"s Talk with Nenni to face ten or fifteen years of cold an annexationist treaty, Russia, on war in the confident anticipation that its side, declares the state of war Several recent developments point the Eastern bloc will stand the eco­ with Germany, Austria-Hungary, to the same pattern of Soviet for­ nomic strain better than the West­ Turkey and Bulgaria as ended. eign policy at the present time. ern world. And since they feel this There was the interview which Stal­ confidence they do not feel in the The gamble failed. There was no least inclined to make any conces­ outbreak of revolution in Germany in granted last summer to the Ital­ cessions for the sake of an early or Austria. The German troops ian pro-Communist Socialist leader, peace settlement. obeyed the order to march. At Len­ Pietro Nenni. Substantial chunks of N enni also carried away the im­ in's insistence the Soviet govern­ this talk were publicized, almost pression that Stalin is not much dis­ ment signed a harsher treaty than turbed by the character and pace of the one Trotsky had rejected. American rearmament. The Soviet Now, ironically enough, Stalin dictator, as he showed during the under very different circumstances, late war, believes in the conventional is modeling his foreign policy along Russian land strategy of huge the lines of Trotsky's formula. He armies, equipped with vast masses is not thinking in terms of all-out of tanks and artillery. He does not war with the United States, partly believe in the possibility of reaching because he has no assurance of win­ a military decision by means of ning, partly because he hopes to win aviation, atomic bombing or any without the risk and sacrifice of "pushbutton" weapon. war. Stalin's publicized talk might be Stalin's career stamps him as a dismissed as a feint or a blind if it man of infinite cunning and patience did not fit in pretty well with the and very considerable caution, espe­ trend of recent Soviet action. The cially in foreign affairs. He likes to Berlin blockade was not pushed to gather the fruits of conquest only the extremity of shooting down when they are fully ripe. One sus- American transport planes. The sig-

DECEMBER 29, 1952 227 hal for the invasion of Korea was to pounoe on the "peace-loving" So­ tieth century have had political, not given, in all probability, because of viet Union. He declared that there is economic roots. It is safe to say that an assumption that there would be more prospect of wars between capi­ if "capitalists" had had any effective no American intervention; an as­ talist nations than of an attack on voice, neither of them would ever sumption warranted by sueh almost the USSR. He ga.ve two reasons for llave started. On the eve of the sec­ incredible blunders as the, with­ this view. First, a war with the So­ ond Worl'd War the countries whieh drawal of American troops before viet Union is more dangerous than a had most completely discarded the any adequate South Korean defense war between individual capitalist free economy, Nazi Germany, mili­ had been created, the withholding of nations, because, according to Stalin, tarized Japan, the Soviet Union, modern weapons from the South Ko­ it "must pose the very question of were the most heavily armed. The reans and the speech by Dean Ache­ the existence of capitalism." Second, most "capitalistic" of the great son writing off Korea (and For­ the capitalist nations know that the powers at that time, the United mosa) as objects of American mili­ Soviet Union itself will not attack. States, Great Britain and France, tary concern. At the same time Stalin restated were the least prepared militarily. Many threats and harsh words the Leninist dogma that conflicts of Questionable, to put it mildly, is have been exchanged between Mos­ interest between the capitalists who Stalin's assumption that American cow and Belgrade since Tito's defec­ are assumed to control all non-Com­ subsidies to ex-allies and ex-enemies tion in 1948. But there has been no munist states will inevitably lead to alike, running into tens of billions overt attempt to "purge" the rebel wars. These conflicts, in his inter­ of dollars, represent enslavement, by military force, even through the pretation, must become intensified while systematic Soviet pillaging of satellite states which border on Yu­ because the world market of capital­ the satellite states and the occupied goslavia. ism has been greatly contracting as zones of Germany and Austria is The expressed willingness of the a result of the two world wars. The just good clean proletarian fraternal Adenauer government to enter into Soviet Union fell out of this market aid. What is more important, how­ a Western defense system (not yet, after the first war, and after the ever, than the logical and ethical to be sure, confirmed by the Bunde­ second the "people's democracies" of loopholes in his argument is the stag) has not led to any drastic So­ eastern Europe "fell away from the light which it casts on his past and viet action. There has been some in­ capitalist system." Hence, Stalin ar­ future policies. As I pointed. out in tensification of the harassment of gues, there will be an intensified an earlier article in the Freeman, exposed West Berlin, but nothing competition for the high profits of one of the most formidable Commu­ has been done that would involve a capitalism among the surviving nist secret weapons is political ju­ serious risk of war and there has capitalist nations. He paints an al­ jitsu, letting their enemies throw been no significant recent build-up luring prospect of his enemies de­ themselves by means of internal con­ of Soviet armed forces in Germany. stroying one another: tradictions and disagreements. The numbers and military prepared­ ness of American and British troops Capitalist England and, in her Our;DiplomaticBlunders in Germany have been stepped up to footsteps, capitalist France in the On the eve of the second World a degree where a large-scale Soviet end will be forced to tear themselves out from the embrace of the United War Stalin used every resource, attack could scarcely be attempted States and enter into conflict with every trick to canalize Hitler's drive without some such preliminary them in order to secure themselves away from the East and against the build-up. an independent situation and, of West and Japanese expansion away The French Communist Party, on course, high profits.... One asks what guaranty is there from Siberia and toward the Philip­ orders from Moscow, has recently that Germany and Japan will not pines and the countries of southeast disciplined two of its more ardent rise again on their feet, that they Asia. The signature of his pact with spirits, Andre Marty and Charles will not atte~pt to break out from Hitler, which seemed to assure no Tillon. This may be considered an­ American slavery, and live their in­ dependent life? I think that there Soviet participation in the war and other signal that a non-adventurous, are no such guaranties. But from big, cheap territorial spoils, was the "sleeper" attitude is being pre­ this it follows that the inevitability finest hour of his Machiavellian di­ scribed for what is probably the best of wars between capitalist countries plomacy. He looked forward to a Soviet fifth eolumn in western remains in force. long war of mutual exhaustion be­ Europe. The wish is obviously a very tween Germany and the West. At the end the Soviet Union would reap A Revealing Article strong stimulus to Stalin's thought. Given the present world distribution the ···revolutionary harvest without Finally, there is the interesting of political, military and economic having committed or exhausted its evidence provided by the long article strength, a war between America own strength. which Stalin published in the theo­ and Britain, France, Germany or Had the leaders of the Western retical magazine, Bolshevik, on the Japan seems fantastic. It may also powers been as realistic and cunning eve of the recent Nineteenth Com­ be noted that the whole theory of as Stalin they could, in all prob­ munist Party Congress. In this ar­ war as a product of capitalist rivalry ability, have made the war a Kil­ ticle Stalin offered a substitute for for high profits bears not the slight­ kenny-cats fight of the totalitarian the familiar Moscow propaganda est relation to historical reality. dictatorships. But the United g,tates record of capitalist wolves preparing The two great wars of the twen- and Great Britain twice saved

~ 228 THE FREEMAN Stalin's bacon for him. First, they all, there should be an end to the of Soviet diplomatic immunity. drew Hitler's fire to the West rather suicidal passivity of which Secretary Nothing of the kind was done. The than the East. Then after Stalin had of State Dean Acheson has been the Soviet government can bask in the been drawn into the war, Roosevelt symbol and the main exponent, satisfaction of having inflicted a and Churchill followed the dreary which has crippled our policy vis-a­ public insult on the United States and disgraceful policy of appeasing vis the Soviet Communist threat. without experiencing any reprisal. him, recognizing the spoils he had Two recent examples may be cited to obtained from his deal with Hitler show how this fatalistic passivity Wasted iOpportunities and giving him the green light for has injured our cause in the cold Much more serious has been this further vast expansion, both in war. passivity in the Korean war. Al­ eastern Europe and in China. The Soviet government recently though the Chinese Communists We can not escape the disastrous saw fit to insult and expel our Am­ have done everything in their power consequences of past diplomatic bassador, George F. Kennan. It hap­ to inflict maximum injury on our blunders. But we can learn from pens that the Soviet Ambassador to forces, we have proceeded on the as­ them. From Stalin's tortuous policy this country, Georgi Zarubin, has sumption that Communist China is before the second World War, and been followed from post to post by untouchable, that we must fight the fron1 the clues which point to a new an unsavory aroma of espionage. Chinese Reds not where they are look in Soviet foreign policy, we can The Canadian spy ring was uncov­ most vulnerable, but where they steal his signals for the next half of ered when he was in Ottawa. The want us to fight them, in Korea. the game. Klaus Fuchs, Burgess and MacLean It i~ hard to calculate the oppor­ There is not likely to be any spe­ and William Marshall cases broke tunities that have been missed on cific Soviet peace proposal calculated while he was stationed in London. the mainland of China during these to create a favorable impression on Within twenty-four hours of the dec.. last two years. Sober, responsible anyone but the Dean of Canterbury. laration that Kennan was persona British publications like the Econo­ But there will probably also be no non grata in Moscow the State De­ mist, the Manchester Guardian, even challenge so uncompromising as to partment should have taken corre­ the left-wing New Statesman, cite force on us a plain, fight-or-surren­ sponding action in regard to Zaru­ figures from Chinese sources show­ der choice. bin, to the accompaniment of a state­ ing that one of the greatest terrorist What is the effective American re­ ment recalling every salient detail of massacres of all time has been going sponse to this challenge? First of espionage carried on under the cloak on in Red China. Could not this slaughter have been a two-way af­ fair if there had been some adroit gun-running and parachuting of No War, No Peace arms from Formosa? A Foreign Policy Memorandum Stalin Might Write Turning to Europe, there is some­ thing fantastic in the spectacle of (William Henry Chamberlin, author of the accornpanying article, French and Germans bargaining presents this memorandum as one that we can "plausibly imagine with America about the terms on Stalin preparing for his own guidance and that of his successor.") which they will defend themselves. We should make it clear that if the French overturn their own apple­ NO WAR. Why should the USSR take Western countries, which we can use to cart, the European army, we shall the risk of precipitating a big war, destroy them. negotiate with the Bonn government which is certain to be protracted and for a straight American-German al­ costly, when there is a good chance NO PEACE. These considerations do liance, looking to the creation of a that our enemies will do most of our not mean that we should or could make German national army. And if this work for us? We must remember that peace with the capitalist powers, except idea proves impracticable, we should war has its dangers for us, as well as on the basis of their unconditional sur­ for our capitalist enemies. Almost a render. Peace would be disadvantageous intimate regretfully but firmly that million Soviet citizens fought against in many ways. It would rob us of our we can not indefinitely assume the us with the Germans during the last principal excuse for maintaining dic­ impossible military task of defend­ war. Large-scale war is the one thing tatorship and the Iron Curtain. It ing the western part of the Euro­ that could loosen the iron grip which would expose our people to the danger pean continent without wholehearted, our scientific combination of unlimited of comparing the sacrifice and priva­ effective European cooperation. terror and propaganda has fastened on tion which will probably exist under We should turn a permanently the peoples under our control. our system until the great day of tran­ deaf ear to the sappy counsellors A surer, if longer, method of reach­ sition to communism, with the false who insist that the only effective ing our objectives is to wait patiently, glamor of comfort which capitalism way .to combat communism is to building up our heavy industries and creates, even for the proletariat. scatter our national substance among military power, exhausting our enemies by little wars waged by proxy, and NO WAR, NO PEACE. There is our the "underprivileged" areas of the taking every advantage of the diff~rence best assurance of ultiInate victory, first world, preferably by way of the between our totalitarianism and the tol­ on a European and Asiatic, then on a United Nations. Our subsidies, mili­ erance and feeble liberalism of the world seale. tary and economic, should be closely

DECEMBER 29, 1952 229 tied in with political and military from, not toward, Communist-ruled relative backwardness in technology. agreements for the struggle against areas. Second, there is and can be no It is a pretty safe assumption that communism. We should never again assurance of an orderly, peaceful by the time the cumbersome Soviet place ourselves in the humiliating transfer of power under the Soviet state-directed economy has absorbed position of begging foreign countries system, because it is quite devoid of the latest industrial secret which to accept our largess. And we should any element of legitimacy or legal­ some Soviet spy ring has stolen, the not require certificates of democracy ity. Third, the self-imposed Soviet United States will have passed on to from our associates in the struggle cultural isolation must always mean something better. against communism. It is conceivable that some of the most effective fight­ ers against communism would not pass such tests. The New Logic By BEN RAY REDMAN While we should not exaggerate the likelihood of an internal collapse As someone has remarked-We live behind the Iron Curtain as a result Korea and the "volunteers" of Red in a changing world. Euclid's geom­ of psychological warfare, broadcast­ China. 3) The USSR, speaking on etry has been knocked from its pride ing and other means of reaching the behalf of North Korea and Red of place by the geometries of Lo­ China, dictates terms to the United peoples of these countries should be batschewsky and Riemann. The me­ stepped up and made realistic Nations and informs the UN that chanical universe of Newton has dis­ through the closest possible contact unless these terms, insisted on by solved, or exploded, into a universe North Korea and Red China, are ac­ with their condition and grievances. of electrical charges. Spinach is no cepted by the UN, there can be no Although Stalin's forecast of wars longer held in the esteem that it was between non-Communist countries is armistice in Korea. Therefore: Point a generation ago. But most interest­ not to be taken very seriously, there Four Nations will derive from Hud­ ing, perhaps, and certainly most per­ son River Valley snow-water nour­ are conflicts of economic interest tinent to man's present predicament, ishment in excess of the 17 ergs of which must be squarely faced. Our are the remarkable changes that emotional energy generated by the best contribution to their solution have recently taken place in the practice of wearing a small Dali will be to stand unswervingly for painting over the right breast. the international application of the fundamental discipline of logic. And the second sillygem is like principles of a free and truly liberal Aristotle, of course, has long since unto the first. 1) Nationalist China economy. This would include the been surperseded, but it has not yet is one of the five permanent mem­ scrapping by the United States of a been generally realized that sym­ bers of the Security Council of the protectionist attitude which makes bolic logic-only yesterday the pride United Nations. 2) Great Britain, no economic sense for a country of our mathematicians-has now another permanent member of the with large normal export surpluses. been pushed into a dusty corner. The new logic that has taken over is Security Council, does not recognize the Nationalist government as the No Deals with Moscow called Infra-Red Logic by some of its practitioners, and Owl-and-Pussy­ legitimate government of China, but There should be clear recognition Cat Logic by others. The Germans recognizes the red regime of Mao. that only a "No Deal" policy offers call it Krankheitslogik. The Spanish 3) The United States of America, any prospect of success in our rela­ have a name for it that is best left another permanent member of the tions with the Kremlin. The sooner to some bold Hemingway to record. Security Council, and one that does it is realized by friends and enemies In this new logic there are no recognize Nationalist China, employs and also by the waverers and wob­ syllogisms; there are only silly­ the U. S. Seventh Fleet, not only to bIers that our policy is firmly set gems, Of, as the French call them protect the Nationalists on Formosa along the lines indicated by Eisen­ maldemermots. I have been unable from invasion from the Chinese hower in his American Legion to arrive at an exact translation of mainland, but also to prevent the speech, the better it will be for our this last term, but I assume it must Nationalists-permanent members of prospect of success in the cold war. have something to do with seasick­ the Security Council, and therefore If we discard once for all the gen­ ness. Quoting from a textbook of the by definition a sovereign power­ teel Achesonian futility in the han­ new logic that has recently come to from making any move to recover dling of foreign affairs, this pros­ my hand, I should like to pass on to any part of the homeland from which pect is not so dark as is sometimes Freeman readers two sillygems that they have been ousted by Communist represented. For the weaknesses on are, the authors of the textbook as­ aggressors. Therefore: 1.'he obstetri­ the other side of the Iron Curtain sure us, neo-classic models of their cal significance of Rabindrinath Ta­ are no less real for being enveloped kind. The first runs as follows. gore must not take precedence of the in silence and secrecy. Three of 1) The United Nations is engaged Los Angeles Public Housing contro­ these can not be exorcised by any in a "police action" against North versy during any conversation at amount of Marxist-Leninist mumbo­ Korea and the "volunteers" of Red any cocktail party held under the jumbo. China. 2) The USSR is a permanent auspices of the State Department of First, the movement of fugitives member of the Security Council of the United States of America. and refugees in Europe and in Asia the United Nations, which is engaged More sillygems on request. But is always and overwhelmingly away in a "police action" against N'orth not on request to me. I'm tired.

230 THE FREEMAN of the dollar we earn, spend, or save. When we lend our money, we sub­ consciously expect to get back dol­ Our Rotting Dollars lars about as good as those we lend. Every time we put money into a By WILLARD M. FOX savings bank, buy a bond, or pay a life insurance premium, we are lend­ An ettpert in economic analysis shows how our dollar ing. For patriotic or philanthropic has lost nearly half its buying power since 1940, reasons, people will sometimes lend and offers a suggestion for halting this decline. money when they know in 'advance they will lose some or all of it. Ordi­ narily' though, we expect to get hack You can put a $10,000 price tag on a and what they buy. We all know that more in combined interest and prin­ mongrel puppy. If you will take a we are not all eating two or three cipal than we lend. couple of alley kittens in trade at times as much meat, living in two Government Costs Skyrocket $5000 each, we can do business. or three times as many houses, and Then each of us can mark our prices driving two or three times as many Things do not work that way in up as the animals grow. Before long, cars as in 1940. the United States. The most power­ we can keep busy trading $25,000 or The 1940 figures are given in ful borrower is the biggest tax col­ $30,000 cats for $50,000 or $60,000 Roosevelt rubber dollars. The 1950 lector-the Federal government. It dogs. If we trade often, we can en­ figures are in Truman token dollars. increased its take in current dollars joy a lot of activity and show some The Bureau of Labor Statistics says ,from $5.264 billion to $46.539 billion tremendous profits; but we shall end that it took $24.13 in July 1951 to from 1940 to 1950. This is an as­ up with nothing but cats and dogs. buy what $10.50 would buy in food tronomical 884 per cent. The rate of It is an absurd notion, for all we stores in July 1939. True, this period growth is an amazing 24.35 per cent should be doing is making our dol­ is a year longer than that used compounded annually. In 1939 dol­ lars worth less on each trade. above, but those extra twelve months lars, the Federal government's "dis­ Less rapidly, that is precisely do not account for all the change. posable income" from net receipts what we have been doing in this The sad fact is that the dollar has has gone up six and a half times as country for the past nineteen years. rotted away. It has lost nearly half fast as the disposable personal in­ According to government statistics its buying power. The $18.75 you come of all its citizens combined! which you can find in such official paid for a Series E bond in 1940 On top of this its debt skyrocketed publications as "The Survey of Cur­ could buy more than the $25 you got from $43 billion in 1940 to $257.4 rent Business," gross national prod­ back in 1950. billion in 1950-a six-fold increase. uct (roughly the money value of all It is a continuing obligation of every goods and services) rose from $101.4 A Statistical Fanacy taxpayer who must help carry the billion in 1940 to $279.8 billion in interest on it. "We owe it to our­ 1950. Disposable personal income, To measure the changing buying selves" is at best a half-truth. All of which is supposed to be the amount power of the dollar, statisticians use us owe it to those of us who hold people have to spend after paying a dodge they call the "constant dol­ government bonds and notes. their tax and non-tax obligations, lar." They change the dollar of each Sure, I know we fought a war and shot up from $75.7 billion to $204.5 year into dollars having the pur­ got ourselves into a' "police action" billion in the same period. In both chasing power of a fixed year such in Korea, financed Lend-Lease, op­ cases, the apparent increase is more as 1939. When this is done, we find erated the Marshall Plan and ECA, than 10 per cent a year compounded that the gross national product in picked up most of the tab for the annually. That increase is more than 1940 was $100 billion and in 1950 it UN, and got ourselves into a lot four times the current rate of in­ was $153 billion. Measured in 1939 more globaloney that will plague us terest paid by New York savings dollars, disposable personal income and cost us vast sums for years to banks. rose 50 per cent from 1940 to 1950 come. I also know that we, through Taken at face value, these figures and not the apparent 170 per cent our government employees, spent mean that we are two and three­ the rotting dollar indicates. some of these taxed and borrowed quarters times as well off as we were Population went up 14 per cent. dollars to publish books to prove in 1940. They mean that the man Disposable personal income went up that the long-extinct sabre-tooth who took home $50 a week in 1940 50 per cent. Instead of being two tiger was not a tiger at all, and to takes home $135 today. Some do, but and three-quarters times as well off tell people how to take care of type­ many do not. There are reasons. In in 1950 as in 1940, as the New Deal­ writers (a service which the type­ the first place, the population has ers and Fair Dealers want you to writer manufacturers render free). grown. There are 19,000,000 more believe, we are perhaps 30 per cent The reasons the government people to feed and clothe and shelter. ahead. In short, at least four-fifths spends so much, taxes so much and There are 15,000,000 more people in of the "great gains we have made," borrows so much, may be good, in­ the employed working force. M'ore according to Fair Deal spokesmen, different and bad. The main con­ people are dividing up the dollars are simply the ref~ult of the rotting sideration is that to do these things

DECEMBER 29, 1952 231 it will require in 1952 abollt one­ has precedent in American history. rise and the ability of government quarter of the estimated gross na­ Congress could make it possible to borrow cheaply would diminish. tional product. The entire working quickly. It could permit the stock Eventually at some point the dollar population will work at least three or commodity exchanges to deal in would come into equilibrium with months for the Federal government. gold as they now deal in stocks and gold, as people sold gold for dollars The government gets money either bonds, in wheat, rubber, hides, co­ and dollars for gold. from taxes or from borrowing coa and many other things. Then Then, eventually, we should be money that must be paid back with each day the American people could able to maintain sound fiscal pol­ interest. These payments can come J.{now what their dollars were icies and safeguard them by a- re­ only from future taxes on future worth. More important, they could turn to a freely convertible cur­ production or from further rotting buy and tuck away in strong-boxes rency such as we had from the re­ of the dollar. gold bars or gold coins. The conse­ sumption of specie payment in 1879 There is a time-worn gag that quences would be far-reaching and to 1933; but, of course, that dollar there are liars, damned liars and the effects could make themselves would not value gold at its old statisticians; but the fact is there felt rather quickly. Gold put in safe price of $20.67 per ounce or even at are statisticians and statisticians. deposit boxes is sterile. It can not its nominal present value of $35 per As one, I shall go along with a re­ be used as a reserve against cur­ ounce. When we have a freely con­ mark attributed to former President rency. Therefore it has a leverage vertible currency, we shall still Hoover: "I was taught young the effect against the creation of check have price changes, but we shall potency of truth, that it would pre­ money. Fewer dollars mean that not be on the one-way road we are vail. The raw material of truth is each is worth more and not less, so now traveling toward a completely facts. Statistics are not mental that interest rates eventually would rotted dollar. exercises; they are the first step to right decisions, to enlightened ac­ tion, to progress itself." The statistics I have quoted are Ballade for Bureaucrats all taken from or derived from gov­ ernment sources. They may be dull. (Written in Hope) Yet they are worth pondering. They show that our dollars are rotting. Double your diesels, ye B & O! The process is not stopped. It is a Pennsy, assemble your fastest trains­ danger to every person who expects Fleeing from Washington here we go, some day to depend upon Social Se­ Exodus frantic of Social Brains. curity, pensions, annuities, interest Back to the towns and the hills and the plains, payments, or any other form of Hunting for holes in this fateful hour; fixed income. If the rotting process The Deals of the Dems are down the drains­ goes on, the dollar income that to­ Nigh is the shadow of Eisenhower. day looks large enough to provide for living in retirement will turn Munching the peas in the public pod, out to be a cruel pittance. Chewing the corn off the budget cob, Planning and playing at being God, Toward Sound Fiscal Policies Hopping the bureaus from job to job, Our dollars do not have to rot How could we guess the dumb voting mob away. We do not have to let the 53 Would wisen and turn all our sweet to sour? cent dollar of 1952 become the 10 Adlai and Harry, with you we sob­ or 15 cent dollar of 1965 or some Nigh is the shadow of Eisenhower. other future year. When enough people understand what is being Ditch the mink for the cheaper styles; done to them, they can compel a Remember the names that you must forget; return to sound policy that will Pack up your freezer and weed your files; preserve the worth and stop the A Senate committee may get you yet! rotting of the dollar. The majority Change your name and your social set; of the people will never master the Grow a moustache as you sit and cower- details of central banking policies Isn't amnesia the safest bet? that control the value of our dollars. N'igh is the shadow of Eisenhower. Hence, they must be given a simple means of seeing what goes on and L'Envoi of measuring the value of the man­ Gentlemen, let us depart with speed; aged currency that they are obliged Done is our saga of pelf and power. to use. One-way tickets are all we need! There is a very simple and direct Nigh is the shadow of Eisenhower. way in which this could be done. It DON KNOWLTON

232 THE FREEMAN The UN's Pink Sisters

By ALICE· WIDENER

'Six months .after the outbreak of In prevlous articles th.e author has low countrymen and shooting down the Korean War, our State Depart­ dealt with UN employment 'policy; Americans in Korea. ment issued an official bulletin as­ with !Communist infiltration among There were other remarkable as­ serting that in order to complete the American UN employees; with the pects ol the Hunter College Confer­ picture of American participation in influence of Hiss and other Marx­ ence. For example, in room 1001 the the United Nations, ists on the UN's formation and di­ program under discussion was "Ad­ rection; with the selection, to head vancing Human Rights." The chair­ ~ .. it is necessary to go outside the the UN economic welfare program, man was Clark Eichelberger, who is organizational walls and to recog­ nize the overriding importance of of a! man whose UN division hal also Chairman of the Commission to this participation to the individual. employed American Communists. Study the Organization of the Peace, 'Membership in the United Nations Here she exposes some of the per­ and is Director of the American As­ and its sister organizations is mean­ sonnel and propaganda of the UN's sociation for the United Nations. Ac­ ingful only to the extent it construc­ American sister organizatioDs. tively affects the lives and futures cording to the New York World of individuals. Telegram, July 11, 1949, former Sec­ of the U. S. National Commission retary of War Robert P. Patterson Here in the United States, two of for UN'ESCO at Hunter College, wrote a letter dated August 4, 1948 the UN's important sister organi­ New York City, January 27-31,1952. to Alger Hiss saying: "You and zations are the American Associa­ Yet the delegates to the conference Clark Eichelberger started the or­ tion for the United Nations and the received their accreditations in ganization for the Marshall Plan u. S. National Commission for franked envetopes bearing in the up­ which was certainly 180 degrees UNESCO (United Nations Educa­ per left-hand corner the return ad­ from the 'party line.'" tional, Scientific and Cultural Or­ dress: "U. S. National Commission History hasn't yet clearly revealed ganization). Working hand in glove for UNESCO, Department of State, whether the Marshall Plan was or with the State Department, these Washington 25, D. C.," followed by was not to the right of the Commu­ two ambitious groups carryon na­ the words: "Official Business." nist Party line. Certainly the plan tion-wide activities in support of the was based on the false theory that in UN and of their own cultural Peiping Was "Wonderful" any country communism is embraced and social objectives. Unfortunately, by masses of people instead of im­ each of the intellectual sisters ap­ The subject of the conference was posed on them by a handful of Red pears to have some Red cells in the "The Citizen and the United Na­ conspirators. History has clearly brain. As a result, they threaten to tions." The public relations director shown, however, that the Marshall affect destructively the lives and fu­ was David Apter. One of his prin­ Plan was 180 degrees to the left of tures of Americans. cipal assistants was Mrs. Robert the Truman Doctrine which pro­ The U. S. National Commission Doyle (Ann Ford Doyle) who acted claimed our country's right to send for UNESCO was established by an as associate public relations director effective military aid as well as eco­ Act of the 79th Congress under and press liaison officer and who, nomic assistance to Greece and Tur­ Public Law 565. According to an of­ prior to the conference, was accorded key when they were in peril of im­ ficial pamphlet: the privilege of a temporary office mediate Communist conquest. at the United States Mission to the Mr. Eichelberger is of course en­ ... the Commission consists of 100 American citizens, 60 of whom are United Nations at 2 Park Avenue, titled to his own ideas about the ad­ nominated by national voluntary or­ New York City. There Mrs. Doyle vancement of human rights. But his ganizations interested in educa­ told this writer that she had only re­ ideas sometimes appear to be at tional, scientific and cultural mat­ cently returned from Peiping, which strange variance with those held by ters. Of the remaining 40 members, 15 are representatives of the educa­ she described as a wonderful place a majority of Americans. Thus in tional, scientific and cultural inter­ where she had had a wonderful time. 1939 he was a member of the Na­ ests of state and local governments, It would be extremely interesting tional Advisory Board of the Ameri­ 15 are chosen at large, and not more to know how Mrs. Doyle was able to can Youth Congress, which former than 10 can be officers or employees get into the capital of Red China of the United States Government. U. S. Attorney General Francis Bid­ while that country was at war with dle declared on September 24, 1942, In July 1952 the State Depart­ the United Nations, and why she "... was originated in 1934 and has ment, in response to a query from a went there. It would be even more been controlled by Communists and staff member of the Senate Subcom­ interesting to know how an Ameri­ manipulated by them to influence mittee on Internal Security, denied can could find enjoyment in Peiping the thought of American youth." In any connection, official or unofficial, while its Red government was carry­ 1947 Mr. Eichelberger was a sponsor with the third national conference ing out mass executions against fe1- of the Independent Citizens Commit-

DECEMBER 29, 195! -233 tee of the Arts, Sciences and Pro- dation by pressure groups" and "in­ try has "happily nearly abandoned , fessions. This organization was cited terfering with freedom of speech the habit of lynching human beings" in 1948 and 1949 as "a Communist and the right to hold dissenting but that "We are still pursuing the front" by both the California and opinions." These "liberals" remained practice of lynching ideas and insti­ the House committees on un-Ameri­ mute when their Communist friends tutions." can activities. made outrageous smear charges of This statement is, of course, as "fascist reactionary" and "war­ evil a slander of the American peo­ ple as any made by Vishinsky. We Who Is "Lynching"" Whom? monger" against such eminent Amer­ icans as former President Herbert Americans are deeply ashamed of While Mr. Eichelberger acted as Hoover and our next Secretary of crimes committed in our country; chairman of the U. S. Commission State, John Foster Dulles. And to­ but to say that our nation ever on UN'ESCO's program on human day these same "liberals" are ready lynched human beings as a habit is rights, a principal member on the and willing to impugn the motives slanderously untrue. panel of so-called experts was Roger and ethics of those who openly cri­ Dr. Luther Evans, Librarian of Baldwin, longtime Chairman of the ticize various activities of such or­ Congress, advised U. S. Commission National Committee, American Civil ganizations as the U. S. Commission members to adopt a policy of "stand­ Liberties Union. The long list of for UNESCO and the American As­ ing up and answering the know­ Mr. Baldwin's affiliations with sub­ sociation for the United Nations. nothing, vicious attacks." He con­ versive organizations seems to show On October 3, 1952, the New York tinued his own attacks on Americans plainly that he has difficulty in dis­ Times reported from Washington as follows: that at a meeting of 93 members of tinguishing the difference between We should study the problems of what advances and what retards hu­ the U. S. Commission for UNESCO, other nations and re-examine our man rights. On January 24, 1946,' Howland Sargeant, Assistant Secre­ own practices with regard to free­ for example, Mr. Baldwin was a tary of State for Public Affairs, had dom of communication, free flow of denounced "the action in Los An­ persons, the declaration of human sponsor of a public banquet tendered 'Tights, and the work we are doing to Communist "Mother" Ella Reeve geles where a pamphlet 'The E in on the Covenant of Human Rights. Bloor. Several years earlier he UN'ESCO' was withdrawn from the These principles are far from the signed "A Call for Support to the Los Angeles public school system." reality of American life. ..." [Ital­ National Students League." This To strengthen his attack, Mr. Sar­ ics added.] organization was described by the geant quoted from an editorial by Realistic Americans don't pretend House Committee on un-American Carroll Binder of the Minneapolis that life in this country is perfect. Activities as having "led and orga~ Tribune to the effect that this coun- But if it be true that "these prin- nized the revolutionary movement among the students of high schools, colleges and universities. From the beginning it was clearly revolution­ ary' in its program and actions." Freedom vs. Slavery In December 1933, Mr. Baldwin was listed along with Communist (Mrs. Widener has submitted with her article the following quota­ politica~ Party leaders William Z. Foster and tion from a great American, which expresses her own Jack Stachel on the National Com­ beliefs better than any other she has found, and which offers, in mittee of the American Friends of her opinion, the final commentary on the position of those who ap­ the Soviet Union. And along with pear willing to compromise on the issue of freedom versus slavery.) Earl Browder, general secretary of the Communist Party, U. S. A., Mr. All they ask, we could readily grant, if we thought slavery right; all we Baldwin was a member of the Na­ ask, they could as readily grant, if they thought it wrong. Their thinking tional Bureau of the Communist­ it right and our thinking it wrong is the precise fact upon which depends dominated American League Against the whole controversy. War and Fascism. In addition, he belonged to the advisory council Thinking it right, as they do, they are not to blame for desiring its full of the Communist-dominated Book recognition as being right; but thinking it wrong, as we do, can we yield Union on whose editorial board sat to them? ean we cast our votes with their view and against our own? In Alexander Trachtenberg, the Com­ view of our moral, social and political responsibilities, can we do this? munist publisher who has been in­ dicted under the Smith Act, and is If our sense of duty forbids this, then let us stand by our duty fearlessly now on trial at the U. S. Court and effectively•••• Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false House in New York City. . accusations against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction It' seems, though, that when un­ to the government nor of dungeons to ourselves. pleasant facts about prominent American left-wingers and sympa­ Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us, to thizers with communism are brought the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it. to light, many so-called liberal in­ ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Address at Cooper Union, New tellectuals raise a cry about "intimi- York City, during the Presidential campaign of 1860

2 3 4 THE FREEMAN ciples are far from the reality of ness Machines] discussion group of armament hasn't varied a whit from American life," why have so many 100 people in Endicott, New York, what it was in 1919 when Lenin de... representing the 47 per cent against, millions of foreigners sought to stated definitely: "No premium clared: "Disarmament is not an in­ become U. S. citizens? on Communist China's aggression ternational program of revolution­ At the invitation of the State De­ should be placed by giving her rec­ ary international socialism." partment, this writer attended the ognition." The Midwest, on the other hand, 1952 conference of the U. S. Na­ voted 81 pet!" cent in. favor of modi­ Anti-And-Communism tional Commission for UNESCO and fying our position. The South found that the disparaging opinions agreed, with 68 per cent in favor. At a Second Annual Conference of our country expressed by Messrs. The West was split almost in half called by the American Association over the issue. Sargeant, Binder and Evans were for the United Nations in Chicago, echoed by several American leaders Total results, according to the February 17-19, 1952, the hand­ of the Work Group Meetings held in AAUN's editors, showed that 79 per picked delegates of 85 national or­ the Hunter College classrooms. Vili­ cent of the Americans polled on Part ganizations (acting as individuals fication of the United States was 4 of the October Question were in under the auspices of the AAUN) heard also during a group discus­ favor of United States recognition issued a statement of policy which sion of women volunteers at the of Red China, and 62 per cent were reads in part: headquarters of the American Asso­ in favor of admission of Red China ciation for the United Nations in into the United Nations. The right to dissent is the birth­ 1951. Concerning this so-called impar­ right of every American. We de­ plore those growing apprehensions tial poll of American public opinion which have promoted both measures Cold ,Civil War there seems to be only one suitable and attacks aimed at dissident opin­ comment: "Fathers and mothers, ion. There is increasing evidence of One of the most astonishing as­ wives, brothers and sisters, relatives the paralyzing effect of these meas­ pects of this cold war which some ures and attacks upon American and friends· of our American troops representatives in the conduct of Americans are waging appears in fighting in Korea, please take note." our foreign relations.... The safety the People's Section Bulletin pub­ of our country can be more im­ lished nine times each year by the periled than assured if measures di­ Campaign of "Education"" American Association for the United rected against an alleged conspiracy take on the attributes of a police Nations (known as the AAUN). The American Association for the state. Each issue contains a Question of United Nations is making the most the Month concerning major politi­ of its well-financed propaganda op­ Compare any issue of the Daily cal events and problems. Answers portunities. There are 42 titles on Worker! The group attacked provi­ are polled from subscribers belong­ its 1952 Publications List. Many of sions of measures wisely designed ing to local AAUN groups through­ these are designed for a nation­ to protect United States security out the nation. wide educational program and bear from possible espionage conducted at In October 1951 the main question such names as "S-tudent Kit," the UN, and then declared: "We de­ was "What should be the role of the "Teachers' Kit," and "UN' in the plore these measures, as we do the United States at the Sixth General Schools." In addition, the American unwarranted fears which prompt Assembly [of the UN]?" This was Association for the United Nations them...." divided into four parts of which the frequently cooperates with other or­ How warranted are American last was: "Should the U. S. modify ganizations under a kind of inter­ fears concerning the Communist its position toward Communist locking directorate. Thus Clark conspiracy in our midst was sho·wn China if hostilities in Korea cease?" Eichelberger-in his dual capacity on December 2, 1952, when a Fed­ More than a full page of the Jan­ as member of the Commission to eral Grand Jury in New York City uary 1952 issue was devoted to "An­ Study the Peace and as Director of handed down its presentment de­ swers to. October Questionnaire," the AAUN-sponsored a document, claring that the State Department under which appeared: "Security Under the United Na­ had cleared "disloyal Americans" tions," which contained a plea for for service in the UN and in several The October People's Section of its specialized international agen­ elicited more replies than any other peace through world opinion based of the questions of the month to largely on the premise: cies. The second paragraph of the date.... We feel this growing re­ legal document states in part: sponse to be most encouraging and The disarmament resolution are sure that members everywhere adopted by the UN General Assem­ Whereas, as it approaches the will share our enthusiasm over it. bly last December upon the initia­ termination of its eighteen months tive of Russia was the starting period of service, this jury must as 4. As always when the subject of point of a new chapter in the his­ a duty to the people of the United Communist China arises, answers tory of the United Nations. [Italics States advise the court that startling were definite and covered all shades added]. evidence has disclosed infiltration of opinion. The East took the only into the United Nations of an over­ positive stand against modifying Five years have passed since the whelmingly large group of disloyal our position toward the Red Chinese issuance of this misleading state­ United States citizens, many' of government, by the small margin of whom are closely associated with 47 per cent against to 43 per cent ment. It is evident now, as it was in the international Communist move­ for. An IBM [International Busi- 1947, that the Soviet policy of dis- ment. This group numbers scores of

DECEMBER 29, 1952 235 individuals, most of whom have long eign to American law and tradition. are supra-national and above taking records of Federal employment, and They have a distinctly scarlet hue." sides between the Communists and at the same time have been con­ nected with persons and organiza­ It isn't surprising that some anti-Communists. Unfortunatel1, tions subversive to this country. United Nations officials, including those' two important sisters of the Americans, have lost their sense of UN, the American Association for Tbe ,Constitution in Danger perspective regarding life, liberty the United Nations and the U. S. and the pursuit of happiness. Tak­ National Commission for UNESCO, There seems to be an even graver ing a Nietzschean beyond-good-and­ also appear to stand with their feet danger to our country than the ac­ evil attitude, they declare they are firmly planted in mid-air on the is­ tivities described above. This peril "international civil servants" who sue of freedom versus slavery. is the possible vitiation and over­ riding of the U. S. Constitution and Bill of Rights through an interpre­ tation of what the American Asso­ Foreign Trends ciation for the United Nations calls the "supremacy clause" of our Con­ stitution. Briefly stated, this in­ The Eisenhower Blues terpretation is that international treaties signed by the United States The NATO countries, with a some­ NATO governments and their anti­ -such as the treaty establishing the what neurotic tardiness, are awaken­ NATO oppositions. And these uni­ United Nations Charter-are the su­ ing to the fact that the Truman Ad­ versal blues are menacingly accen­ preme law of our land. Today the ministration is about to be liqui­ tuated by cumulative portents of a American Association for the United dated. And the shock is tremendous. general European recession. N'ations officially declares: For it slowly sinks in, at least in Europe, that the election of Eisen­ But nowhere in Europe is the The human rights obligations of the United Nations Charter should hower, whatever his own preference gloom quite so thick as in the bars be implenlented.... The United might be, reflects America's grow­ and restaurants where the innu­ States Constitution declares that ing desire to reduce European com­ merable American MSA employees treaties are the supreme law of the mitments. habitually congregate. When Harold land, anything in the constitutions or law of the states to the contrary The Europeans, in other words, Stassen, the agency's newly ap­ notwithstanding. ... We believe are going through the shattering pointed boss, goes into the field, he that United States membership in experience of seeing their fervent will need all his buoyancy to perk the United. N8tions increases the im­ prayers fulfilled; and now that the up the morale of the immense staff. portance of this Constitutional prin­ violently resented "American inter­ And even Mr. Stassen's considerable ciple. We therefore oppose the ef­ fort to amend the Constitution in ference in European affairs" seems resources of serenity may not suffice. such a way as to eliminate the value bound to recede, the European self­ For, contrary to the people at home, and effectiveness of the supremacy pity only grows shriller. For in his the MSA armies of officeholders clause. remorseful attitude towards Amer­ abroad have not the slightest doubt Many prominent, responsible mem­ ica, the European matches the man that the agency has been criminally bers of the American Bar Associa­ in the story who had two complaints overstaffed. Knowing, as they do, tion and of the Associated Press about the food in his boarding house: that the job could be done-and "For one, nobody could swallow it­ much more effectively-by one-fourth have denounced several provisions in it's positively poisonous. Secondly, of the personnel, all these thousands the UN's Universal Declaration on the portions are so small!" of rather leisurely MSA workers feel Human Rights, especially those ar­ As it is usually France who worse than bearish about their fu­ ticles concerning freedom of the sneezes whenever ,Europe catches a ture. Their fear of being marked for press and freedom of religion. These cold, the panic is particularly overt an early return to the drabness of critics believe that our American in Paris. No longer can the Pinay white-collar existence back home is freedoms are better defined and Ministry expect to have its every contagious. guaranteed in our own Constitution succeeding deficit underwritten by All in all, the European gloom and Bill of Rights. Our State De­ another U. S. grant. Which means over the fall of Truman and Acheson partment declared in 1951, "The ba­ that the Pinay cabinet (and, for has reached such depths that from sic civil and political rights 'set forth that matter, any other "third-force" here on the situation can only im­ in the [United Nations] draft cove­ French government) is now without prove. The new Administration will nant are well known in American a program. But it also means that of course take care of Europe's rock­ tradition and law...." the "neutralist" opposition, too, is bottom needs for United States aid, But as Senator John W. Bricker stymied: the Frenchman, an avid and once tl}e Europeans have grasped pointed out (the Freeman,Janu-ary customer of anti-American propa­ this American sense of obligation, 28, 1952): "This [statement] is, ganda only so long as the dollars they may soon recover even their even for the State Department, an keep safely rolling in, begins to appetite for precious "neutralism." unsurpassed perversion of the truth. realize that the "neutralist" joke is And their interim blues may have ... The draft Covenant incorporates now out of place. The American up­ salutary effects-particularly if a ... rights which are completely for- heaval, in short, has hit both the reformed (and beneficently reduced)

236 THE FREEMAN State Department crew abroad were an outright French alliance with for "pure" art. Not that I have th.e at last to learn the fundamentals of 'Spain. Prince Adalbert of Bavaria, slightest hope of impressing such effective propaganda. the new German ambassador to Ma­ dreamers (for their afflictions are drid, has signed a Spanish-German emotional and strangely incurable), The Saar Miracle trade pact under which Germany but here is how Uj Zenei Szemle, will be exchanging machinery for Red Hungary's official music review, That the German people of the Saar strategic Spanish ores, such as wolf­ directs the Budapest Music Academy ~100 territory voted t for all practical pur­ ram, to the tune of about mil­ to teach composition: "The pupil poses, against a return to the Reich lion a year. And seven European must always be able to put into must have been a mighty surprise to governments which share with the words the sentiments he wants to the faithful readers of the U. S. United States the international ad­ express in his music, and to name metropolitan press. Unlike the Free­ ministration of Tangier have just the source of these sentiments. It is man's audience, the public of the invited Spain (which was demon­ the professor's duty to point out to New York Times, et ale has been stratively excluded from the Tangier the pupil whether or not these sen­ conditioned to assume that the Ger­ Treaty of 1945) to resume an impor­ timents and ideas are correct." mans are more than ever possessed tant position in this strategic zone. Now if a Neanderthal type of by nationalist cravings; and that But each time the United States so commercial publisher were ever to their attitude is determined by noth­ much as talks with Franco; Euro­ express such a vulgar miscompre­ ing so much as racial emotionalism. pean public opinion is whipped into hension of musical content, modern The perfectly rational (and more a frenzy over "American sympathies composers might feel like running than prudent) vote of the Saar­ for fascism." in furious distress to the nearest landers, or their overwhelming ma­ recruiting office of the Communist jority at any rate, proves beyond Not So Mild a Dream Party. But when the fatuity richo­ doubt what the Freeman has been chets, amplified many times over, constantly submitting: that German Many a contemporary musician, from the walls of Communist music nationalist "idealism" has genuinely though he may dislike Communist academies, a deplorable number of evaporated; that the Germans are "excesses," retains dreamy notions modern composers seem to lose their now, if anything, exaggerated prag­ of commanism's alleged sympathies sense of hearing. CANDIDE matists who vote their most selfish and most materialist interests; and that a constructive U. S. policy must be free of obsession with Germany's allegedly reawakening madness. This Is What They Said So powerful has been the influence of misinformation in the recent past that even the Vatican guessed wrong. Circumstantial evidence, paid in­ If the West comes out with a proc­ Evidently to comply with what was formers and perjury charges are the lamation incorporating all vital hu­ thought to be an irresistible trend, historical trinity of political prose­ man religions, the Socialist religion the Catholic Church encouraged the cutions anG witch hunts. Witness the included, and with a binding plan or Saarlanders to vote pro-Reich. For­ cruel harassment of Owen Latti­ constitution pledging unmistakably tunately they did not, and the Church more, the never-ending prosecution respect to and observance of the just can now be expected to return to its of Harry Bridges, and the successive interests of all nations, the Russian authentically European policy - a indictments of William Remington. nation being quite conspicuously policy that pushes the Germans to­ LEONARD B. BOUDIN, the Nation, present in the first row where she ward the West rather than caters to December 6; 1952 belongs, then the Russian people, no matter what short-lived segregation the sentimental chimera of German Some workers in Soviet institutions "unity" at any price. might be contrived by any Iron Cur­ do not understand the great heights tain, will grow restive under any to which the Soviet state has raised propaganda indoctrinating them with Franco Reaps them. PRAVDA, September S, 1947 the notion of a capitalist conspiracy. ROBERT M. HUTCHINS and ten While the United States sidesteps A young European wrote me a letter others, "Preliminary Draft of a direct arrangements with Spain, to the other day in which he said he World Constitution," 1948 appease the noisy leftist opposition had been in this country only a in Europe, one European power short time, but he felt if we could And There They Are after another makes bilateral deals change from a purely competitive Cooperation with Russia in strength­ with Franco. The French govern­ economy to a cooperative one we ening China will make it easier to ment, which depends for its life on might find among Europeans a dif­ cooperate with Russia in many other Socialist support, has just signed in ferent attitude and a greater will­ ways.... We must in postwar United Paris a contract with Generalissimo ingness to work with us ... and it ' N'ations policy planning bring the Franco which might make Spain one may be that there is something in Russians all the way down to Co­ of France's two or three most im­ the young European's criticism. lonial Asia. portant trade areas; and Marshal ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, synrlicated OWEN LATTIMORE, "Solution in Juin has enthusiastically endorsed column, September 6, 19152 Asia," 1940

DECEMBER 29, 1952 237 Children, :says the: writer, are fine as peop'le, but mental gigantism before a curious intolerable as quiz kids,. it is unfair to let them public? Can that be called "enter­ tainment"? Not to me. sound off publicly on subjects beyond their grasp'. I would be willing to concede, however, that this kind of program is less distasteful than one other where a handpicked group of eager young exhibitionists sit asa self­ Our Juvenile Pundits constituted jury to ponder the prob­ lems which their partners-in-precoc­ By RENE I(UHN ity, writing in to the radio station, ask them to solve. Generally, these "problems" have to do with matters Let me begin by putting myself on the pipe of childish trebles. It may of parental discipline, brother-sister record. I like children. I have had a be that out of the mouths of babes rivalry, etc., ad nauseam. Children long, successful record of dealing comes wisdom, but only, I am con­ do have problems-and very special with children of all ages-profes­ vinced, accidentally. Much more ones which, in their perspective, sionally, in summer camps and per­ often, it is nonsense or just plain seem enormously important and dif­ sonally, as a sitter for friends. I parroting. ficult of solution. But generations of have great respect for their dignity, children in the past have managed intelligence and individual integrity. The Urge to Show Off to find their own solutions or adjust­ But I like children as children. I ments to these problems and some­ do not like them as miniature adults, There is, latent or overt in every how struggle through to being rea­ aliens to the weird and wonderful child and adolescent, a powerful sonably sane and unneurotic adults. world of childhood; strangers to urge to show off, to get himself fantasy and the fine stuff of imagi­ singled out as the star of whatever Outwit.ting Parental Authority nation, the golden days where noth­ gathering he happens to be in. It is ing has any reality beyond the con­ natural, understandable and, within Consider the situation now, how­ centration of the moment. I do not limits, even amusing. But when it is ever. Junior has a penchant for like them as refugees from the world overindulged by fatuous or helpless lighting matches and has set a num­ of childhood where time has no .adults, that exhibitionistic urge be­ ber of small fires about the house. meaning; where the frosting of pol­ comes a major social nuisance. Pro­ His mother takes a dim view of ar­ len on a moth's wing, the sudden ducers, program sponsors, educators, son as a hobby, and suitable disci­ silver thrust of a fish through water child psychologists and the like­ plinary measures are instituted to or any number of small miracles people who would in all probability persuade Junior that another hobby, may engage their attention for be the first to fight any revision of like stamp collecting, would be more hours. the legislation forbidding child labor socially acceptable. That should be I do not like children as high­ -are well in the vanguard, beating the 'end of it. But is it? Junior takes domed, self-styled experts on foreign the drums for a slightly different, to brooding on the injustice of his affairs, tax programs, civil rights or but 'equally repugnant type of ex­ mother's attitude, and presently psychology. I do not like them as ploitation. writes a letter airing his grievances arbiters of manners or free-wheel­ Standard fare on today's radio is to the small fry's court of appeals. ing, breezy advisers on parent-child the panel of small Einsteins solving One. evening he has the exquisite relations. I am heartily sick of intricate problems of physics in pleasure of hearing five little smart "youth forums," "children's confer­ their heads, quoting early Baby­ alecks agree publicly that his right ences," and all the like pretentious, lonian poetry and engaging in as­ of self-expression is being abridged, pontifical gatherings where earnest sorted feats of mental legerdemain. and suggest methods by which he adults stoop condescendingly to in­ The audience for this type of pro­ can evade parental rule. quire the opinions of children on gram would seem to be composed For the sake of illustration, I have affairs they can know nothing about almost entirely of the children's used an exaggerated case. However, in any meaningful way and should relatives, to judge from their ecsta­ the principle remains the same. know nothing about as children. In tic responses to each fresh display What becomes of parental authority a word, I am tired of being lectured of childish erudition. A genius is when such a device for outwitting it by uneducated, inexperienced extro­ always an object of interest to those exists? verts, aged four to seventeen. not so lavishly equipped with gray A case in point appeared in the Surely one of the most potent con­ matter, but I wonder what the lives newspapers when the Associated tributing factors to the present com­ of these prodigies must be like, when Press Wirefoto Service carried a plexity of living is the babel of week after week they are called upon picture of Miss Suzanne Coats, age voices everywhere. They exhort, to perform for millions, singled out 11, of Jackson, Michigan, who plead, preach, demand. To my mind, for extravagant attention, and still beamed obligingly for the photog­ it does nothing to dispel the fog of further set apart from their less rapher, holding a letter addressed confusion and uncertainty which en­ brilliant playmates. What honest to her by President Truman. This velops us to have added to that babel purpose is served in parading their letter was in reply to one the child

238 THE FREEMAN had written to Mr. Truman, "apolo­ After a string of equally misin­ be given, instead of valuable radio gizing for her father, Edward R. formed opinions had been trotted or television time, an opportunity to Coats, being a Republican. She out proudly by the students, Mrs. learn the fundamentals of the prob­ promised [the President] to be a McCormick inquired how they had lem by doing instead of by talking. Democrat when she is 21." arrived at these judgments which Instead of windy debate and ill­ I should consider it just as ap­ they held so tenaciously. A question informed pontificating that achieves palling were little Miss Coats apolo­ from the floor was introduced. Did nothing, let the children draw up gizing to a Republican President for the students read a daily newspaper their own program for combating her father's being a Democrat. Her regularly? Well, no, they didn't al­ delinquency. Let them form clubs, unseemly chagrin and her burning ways have time to get around to it. build playgrounds, raise funds desire to efface it, I lay directly to Did they read a Sunday newspaper through their own efforts and ac­ the prevailing attitude, fostered by regularly, or a weekly news maga­ quire a practical lesson in citizen­ radio, television and indirectly by zine? No again, on both scores. Self­ ship as they go. the press, that children and adults exiled from our principal sources of All of this studious attention to are mental equals and that in judg­ information, these students were the opinions of children on weighty ing their comparative opinions, ex­ nevertheless invited to display their issues might perhaps be justified if perience, and knowledge and deeper ignorance in a public forum. there were any evidence of fresh, understanding do not count. One youngster ventured the original thinking in their approach. thought that perhaps the foreign But there is not. Indeed, one of the Misinformation Does Not Please students who had come to this coun­ most depressing aspects of this try in the past had received from whole preoccupation is to discover, On this score, the worst offenders in listening to theIn, that these chil­ are the "youth forum" programs dren think in stereotypes. They are where teen-agers are presented with mouthing the cliche answers that some issue of national or interna­ they think are expected of them, tional importance and asked to give while adults sit beaming and nod­ their opinions or solutions. The topic ding encouragement. for discussion on one such program It has been claimed that such I heard was the ambiguous question, "youth forum" programs encourage "What is the stake of youth in to­ youngsters to interest themselves in day's world?" Early in the program, national and international affairs, one teen-ager gave it as his opinion spur them to making and keeping that the world's problems could be themselves well-informed. I doubt reduced to the disappearing point by that. A well-informed person be-­ the simple expedient of enlarging comes so largely as a result of wide considerably the exchange of stu­ reading, wide study and respectful dents among countries of the world. ~ontact with more experienced To bring many more foreign stu­ minds. By their own admission, the dents to this country, he felt, to ex­ participants in one such program al­ pose them to the American way of most never read a newspaper. life, to encourage American students The argument has also been raised "to understand their [the foreign­ that were we to banish these juve­ ers'] problems," was the single key our tabloid newspapers misinforma­ nile "authorities" from the air­ which would unlock all our difficul­ tion which had built prejudice. waves, we would be thwarting their ties. "Other countries," she noted blithe­ instinct for self-expression. I dis­ The visiting adult serving on the ly, "don't have tabloids." Again agree. Every high school has its de­ panel was Mrs. Anne O'Hare Mc­ Mrs. McCormick was forced to step bating club, its classes with discus­ Cormick, the distinguished foreign in to correct her, pointing out that sion groups, its own newspaper and, affairs columnist of the New York the newspaper-reading public of as a rule, magazine, and an infinite Times. When the young pundit had Great Britain and France are ad­ variety of outlets for the adolescent concluded she asked mildly if he dicted to a variety of tabloids of the with an irresistible urge to spout was aware of the fact that three of most lurid and sensational kind. authoritatively. Here are the proper six members of the 1951 Chinese Well, she hadn't known that, the forums for youth. Communist delegation to the United teen-ager confessed. Furthermore, these programs have Nations had, in fact, been educated Just before I switched off this pro­ been initiated and engineered not by in this country. These three, she gram in utter despair, I learned that the children themselves, but by pointed out, had used the platform the topic for next week, to be dis­ adults who are exploiting youth's of the UN for savage and vicious at­ cussed by junior highschool pupils natural know-it-all attitude and call­ tacks on the United States. Not at was to be, "Can a community pre­ ing it entertainment or even public all discomfited, the teen-age expert vent delinquency?" service. admitted that he had· not known I should like to offer it as one It is time we put the children back that, but he continued to advance woman's opinion that far more good in the nursery and the playground his theory as a reasonable argument. could be done were the children to and classroom.

DECEMBER 29. 1952 239 dividuals who make up our lives, A Wartime Testament which is paramount. rrhe will to do right can be broken; the obligation can not. If the good is a matter of choice, it loses its authority. It must By RALPH DE TOLEDANO be an obligation which can not be ignored. Weare obliged to the peo­ ple we love, to the ideas we cherish, In the early spring of 1944, cold For nine or ten nights of that to the God we worship. We are winds still whipped across Pine Pine Camp spring, I sought to cir­ obliged to ourselves, and to the Camp. The winter snows of upstate cumvent this possibility. I might honor within us." New York had barely disappeared have prayed, but instead I wrote With a kind of penitence, I wrote: from the bleak parade ground and letters. Sitting on the edge of my "They told us that it was foolhardy from company streets pitted by tank bunk, a writing pad on my knees, I to have a child in wartime. They told treads. In our section of the half­ beat a path· of communication to a us that it was a demonstration of deserted post, barracks which had child unborn, of sex undetermined. faith in victory and security. Never echoed to the boisterous American As in all such undertakings, of believe these things. You were con­ shouts of the 45th Infantry, or of course, the path was not to my child ceived because two people can wait the 2nd and 3rd Armored, now re­ but to my own soul. They were not only so long before having children strained the quieter excitement of good letters; they were full of tag if love exists between them-and be­ Italians-men captured in Africa ends and sudden silences; but they cauSe there was a war and I was a and Sicily who were being trained have spoken to me ever since. soldier who might never return. For by us as auxiliary QM troops to re­ myself, too, it was pride in what I lieve GIs for service in Europe and "There are many things I should come from that made me want to the CBI. like you to know," the cramped perpetuate this heritage in you, In that chill spring, I did my day's handwriting of the first letter says, richened by what your mother work in the Intelligence Office. I "things which I may not be able to brings. And I wanted you because wrote the daily news bulletin and tell you till you have moved out of no man dies alone whose blood still turned it over for translation to an childhood-or perhaps never. You breathes the living air. And though Italian lieutenant whose family had are one of a cheated, precious gen­ I am not afraid of death, I do not published the music of Giuseppe eration, born of people whose love want to die alone." Verdi; I wrote and edited the bilin­ has been tempered by war and ho­ gual post weekly; I poked into the vering death. For your father is a Floundering in mortality, I wrote: lives of former prisoners whose re­ soldier.... "Wind and rain pass over earth, jection of fascism was still in doubt. "There is a dirty, bitter job to be washing away its substance. But the After Retreat and chow, I joined done by men not trained to war or core of man's conscience is hard and the other n1en who piled into rattling military discipline. It is a job worth stubborn; sometimes it survives." taxis and sped to Watertown-to doing only because it must be done. And again: drink, to see old movies, and to That is why I am away from you "I think I started to grow up watch the V-girls go by. And like ... why you may not have me about when I ceased to be afraid of saying these men, I waited for the day to as reassurance against the dark, un­ things that had to be said merely come when my name, rank and serial certain world which closes in on the because they sounded like platitudes. number would turn up on a shipping young and sensitive. When I was in school, it was con­ list. It was not combat we feared, "So I must give you more than a sidered shameful to speak of honor but the process of being tossed into fleeting picture of' me. ...I must and dignity, of love of man and love a manpower pool in a repple-depple let you know what I feel and believe. of God. We were all historical ma­ -and from there to company, pla­ All I can give you is words.... But terialists and anti-idealists. Man toon, squad, where all personal loy­ my life has been bound up in words, was selfish and economic; when the alties had already been assigned and and beyond those abiding loves proper strings were manipulated, where we would face war uncoached which are my private endowment, the puppet danced. and unbefriended. vvards and their bright, poignant "We posed as cynics till we be­ The anxiety in me was deepened. significance have been a passion· to came cynics, and the boredom was At home, my wife was having a me." profound. For historical material­ child, and I knew that I might be So I wrote, and in the following ism did not give us what God had shipped out before the child was evenings, when the loud bustle had given our elders. It left us without born-before I could see its face turned to an easier drone, I filled motivation and without grace. It is and hear its cry. That I might fight the pages. only now that I am learning that and that I might die had been a fact "What I would most like to pass without God, man has no dignity; of daily existence from the moment on to you now is a deep sense of ob­ and without dignity he is an animal. I put on the uniform; that I might ligation as a way of life. Noblesse I am learning that without God, die before I had seen the proof of oblige-nobility compels-they say. man has no purpose; and without my immortality-this was another But it is the sense of obligation, not purpose, he is a useless mechanism. matter. to a vague humanity but to the in- "Perhaps negation will again be

240 THE FREEMAN fashionable when you are in school. nothing. Political faith, moral faith My last letter, written in early Perhaps the small craft scooped out -both of these were gone, and in April, reflected a doubt that I had from the tree of our new hopes will their place was a gnawing blankness floundered. "I have tried to be ra­ not weather the tempest of this war. worse than fear." tional and detached in telling you Perhaps decency will not survive In the innocence and exaltation of that by holding to a tradition of ob­ and a new set of half-truths and ex­ the times, I could write: "Only one ligation, by believing that one's acts pediencies will arise to confuse you horror is greater than the horror of are not random but build or destroy and me. Then we will live again in war: slavery of· the soul. Freedom is on a continuous pattern, we move evil. not a luxury, not a right but an ob­ toward a seasoned and better world. "But I think that something will ligation. It is not something that de­ The course of history shifts and God remain, at least some remnant for cent men can take or leave alone. takes notice. us to use in reconstructing the Freedom can live only when it is an "I have tried to say that only in whole. At great price, the war has imperative which moves men to ac­ the emotion of knowing what we be­ forced some of us to revaluate our tion and high anger at its violation. lieve;in the comradeship of purpose~ ideas, to reforge our ideals, to It is the keystone in the arch of our can we begin to find the basis of p~rify our faith. It has pressed upon world. It must live deeply in the personal peace and personal justice. me a shining understanding of the heart and in the mind, jealously But in writing of these things, I dignity of life in freedom, the im­ guarded from any encroachment. have been moved too often by the possibility of life without dignity. There can be no compromise with thought of you and the thought of And from this has grown a morality freedom, as there can be no compro­ myself; the thought of the man and of spirit too intransigent to perish mise with breathing. woman who bore me and raised me; easily. Even before you are born, "If our lives are consecrated, it is the woman who will bear you; the you are pledged to it. And you will to that principle. That is why I am thought that perhaps she will raise come to the struggle with clean glad you are an American-not be­ you alone. hands." cause Americans are superior to "I have tried to tell you things other people, but because the history that are just beginning to grow in I knew then, as I know now, that and tradition of America is one of my mind, and in this groping I have we were the expendables. "This war continual and troublesome preoccu­ left out much that is important, too. of vengeance and reprisal for a pation with freedom, of a sense of I have not written to you of music world self-betrayed will not dirty obligation to freedom." and my love of cities, of the feeling you as it will dirty me. Wars may for form which disciplines our love be necessary, but they are never jus­ of beauty and liberates it. I have tified. We will pay for it with more not written to you of the small ten­ than our lives, our fortunes, our Madrigal Not to derness for little things. I have not suffering, our loss of self-respect. written of laughter and of silence, Whether we go through mud and Be Reprinted of friendship and courage. death, or pass the war behind desks, we are all marked men. We shall "I have not written to you of evil (HI, too, have tried to be modern." never be the same. or the bitter frustration at witness­ "The tragedy of war is not that W. B. Yeats, 1935) ing its triumph, of light in the men die in great numbers, but that morning and darkness at night. I When your mood is joy men must kill; not that men must have not written to you of the sweet­ Give out with a shout, bully-boy: obey commands like automatons, but ness of woman-you will be a son, I Riotous, pink as a child from sleep, that they must give them without am sure of it-of the goodness of Eyes burning Saxon-blue conscience-and with this the living swimming and running. Let the rabble share with you tissue of human dignity atrophies. "These are things you will find And babble, and applaud it. It is not a shame to obey, except out for yourself, and in finding them when obedience is the product of Laughter needs audit. you will grow and learn, you will fear and compulsion. To die is com­ reach and pass me. I have written mon; to kill is horrible. And the But if (it might be tomorrow) more than less at random, but close men who have lived with that hor­ You are despair, to the core of my beliefs. My think­ ror, no matter how remotely, can Then secret keep; quiet creep ing has not been clear or direct. I never order their lives in balance .Into your sorrow. have written merely to give you a and tranquility. ... There you live alone, taste of me as I am today-and for "As a student, I was a pacifist. Breech and bone and marrow. myself, to feel with a surging mix­ War was something unreal and im­ Retire, retreat, repair, ture of joy and melancholy that I personal at which we scolded. But Immurable in your lair. am near you, within sight and sound Spain came, like a hand at the of you, my son. Whether I have throat, and in those years of bitter­ Defeat no company will bear, written stupidly or profoundly does ness and anger, we all knew that be­ No consort, hide nor hair, not really matter before this fact. fore the decade had ended heaven Sorrow wants no one there, "This is a time of anguish and and earth would shake. So pacifism Not anyone, anywhere. turmoil for the world and for us. was sand in our mouths and we had CHRISTOPHER MORLEY God speed us through it till we

DECEMBER 29, 1952 241 have found quiet and a warm sun not. I may show them the letters, as bitious magazine writers even sug­ together." a token of my lost innocence. Per­ gest that half of the Soviet Army haps they will know thQn that, by and virtuallY the whole Ukraine was I did not die. I did not go into the grace of God, evil is eternal even about to desert to the German side combat. I saw my son shortly after as good is eternal, that it is man's and that had it not been for better he was born-and before my name, fate to choose eternally between them. Psychological Warfare, Hitler might rank and serial number had turned The hope of that cold spring has have won the Russian War. up on a shipping list. And we have vanished. The victory of American Now, it is true that there was a never found quiet and a warm sun arms which we could see on the hori­ substantial number of Russian and together.. There is war again-or its zon has been destroyed by a con­ especially Ukrainian deserters-but Korean dress rehearsal. And the spiracy of weak men and evil pur­ in 1941 and 1942, when the Germans world is in exile from itself once pose. The future is in sordid hands. were winning. Their number dwin­ more. It weeps by Babylonian waters. My sons will inherit it. All I can tell dled to nothing after the tide turned I have two sons now who will them is that man lives and man dies at Stalingrad. Indeed, by 1943-44 grow up and wear uniforms; and -but the fight for freedom goes on the Ukraine was one of the most perhaps they will fight, where I did forever. partisan-infested regions in the East, where many people wished to get back into the Russians' good graces since the Russians were com­ The Winning Side By JOHN A. LUKACS ing back-they were winning. In 1941 whole Croat regiments of the Psychological warfare, although into black depths of despair upon the Royal Yugoslav Army deserted used by Egyptians and Greeks with news that American wheat ships wholesale to the Germans; in 1944 some success in the pre-Pentagon were steaming for Bombay. the same Croats deserted to Tito. age, was acclaimed by Washington We are in the third phase of the The Slovak War Minister, who pro­ in World War II as an invention of psychological experiments now. It is claimed himself a Fascist in 1939 genius ranking with the importance finally realized that to counter the when the Germans marched into of nuclear fission. Forthwith offices Soviets' appeal, we have to adopt a Prague, was suddenly discovered in were established, projects presented, spiritual and not a materialistic ap­ 1944 to have gone over to the ad­ agencies erected in this first phase proach, and broadcast to the world vancing Russians. Neither did the of the psychological warfare vogue. the Western message of the Chris­ West European resistance move­ Yet the results were not quite en­ tian concept of man. This is indeed ments really get going until 1943 couraging: while on one hand the a hard task. Amidst its complexities, when it was evident that the Allies collective soul of the German nation flabby liberalis'm may easily be con­ were winning the war. was industriously psychoanalyzed fused with sincere humility of the There are but few exceptions to and the Germans' split-consciousness spirit. We may slash our political this rule. They certainly did not oc­ zealously explained, it seems that garments, bow deep and pay profuse cur in Asia. To quote but one exam­ not much was done about all this, as verbal homage to the allegedly so ple, the Siamese attacked Indo-China the Germans continued fighting until much more spiritual :Nehrus, but a few weeks after France had col­ forced to surrender unconditionally. does this work? All our radioed lapsed in 1940; they declared war on The second phase of psychological seminars on comparative political Britain when the Japanese were warfare projects erupted with the religions did not seem to go very sweeping down on Singapore; they Marshall Plan in 1947. Communism, deep with the rioting mQb in Cairo began to conspire against the Japa­ thriving allegedly on nothing but which happily sacked the American nese when MacArthur was back in very empty stomachs, was said to information center there; the echoes the Philippines. And when in 1948­ require that material aid be coordi­ of the British brigade of fusiliers 49 Chinese generals deserted to the nated with psychological warfare. standing fast in Suez achieved far Communists by the dozen, one could Forthwith the Voice of America more in the long run. N'either did but laugh bitterly at the assertion broadcast impressive statistics about Justice William O. Douglas's humble that their desertion came when the the number of dishwashing machines discussion of legal briefs with Kurd civic consciences of these worthy in rural Tennessee; the volume of tribesmen seem to instil sweet rea­ soldiers were suddenly rent in pain­ material aid to hungry Europe was son into Premier Mossadegh's der­ ful conflict as they became aware, in unrelentingly reiterated on paper vishlike head; hands were squeezed a flash, of the vices of the Chiang and in the air. Yet again the results but not a drop of oil flowed. Kai-shek regime. Their reasoning were curious. Some very desolate It seems that the basic factor in was far more simple. The Commu­ and hungry areas of the Continent, psychological warfare is hardly nists were winning. for example Greece and West Ber­ realized: the fact that people like to Merely to tell people that we are lin, showed surprisingly staunch re­ be on the winning side. winning is, however, not enough. sistance to communism while in This statement may seem rash, We have to convince them; we have other, better fed and better subsi­ iconoclastic and cynical. But it was to impress them with our power­ dized regions the number of Com­ certainly borne out by the experi­ and this is the key to psychological munists did not appreciably dwindle. enees of the last war. We hear very warfare. But can we do it unless we Nor did the Indian Communists fall much of Russian deserters now; am- ourselves are convinced first?

242 THE FREEMAN salvation? But while the devil quot­ ing Scriptures should be left to the Arts and Entertainments Lord's ordained servants, a perfume manufacturer who suddenly bottles By WILliAM S. SCHLAMM incense falls under the jurisdiction of the ordinary market police. To quarrel with Mr. van Druten's ab­ surd theology would be hilariou~ly Revival of the Unfittest ment park. Book reviewers, who irrelevant. What needs lashing is his only yesterday shoved Mr. Paul absurd taste. At the start of the season I noticed, Blanshard into the Hall of Fame, So far as I could make out, Broad­ with dread, some "first signs of now wrap their wares in references way's undisputed king of double­ Broadway's revivalist urges" (see to St. Tholnas Aquinas; Milton entendre this time desires to say ~of issue 'December 1, 1952). But I Berle bows, between two dirty jokes, that a bit of sacramental blessing was certainly not prepared to see to Bishop Sheen; Hollywood script could not possibly harm and might Mr. John van Druten in the evan­ writers change trains from Missions conceivably enhance the familiar gelic choir. An experienced arranger to Moscow for pilgrimages to Fa­ pleasures of sex. It does not really of bedroom furniture, he can think tima; some of our more suggestive matter where the ointment comes of more ways of getting a girl into ballet dancers get a few devotional from. The only important thing is to what is called trouble than the house steps into the act; and, to glance at get the fillip-and brother, do you poets of the Bal Tabarin, and he more secular areas, several veteran need one! uses four-letter words with the sort New Deal columnists begin to write I left the Ethel Barrymore Thea­ of unperturbed nerve that New about the forthcoming Republican ter very puzzled-not so much by York's naive critics dependably take Administration as if they had never the playas by the New York critics for sophistication. With such talents, accused Herbert Hoover of cannibal­ who, though they occasionally dis­ he could not fail to garner the top ism. In its unembarrassed ease, as agree with ]'ir. van Druten's mes­ dramatic honors in 1951 and, owning sheer acrobatics, that universal sages, unanimously testify to hi.s a commodity as elastic ·as the double­ switch invites admiration. "If this sophisticated taste. Now there is a entendre, he ought to have been as­ here civilization," the entertainment moment in "I've Got Sixpence" when sured of immortality for at least boys seem to be saying with an ex­ he does something the lowest side­ another season. But no, he had to go traordinary self-confidence, "needed show barker would recoil from do­ and wrestle with the ultimate. us to fall into the cesspool, how ing. To get the standard strip re­ This year's play he titled, some­ could it ever hope to get out again quired for a genuine van Druten what overvaluing his intellectual as­ without our knowing guidance?" play into "I've Got Sixpence," he sets, "I've Got Sixpence." Its dra­ What I mean to say in particular lets a girl, who has just cried her matic material is thriftily confined is that Mr. van Druten should kindly eyes out over being with child, take to the Meaning of Love, ditto of keep the hell out of heaven.,-an ad­ off her clothes and show her lingerie. Life, ditto of Faith, Hope and Char­ vice, I hasten to add, by no means It is this sort of unspeakable taste ity, also the Need for God, the offered in defense of the Faith; for which would make me choose dam­ Spiritual Inferno of ex-Communists, who am I to judge even a Broadway nation if Mr. van Druten were the the Wisdom of the Church, the playwright's personal chances for world's only peddler of redemption. Strength of Innocence, the Power of iff" ,f I Prayer, and the Pity of It All. Also ,,:. vi (A Select Committee of the House ~f Representatives which investigated (evidently because, when a Broad­ the 1941 massacre of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest, reported on way wit like Mr. van Druten sees Ju.ly 2, 1952, that it was beyond question the work of Stalin's NKVD.) the light, it somehow remains red) he threw in a few hotel-room trysts, a pregnant half-virgin, a modicum Katyn Forest of strip-tease, a few choice bits of Here Poland withered in this lovely glade: filthy language and, of course, a The father and the son in fullest flower, whiff of abortion. Uprooted by the cunning hand of Cain­ The incident signifies, I am afraid, Not in a drunken but a chosen hour. a cultural menace of the first order The manhood of a nation, tied and slain, -the entertainment boys muscling Fell as the dumb ox to the mallet's blow; in on redemption. Just as the boot­ Stacked like fresh corded wood in one vast grave­ leggers swarmed into the labor To ask is but to answer: God does know! unions when there no longer was Tired Stalin, do you seek a slumber soft, money in bathtub gin, the purveyors Holding your mother's hand in some dear dream? of pseudo-elegant smut, now that it Or do you hear, on dark streets of the night, is going out of fashion, are moving The chill crescendo of the dying scream? into the soul-searching business. Come now to judgment, Stalin-soon your bell! The trend is discernible in all With Poland standing by as Sentinel. side-alleys of our national amuse- HIRAM LYDAY SLOANAKER

DECEMBER 29. 1952 243 A Reviewer's Notebook

By JOHN CHAMBERLAIN

"All of Dreiser broods. Only the nerves of Lewis lish and market an entirely new kind of book. leap." In this capsule contrast, written long before Sinclair Lewis had become a Nobel Prize winner, In 1919 Lewis said to Harcourt: "Let's go out to Waldo Frank may have overstated a canny percep­ your house and start making plans." Nebulous tion. But the truth is that Sinclair Lewis had so enough at first, the plans jelled into one of the most much nervous energy in him that it tore the rest fruitful collaborations in publishing history. Lewis of his body to pieces. The nervous energy surges not only provided "Main Street," "Babbitt," "Ar­ and gambols and cavorts through the letters he rowsmith" and "Dodsworth" for the Harcourt, wrote to his publishers, the Messrs. Alfred Har­ Brace list; he also served the firm as talent scout court and Donald Brace, from 1919 to 1930, and it and literary adviser. He brought good names into brought out a good deal of responsive energy in the firm, he put some money into it, and he invari­ return. Harrison Smith, who worked for the firm ably had good ideas about dealing with editors, ()f Harcourt, Brace during the high-tide years of newspaper people and critics. Lewis's burgeoning reputation, has collected the Lewis-Harcourt correspondence of a significant Harcourt, on his own, had a talent for perceiving decade in a book called "From Main Street to Stock­ and riding trends. He helped create the vogue for holm: Letters of Sinclair Lewis 1919-1930" (Har­ the new biography when he published Lytton court, Brace, $5). The letters have no special im­ Strachey. He fanned the flames of historical "re­ portance beyond what they tell about the linked visionism" when he brought out John Maynard business of editing, publishing, advertising and Keynes's "Economic Consequences of the Peace." publicity, but the strange thing about them is that He published the books of the London Bloomsbury they leap and quiver with eager personality even group-and so stimulated the taste for avant garde when they deal with office trivia. They give us Sin­ material in a society that was eager for experiment. clair Lewis, the business man-incidentally a far Some of the movements fostered by the Harcourt, more resourceful entrepreneur than either George Brace publishing practices petered out into sterility F. Babbitt or Dodsworth. in the thirties. But the firm of Harcourt, Brace was always on the solid side; it had little tolerance Make no mistake about it, Sinclair Lewis knew for anything save the creme de la creme, even in its how to market his talents. He knew when to grasp, occasional search for the nihilists among geniuses. and when to let go. He knew when to forego royal­ ties for the sake of advertising, and he knew when Now, what does all this mean in 1952? Reader, to accept-and when to turn down-prizes. He look about you! Do you see any vigorous young knew when to give Alfred Harcourt his head, and publishers today! Do you see any vigorous new when to advise on his own advertising and pub­ authors crowding the lists of new publishers? In licity. Sinclair Lewis may have made his reputa­ one of his 1920 letters about the prospects for tion as an above-the-battle satirist of American "Main Street" Lewis wrote to Harcourt: "So! Off business practices. But he knew those practices for 100,000! Alf, we've got 'em all by the ears! from the inside out, and he was always an eager Harcourt, Boni, Knopf, Huebsch will dominate the president of the Boosters Club for Red Lewis. publishing world and me-oh hell, I'll go home and read a book about real estate as preparation for The letters have an intrinsic interest for students 'Fitch' by the author of 'Main Street.' First print­ of the Lewis personality and the Lewis legend. But ing: 50,000." Well, Harcourt, Boni, Knopf and they also have an extrinsic interest of purport for Huebsch (reincarnated as Viking) did rise to dom­ the year 1952. The firm of Harcourt, Brace and inate the publishing world, and "Fitch," as "Bab­ Howe (as it was in the beginning) was founded in bitt," did have a huge and successful first printing. a postwar period. Alfred Harcourt and Sinclair But where are the new Harcourts, Bonis, Knopfs Lewis, two ·small-town men who had worked for and Huebsches of 1952? big old-line publishers in New York City during the World War I decade, were bursting with dreams You may say there are no new literary movements in 1919. Lewis's dream was to quit the world of these days for publishers to exploit. You may say editing and facile commercial short-story writing that the high-cost economics of modern printing and to do a realistic novel about the small-town and marketing inevitably penalize the new firm. Middle West. Alfred Harcourt's dream was to pub- You may say that the rewards for authorship have

244: THE FREEMAN disappeared. You may say that the Freeman. The same is true for the Sherwood when he defends Mr. Hop­ passive appeal of television and ra­ firm of the Devin-Adair Company kins. It will make white space avail­ dio and the comics has killed the when it publishes a good book called able to those who question the gods appetite for reading, which demands "One is a Crowd," by Frank Cho­ of the Left. And, in restoring the a willingness to move the eye from dorov. hegemony of the tolerant and skepti­ left to right for a period of hours cal mind, it will inspire poets and until a book is finished. I say that One of these days a wind is going fiction writers to write for intelli­ none of these things can keep a good to start blowing. It will blow down gent readers. book-or a good, far-sighted pub­ the moribund institutions of New lisher-down. York literary life. It will create a Do you doubt it? I will make this new journalism. It will restore the prediction. Within a year or so the What does keep the literary market vogue for good writing in the col­ Freeman, or a magazine very much of the moment narcotized is the leges. It will give an informed critic like it, will have a dynamic reputa­ deadhead character of 1952 literary of the foreign policy ideas of the tion on college campuses. Then institutions. Let's take the fate of late Harry Hopkins just as much watch the great winds of change a good modern historical "revision­ space as it now gives to a Robert start to blow. ist" book for example and compare it with the fate of a comparable book of the early twenties. Let the firm of Harcourt, Brace serve as the Chodorov: Complete Individualist guinea pig for each decade. In the early twenties Harcourt, Brace went to town with Keynes's "Eco­ One Is a Crowd, by Frank Chodo-' nomic Consequences of the Peace." a copy yourself and see whether you rove New York: Devin-Adair. In 1952 the same firm published a are a passer-on of good ideas merely, $2.75 selection of papers from Major J or­ or an absorber. dan's Diaries, a book which let a If you are a true believer, after beam of bright light into some of Frank Chodorov has filled his book you have read the chapter called the more nefarious dealings of the with juicy parables. He shows up "Conscious Schizophrenia," you will Russians during World War II. The the do-gooders; this needs doing, start reforming yourself. difference between the twenties and but books doing it abound on our the fifties is measured precisely by side already. What makes this book Chodorov would be willing to stand the difference in the market welcome extraordinary is: Chodorov proposes or fall, I believe, on the issue of for Keynes and Major Jordan. specific remedies. public education. You, personally, Where the former got off to a wing­ He sweeps away the public rela­ may see that public education is a ing start, the latter could hardly tions men who repeat, as if by rote: part of socialism. But most people penetrate the fog. "We have no easy answers. There is don't. You may have the imagina­ no one solution. There are no fixed tion to see that private education not Why? Because our literary institu­ absolute rules. There are only de­ only would be run better than public tions of today are permeated by vices. There are no panaceas." Cho­ education, it would provide educa­ smugness and dry rot. In the twen­ dorov comes right out and says: tion in an abundance not now exist­ ties the New York Times did not "Gentlemen, I offer a solution." He ing, as private progress has pro­ believe in the historical revisionism does, too. vided everything else we need and of the Fay-Barnes school. But when demand. But most people regard this a Sidney Fay wrote a significant You may have a son or daughter as a revolutionary idea. Get them to book in those distant days, the who goes to school and has therefore read chapter 13, "A Way of Divorce­ Times book section of Donald Adams been exposed to hardly anything ex­ ment." If, after reading this, they had the journalistic acumen and de­ cept socialism. The kid knows it's still don't condemn the public educa­ cency to spot it on the front page. an absolute sin to believe in any­ tion idea and still refuse to cham­ In 1952 the young firm of Henry thing absolute except the absolute pion private education, they can not Regnery is trying to make a market tenets of social interdependence. call themselves individualists. Let's for books that are critical of the Try giving the little darling a copy take a look at Chodorov's wonder­ foreign policy that has allowed the of this book and underline the chap­ fully persuasive prose, as a kind of Russians to bestride the world from ters called "The Tale of Two Stu­ introduction to his ideas on public Berlin to the Formosa Strait. A dents" and "Let's Teach Commu­ education. Freda Utley, publishing with Reg­ nism." ... an Adam Smith Club would be nery, manages to achieve a limited If you are on our side, you should an evidence of a dissident voice on the campus and it would be looked success with a book called "The buy twenty extra copies of "One Is upon with disfavor by the vested col­ China Story." But Regnery has to a Crowd" and mail them, via some lectivists and campus conformists. make a market by reliance on word­ private postal conveyance (see chap­ All the better. Any explicit or im­ of-mouth advertising and reviews in ter 16, "The Myth Of The Post Of­ plicit opposition to the Club would convince the membership that they such clandestine sheets as Frank fice") , to people you argue with. had got hold of an important truth. Hanighen's Human Events and the This done, you should sit down with It is a known fact that the learning

DECEMBER 29, 1952 2. 4 5 one acquires outside the lecture hall rov considers this in a chapter are deeply religious whether they sticks closer to the ribs, especially if sweetly called "In Defense of believe in Buckley's God or in that learning is officially declared off limits. Thieves" : man's ego-as-the-fountainhead, as Ayn Rand teaches. Accepting this, Freedom N'ewspapers, Inc., owned There is a widespread superstition we can get on to the more imme­ by Mr. R. C. Hoiles of Santa Ana, that politics can in some way, and without any expenditure of effort on diately interesting business of mor­ Calif., has been preaching that pub­ our part, feed, clothe, house and en­ ality, politics, education. lic education'violates the command­ rich all of us. It is this superstition All individualistic politics is based ment that says "Thou shalt not that spawns all reform movements. on the idea of natural rights. If steal." Public education robs one Yet the incontrovertible fact of his­ tory is that politics is purely an ex­ Chodorov thinks faith is required to man in order to send another man's pense, a drain on the lnarket place, believe in natural rights, we should children to school. Hoiles is one of and can not be anything else. When applaud him for his advocacy of the few absolutely consistent prac­ we add up the results of all the re­ natural rights regardless of how he ticing advocates oflaissez-faire capi­ forms that have come to fruition in arrived there. If we agreed all the talism alive. (He is the only well­ this country, we see that the bottom figure comes to one-third' of all "you time, we wouldn't be individualists. known capitalist who joins with Ayn and I" produce. It would be impos­ That magpie editor, John Cham­ Rand, the novelist, and Isabel Pater­ sible for accountants to prove it, but berlain, who collects all shades of son, the political economist, in con­ casual observation suggests that the ostensible individualism, from fence­ demning public education. Let's con­ combined thievery of all the Mor­ gans, Stanfords, Fisks, et ai, which sitters to whole-hoggers, told me I spire to make "One Is a Crowd" a includes the bribes they paid to poli­ could take two paragraphs to prove "significant" seller so that Frank ticians, never came to fifty billions Chodorov can be added to their per annum. What price reform! natural rights without recourse to faith. I'm too verbose to convince lonely, seditious number, as the only Throw that at the individualists anybody of anything in two para­ well-known essayist and editor pub­ vvho concede abuses of capitalism graphs. I'd rather praise Chodorov, licly to profess such radical senti­ under laissez-faire. "In Defense of not bury him under hair-splitting ments. Then there'll be four true­ Thieves" will make converts to the fixed northern stars.) disputations. The tragedy for the philosophy of the gaudy days: re­ reader of this book is the tragedy of gardless of how corrupt they were, Chodorov blasts public education a starving man who has been fam­ they nonetheless put the accent on because it teaches the secular reli­ ished for years. He suddenly re­ production. Today's corruption ac­ gion of Statism. Being a state­ ceives a tidbit that takes him two cents parasitism, which is why to­ owned institution it can not do swallows to consume. It whets his day's corruption is worse than that otherwise. The cure is to introduce appetite-and leaves him hungrier of any other period. competition into the school business, than he was. That's me, reading sell all public schools to private To my mind, Chodorov's most origi­ "One Is a Crowd." Not that the ex­ owners so that education can func­ nal contribution to formal thought perience won't leave you satisfied; tion as a part of capitalism. It will comes in a chapter entitled "How a but it'll make you holler for more. then teach them capitalism. It takes Jew Came to God." (Don't let refer­ The tragedy of Mr. Chodorov is: a daring imagination to follow Cho­ ence to formal thought scare any­ he's not a crowd. The knowledge dorov down this road. Few of us body away; this short book is easy that he can't be replaced inspires me have the courage to be extremists in as pie to read.) In "How a Jew Came to Spenglerian gloom. But two hour consistency. to God" Chodorov performs a feat tidbit though it be, in this small Chodorov's arguments will be which atheistic individualists, such book lie all the quick arguments you feebly contested by some self-alleged as Mencken, have deemed impossible. need when dealing with collectivist individualists who say: "We hate all He furnishes grounds for a flirting partners, children or selves. socialism but the worst part, public alliance (though not a love affair) education; we can't be against pub­ between atheism and religion. He The quality of greatness in "One Is lic schools because public schools are does this with the best flourish of a Crowd" is seen so seldom it must a part of our honored American tra­ his thought-pricking collection: "Re­ touch off a number of grateful and dition." Some such sticky logic was ligion is merely faith in the possi­ effusive paeans from people on our published in a Freeman editorial. bility of an explanatory pattern of side. Ivan Bierly, who is with the The "honored American tradition" constancies." Foundation for Economic Education, argument applies equally well to the This definition eliminates the ne­ wrote me: "I think ... [One Is a Post Office or any other government­ cessity for organized religion. It Crowd] is .. .the best critique of owned business which has celebrated creates the possibility of a working thinking in this area of ideas that its centennial. truce between profoundly religious I've seen for a long time." Chodorov is at his best when individualists such as William Buck­ That it is. But what makes it using the collectivists' own argu­ ley and hopelessly damned atheists good? I think it's because Chodorov ments against them. Take the argu­ such as myself. If Buckley and I can not only thinks, he writes brilliant ment that capitalism was abused agree to accept Chodorov's definition ideas in fluent, punch-packed prose. during the nineteenth century, and of religion, we can get together on Enough of this love-making; unwrap therefore we need politics to reform morality and politics. We can bow a copy for yourself. the abuses of capitalism. Mr. Chodo- before the fact that all individualists THADDEUS ASHBY

246 THE FREEMAN Report for Ike ning Post. He scared me-but, alas, giants in Spain as to merit the des­ not enough. I was being lulled by ignation of "the Golden Age" are The Revolution Was, by Garet Gar­ the fireside chats of the Great very close in spirit to our own tense rett. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton. 50¢ Charmer. Only the canny folk of and uneasy times, a kinship clearly Ex America, by Garet Garrett. Cax­ Maine and Vermont didn't fall under revealed in such features as the cur­ ton. 75¢ the spell, it will be remembered. rent cult for the metaphysical poets, Rise of Empire, by Garet Garrett. But too many of us-and I voted the reaffirmation of Counter-Refor­ Caxton. 75¢ for Ike-are under the impression mation attitudes, the lively interest In the above-listed trilogy, named that everything has changed since in the baroque. Lastly, Mr. Brenan in sequence, Garet Garrett performs Election Day. We have a new medi­ has the most precious gift of all: he an autopsy on the late American Re­ cine man and we expect him to raise writes well. His exposition is clear and convincing, and his style man­ public and shows us all just what the dead. Maybe he can, but he won't ages to convey as well something of happened. Discarding the usual be able to pass the miracle unless he the excitement he feels; this, I medical jargon, he describes in clear knows the patient's case-history. think, because he is aware through English how the patient died and Here it is, Ike, and pray study it all the technical business of classify­ how we all assisted, wittingly or un­ well. If it were to convince you and ing, analyzing and comparing, that wittingly, in the murder. Because, you should decide to lead the way back to freedom no matter what the literature is first of all a reflection make no mistake about it, it was of humanity, and he never forgets murder. cost-and freedom's cost is always a heavy one in toil and sweat and the man while studying the writer. It was not a sudden death, but His arrangement is conventional then, the skilful poisoner doesn't do tears-the miracle might still hap­ pen. That would really be a Great enough. He follows chronology things that way. The arsenic was closely and .in the main accepts the administered one dose at a time, so Crusade, and one we'd be proud to enlist in. MORRIE RYSKIND general lines of criticism that have cleverly, so palatably, that neither been accepted since the nineteenth the patient nor his loved ones real­ century laid down the rules for this ized what was going on. Indeed, kind of game. His book has seven­ most of Uncle Sam's nephews and The Realism of Spain teen chapters, beginning with "The nieces thought their favorite rela­ Roman and Visigothic Periods" and tive was getting better all the time. , The Literature of the Spanish Peo­ ending with "The Twentieth Cen­ To be fair about it, the assassins ple, by Gerald Brenan. New York: tury," thus covering the major fig­ may have thought so, too. The whole Cambridge. $7.50 ures from the gifted author of the thing is reminiscent of the old vau­ This is a fine book. Not only is it an Cid to (but not including) the gen­ deville joke-wasn't it Lew Fields excellent survey of Spanish litera­ eration of Garcia Lorca. In general, who used to tell it?-about the man ture but it is literature itself in its too, Mr. Brenan follows the tradi­ who called on his sick uncle for own right and in the best sense of tional pattern of emphasis on certain weeks and found him improving all the word. figures, but here there is some dif­ the time. Then one day he called and Mr. Brenan brings to his task not ference in degree. He is even more found his uncle dead. "Died of im­ only industry and enthusiasm, which cavalier in his treatment of the provements," was the official expla­ are the basic requirements for this eighteenth century than most critics nation. kind of study, but also his own spe­ have been, he gives very scant space Not being a vaudevillian, Mr. cial gifts coming out of his own ex­ to the minor dramatists that sur­ Garrett doesn't treat the subject perience. As readers of "The Span­ round Lope and Calderon, and he lightly. For all his objectivity, you ish Labyrinth" will know without discounts a number of nineteenth­ can see he loved the patient. But being told, he has a real knowledge century figures that up to a few years neither does he scream at the wan­ of the people of Spain, a knowledge ago were regarded as significant. He ton death-it is almost as though illuminated by sympathy and under­ is too scant in his treatment of the the report had been made by the standing of their problems and, romantics, and a little blind to the prophet Jeremiah in collaboration what is rare in your Hispanophile, gifts of Valera and the charm of with a staid certified public account­ unclouded by sentimental prejudice. Palacio Valdes. But on the whole his ant, and the whole thing had been He loves Spain-and because they emphasis is sound. It certainly re­ edited by Albert J. Nock. But there are hers he accepts her faults with­ flects the contemporary attitudes, remains under the formal figures of out overlooking them. He is well and it leaves him free to write at the accountant, the sound of the read in other literatures too, and some length on such important prophet's thunder. This is inevitable, abreast of contemporary trends in writers as Calderon (a superb chap­ because Mr. Garrett did some prophe­ criticism so that he can select for ter that leaves one wondering why sying himself before t:Be events emphasis the figures that seem our new critics have not taken up came to pass. I recall, with some most significant to the twentieth Calderon as they have Donne), Cer­ chagrin, that I voted for FDR in century. Parenthetically we may re­ vantes, Gongora and Galdos. In his 1936-the only time, I hasten to add mark that such figures are also the treatment of all these major figures -but was almost dissuaded from major ones in the Spanish gallery, he is skilful in creating a convinc­ doing so because of an article by for the sixteenth and seventeenth ing synthesis of sources, motives, Mr. Garrett in the Saturday Eve- centuries which produced so many techniques, and most of all person-

DECEMBER 29, 1952 247 alities. His study of Gongora, to cite process of "acculturation." He shows the sheathing of wooden ships merely one example, is very illumi­ how the social, economic, religious, otherwise subject to destructive at­ nating and gives us a good deal more political and military potentials of tacks' by marine worms in tropical than we could dare hope to find in the Iron Curtain states are trans­ seas. Bronze was still important as the usual panoramic treatment of formed into valuable weapons for a casting alloy in the manufacture this nature. Here as elsewhere the Kremlin. Especially helpful are of ordnance, church bells and other , Brenan reveals another skill essen­ the sections dealing with the utiliza­ big objects. However, Alfred Krupp tial to the historian of letters, the tion of the new terror to accomplish was already experimenting with ability to pick out just the right Russia's new ventures in imperial­ steel cannon and the first iron ,ships kind of quotation to make his point. ism. The book would have gained had been launched in England. Finally it should be said that quite a lot by including more docu­ Fifty years later the copper pic­ although the treatment of individual mentation and the maps which Life ture changed completely. The Age of authors is so good that some chap­ used when publishing one of Stowe's Electricity arrived on wires that had ters could be detached from the book chapters. The academically-minded to be made of copper. Nothing else and live a life of their own, yet reader might object to Stowe's would do, it had to be copper; no throughout the work certain unify­ continuous breathless exhortations copper, no electricity. About a dec­ ing elements are never lost sight of; against the continuing menace of ade afterward another miraculous the essential realism of Spanish Soviet expansion; but even those birth occurred. The Automobile letters, their healthy reliance on the who believe that "it can not happen Epoch blew in with an appetite for spontaneous expression of the people, here" will admit that Stowe has oil the like of which no man had from which derives a kind of in­ written a good popular over-all sur­ reckoned on. Here were two basic transigent nationalism which, par­ vey of the transformation of satel­ industries, then, suddenly subject to adoxically, when it does break lite Europe into a Politburo's Charlie a most terrific pressure of demand. through, gives Spanish literature a McCarthy. JOSEPH S. ROUCEK Part of the story of how they re­ stamp of deep universality. (Save it acted to it can be found in this sober be Hamlet, there is probably no history of one of the largest copper character outside of folklore more mining companies in the business. universal than Quixote or Sancho, Saga of Copper When the founder of Phelps or for that matter Don Juan-all of Dodge, Anson G. Phelps, set up shop whom are immutably Spanish.) A History of Phelps Dodge, by Rob­ for himself (as a saddle and trunk For the professional Mr. Brenan ert Glass Cleland. New York: maker) about 1800, the world's out­ adds a good bibliography with help­ Knopf. $4.00 put of copper was on the order of ful comments. For professional and Copper was always an important two thousand tons a year. By 1913, amateur alike his book is to be substance. It has much the longest the year before the first World War, highly recommended. history among metals, for it was production had multiplied five hun­ THOMAS G. BERGIN probably the first to be mined. Our dred times-and the Age of Elec­ ancestors became acquainted with tricity was still growing. Of course truly durable goods when the copper there were turns of fortune in be­ men, the miners and the smiths, got tween, and it required a steady hand Satellite Europe into production ages ago. They made to negotiate them. Because the uses of copper were so much more limited Conquest by Terror, by Leland weapons, hardware and jewelry out than those of steel the market could Stowe. New York: Random. $3.50 of it. Copper smelts at a low heat. It is soft enough to work cold. It be easily saturated, or on the other This story of satellite Europe is looks good, too; when freshly shined hand the available supply could be quite exciting. To Leland Stowe goes the color is rosy pink. When exposed bought in by speculators attempting the credit of having prepared the to the weather it turns many shades to kite the price; copper also had a best journalistic account of what of brown and green, but only on the peculiar affinity for war and the de­ Soviet Russia has been dOIng in surface. It never really rusts under­ mand for it soared whenever there central-eastern Europe. While the neath. The addition of a bit of zinc was real shooting. Afterward the book gives the surface impression hardens copper into brass and the stocks of surplus copper provoked that its material is quite novel or combination with tin makes bronze, the opposite kind of crisis and unavailable in other publications, an alloy that is springy as well as caused the demand on primary pro­ the fact remains that Stowe has di­ hard, somewhat like steel. ducers to dwindle. gested what has been printed, and This beautiful substance which so Steady hands were exactly what seasoned, this knowledge with infor­ bedazzled the imagination of ancient Phelps and the later partners in the mation coming from the numerous man lost ground as the technology firm had. They were Presbyterians refugees now living in the United of iron and steel developed. By the of the old school, Calvinists who la­ States, the reports of the Mid-Euro­ middle of the last century it had bored day and night to deserve what pean Studies Center, the National been superseded in nearly all its es­ the Lord God would give them in Committee for a Free Europe, and sential uses. It was merely competi­ any case. They contemplated eternity Radio Free Europe. tive with zinc, tin and lead so far as so much that they habitually took Stowe concentrates on the Soviet non-corrosive qualities were con­ the long view even in their earthly use of what the sociologist calls the cerned. Copper was still essential to affairs. The first of them began as a

248 THE FREEMAN craftsman; he shipped his wares to tional Christianity was so weak that "liberal" in our big advertising plantation owners in South Carolina, I could not sign the Confession of agencies? How can they be expected and before long he was shipping Faith and therefore I was never or­ to· know that the names missing their cotton for them to New Eng­ dained," together with Dr. Louis D. from the good spots are those of land, then to Old England. From Ricketts, known in the business as anti-Communists and that the sine­ that point he branched out into "the beit mining engineer in the cures go to the "liberals"? many things, including the owner­ world," contributed to Phelps Dodge But Mr. Shirer ought to know. ship of a coastal fleet. Although he the technical competence that the What's happened to this good re­ handled "a variety o£ general mer­ firm's financial probity deserved. porter? H. w. chandise that included nearly every­ As an operator of mines Phelps thing from beeswax, pottery, and Dodge succeeded where even the The Folks at Home, by lVlargaret timothy seed to carpets, moleskins, Guggenheims failed. While it is true Halsey. New York: Simon & feathers and spittoons"-his ware­ that the most important innovation Schuster. $3.00 house in New York appears to have of the industry, open-pit mining, been a sort of Butler Brothers of was developed by another firm, it is Miss Halsey is much wrought up. the time-he had a tendency to con­ also true that when Phelps Dodge "American Business Society," she centrate on staples, to the detriment came into a property that could be says, is suffering from tension. One of the dry goods and notions ,side of worked by that method they brought presumes that the rest of the world his importing business. it to an even higher state of effec­ is not suffering from tension. One He stocked English tinplate, sheet tiveness. On the whole they dis­ reason why "American Business So­ iron, iron wire, copper and zinc by played as constant a bias toward ciety" is so tense is that it is faced the shipload, supplying these metals technological efficiency as Rockefel­ with a choice between going up in to the brass and copper factories in ler and his partners did toward ad­ flames in Asia and giving in grace­ Connecticut. Acquaintance with his ministrative efficiency. Yet they fully to the Welfare State. An­ customers made him decide to go never came nearly as close to domi­ other reason is competition, that into their line of business too, and nating copper as the Standard Oil horrid bogey man. before long he had founded the town crowd did petroleum products, al­ Miss Halsey says she has worked of Ansonia, Connecticut; he. im­ though modern research profoundly briefly at several jobs, and she con­ ported English craftsmen as well as changed the nature of the oil busi­ fesses that she doesn't really know English brass to get the two fac­ ness several times over. the subject on which she has writ­ tories in it off to a good start. That, ASHER BRYNES ten this book. I myself have spent then, was the Phelps pattern: to be twenty-five years in the most com­ diligent in business, with special at­ petitive branch of business, adver­ tention to upright dealing in staples tising, and from my own knowledge such as skilful and conscientious Brief Mention of things American business is not workmen, basic commodities like competitive enough. It's been scared Midcentury Journey, by William L. copper and iron and zinc, and basic mauve by Bureaucratic Society. Shirer. New York: Farrar, Straus services such as transportation. Miss Halsey has made an earnest and Young. $3.50 The later partners, named Phelps, try, but she has done an amateurish Jr., Dodge, Stokes, James, Douglas Marching behind a fanfare of quo­ job. H. w. and McLean went into lumber and tations from Shakespeare to Harold railroading and coal mining. Their Laski, Mr. Shirer reports on the The Law of Larion, by Peter first Western mining venture was changes of the last twenty-five years Freuchen. New York: McGraw­ an effort to produce tin in Cali­ in Europe. The solemn approach in­ Hill. $3.75 fornia, and it was a complete failure. dicates that Mr. Shirer wishes to Larion was the last great Indian Their second venture of that kind write history rather than journalism. chief in the Yukon, and this is a was in Arizona copper and, one is But the qualities that made him a novel about him. About the middle tempted to say, because there ac­ good journalist do not sustain him of the 1800s the United States and tually was copper in Arizona the as an historian. The result is a Russia were struggling for control Phelps Dodge group rapidly de­ misty Europe, close to tears. of Alaska. The struggle ended-at veloped one of the largest mining As for Mr. Shirer's America, he least for a century-when we bought organizations in the United States. finds it a land in which the liberals the region from Russia. In that Characteristically, the operation are too scared to speak or write. struggle the Indians and the Eski­ started with the hiring of a first­ The muffler is on the students in col­ mos were caught in the middle. The class expert named James Douglas lege. Tsk, tsk. No wonder the young Eskimos gave in, the Indians fought. to inspect some copper properties people are scared when people like This is no Fenimore Cooper book, that had been offered to Phelps Shirer go around telling them to but a harsh cruel tale of a man who Dodge as security for a loan. This tremble in their good American knew nothing but fighting. Freuchen remarkable man who had been shoes. How can young students be knows the Arctic, and his detailed trained for the Presbyterian min­ expected to know about all the fine data is vivid and real. The story is istry and quit it with the assertion plums that fall to the Shirers of this bloody but absorbing. It has none of thatteMy faith in Christ was world? How can they be expected to the pompous fakery of most histori­ stronger but my faith in denomina- know how fashionable it is to be a cal novels. H. w.

DECEMBER 29, 1952 249 I remain a Republican in my political she has not defined" and "generaliza­ convictions. I know that I am a better tions," could you ask its editor to jus­ Letters one as a result of the instruction given tify the statement quoted above? n1e at Vassar. The major aim of edu­ Montreal, Can. L. REED Partisanship for Good cation, the Vassar community feels, The Free111.an is one of the best maga­ should be to enable the educated per­ :May I offer my consolation to the edi­ zines in America and not unlike the son to function and live in a constantly tors of the Freeman whose audacity in Bible it, too, is partisan. Partisan to changing world on a basis of a sound publishing various viewpoints has the good things of life. philosophy of life which she has de­ earned them the charge of "irrespon­ It makes no pretense at being neu­ veloped, exanlined and found good.... sible reactionism" from the Vassar tral. Anyhow, there is no such thing MRS. PAUL W. MC CREIGHT Chronicle. The Chronicle editors take as neutrality. One may be mute of Huntington, W. Va. issue with Nancy Fellers's viewpoint tongue but never of heart. Neutrality on the UN Declaration of Human is a screen behind which weaklings As the mother of a Vassar graduate, I Rights. Apparently they have no con­ often hide. am rejoicing in your articles on Nancy sideration for the opinions of the gov­ Congratulations on the really re­ Fellers. Vassar is the very citadel of erning body of the American Bar As­ n1arkable job your publication is doing eggheadery among women's institu­ sociation which condemned the, Cove­ to preserve the things that are worth­ tions.... nant of Human Rights in 1950 as a di­ while in life. Rumson, N. J. MRS. HENRY D. STRACK rect threat to the American way of GEORGE E. STRINGFELLOW life. It again condemned the Covenant West Orange, N. J. I was a student at Vassar; I majored and its revision in 1951. It is reported in English and took my senior seminar very skeptical of the newer revision The Nancy Fellers Case work under Prof. Lockwood ... who which, according to Charles Malik of had a dreadfully irritating habit of The Freeman office is still being flooded Lebanon, Chairman of the Human picking flaws in what I thought were with letters on Nancy Jane Fellers's Rights Commission, has been condi­ rather cogently organized pieces of "God and Woman at Vassar" (Novem­ tioned by "the increasing impact of work. I had some very bitter arguments Marx and the amazing persistence of ber 3) and on the criticisms by the with her and at the end of my senior Vassar Chronicle and Prof. Lockwood, the·· Soviet representatives in harping year, she still so doubted my profes­ on their views." ... and Miss Fellers's reply (December 1). sional competence (or my ability to St. Petersburg, Fla. ROBERT BAURES Herewith we print a few of these let­ develop any) that she refused to en­ ters which we believe are representa­ dorse me for admission to Columbia. tive. THE EDITORS I apparently had the same sort of Can Them "GulliberaIs" trouble Miss Fellers did-but with one I have noticed in the Freeman in re­ Compared to Nancy Fellers's scholarly important difference. Miss Lockwood cent issues reference to Socialists, account of her ordeal at Vassar, Prof. uf3ed to complain, in effect, that I was Comnlunists and other brands of Lockwood's "denial" and the Vassar parroting left-wing arguments, that I Statists under the name of "McLib­ Chronicle's version of the incident had not clearly thought through my era!." Well, that's good, but not quite seemed to me disturbingly immature. prelnises, and that I was stating as­ correct. The original "Liberal" wanted Noting that they accuse Nancy of in­ sumptions as facts. ... Perhaps her a small, lin1ited government and a tellectual incompetence, a persecution main trouble is merely that she at­ maximum of individual liberty. The complex and a closed mind, while the ten1pts to puncture prejudice and cor­ modern usurper of the name stands for Freeman for defending her is charged rect loose thinking and stereotyped increasing the already giant govern­ with having "done a disservice to the writing, whatever the thesis of the in­ rnent, and still less individual liberty. cause of education in a democracy" ... dividual student may be. Irene Kuhn, in the American Legion it surely is not the fault of your sub­ Washington, D. C. NONA B. BROWN Magazine, called these people "gullib­ scribers if they get the impression that erals." Anyone who would give up any the Vassar McLiberals have resorted It appeared to me that the reply of the portion of his liberty to -the State is to throwing mud-pies around in lieu of IIassar Chronicle self-stamped itself indeed gullible. And those Statists accepted forms of argument. insincere by dragging in the parrot­ that are spending vast sums on gov­ New York City MRS. OSWALD HERING cry, "McCarthyism." The words of the ernment projects are indeed liberal Chronicle, "He [Senator McCarthy] with other people's money. So why not Nancy Fellers's English and orderly would absolve the people of the United call modern Statists "gulliberals"? tpought is quite the equal of Prof. States ... from any share in the .mis­ Oak Park, Ill. HAROLD N. SIMPSON Lockwood's and rates a Grade A. Prof. takes this country made in China or E. Merrill Root is one of the few fac­ in Germany. Instead, he blames a vast "Showing up Intolerance" ulty members with the courage to conspiracy of outsiders, although he Congratulations on having obtained speak out about the reign of terror has so far failed to give us any evi­ the Bromfield article ["Triumph of the carried on in our colleges by intrenched dence of this conspiracy," made me Egghead," December 1]. It is magnifi­ left-wingers. . want to find out just what Senator cent: the best treatment of the genus Camden, Me. JASON'VESTERFIELD McCarthy did say. pinko I have ever read. So I read his "The Marshall Story" And congratulations on the fine job As a recent graduate of Vassar, I feel and "McCarthyism." I can find no such the Freeman has been doing in show­ obligated to make some attempt at cor­ statement, or even insinuation, as that ing up the intolerance that has been recting the impression given by .Miss attributed to him. Nearly all his and is being practiced in the colleges, Fellers's article. I was ra~sed in . . . a charges or criticislTIS are against Amer­ calculated to make a student-.,-or a pro­ Republican family, and after spending ican .citizens and supported by some­ fessor who believes in our systenl of four years at Vassar as an Economics what formidable material. ... free enterprise, for that matter-feel major and having taken IVIiss Lock­ As the Vassar Chronicle reproached like a pariah. . wood's course in Contemporary Press, Miss Fellers for using "terms which Naples, N. Y. ROSCOE PEACOCK

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