Sikuriando Melodías De Tiempos Lejanos: Los Sikuris Cosmopolitas Y La Vigencia De “Lo Andino” En Bogotá, Santiago Y Buenos Aires

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Sikuriando Melodías De Tiempos Lejanos: Los Sikuris Cosmopolitas Y La Vigencia De “Lo Andino” En Bogotá, Santiago Y Buenos Aires SIKURIANDO MELODÍAS DE TIEMPOS LEJANOS: LOS SIKURIS COSMOPOLITAS Y LA VIGENCIA DE “LO ANDINO” EN BOGOTÁ, SANTIAGO Y BUENOS AIRES A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish By Daniel Castelblanco, M.A. Washington, DC November 11, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Daniel Castelblanco All Rights Reserved ii SIKURIANDO MELODÍAS DE TIEMPOS LEJANOS: LOS SIKURIS COSMOPOLITAS Y LA VIGENCIA DE “LO ANDINO” EN BOGOTÁ, SANTIAGO Y BUENOS AIRES Daniel Castelblanco, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Joanne Rappaport, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the ways in which the cosmopolitan players of Andean pan flutes, known as sikuris, perform music originally composed by indigenous peasants in the southern Andes and make it their own in the metropolitan contexts of Bogota, Santiago and Buenos Aires. The thesis examines the various meanings that sikuris attribute to the notion of “lo andino,” arguing that this multifaceted construct shapes their techniques of musical performance, ritual practices, moral values and imaginaries about Andean indigenousness. Through an ethnographic approach, this work traces the origin of the discourses and practices about “lo andino” that circulate among the cosmopolitans sikuris back to the representations conveyed and disseminated by Indigenismo, Andeanist anthropologies of the late 20th century, and folkloric-Andean popular music. It describes the transnational movement of cosmopolitan sikuris as dominated by a trend that echoes the majoritarian hegemonic representations of Andean indigenousness as produced and widespread by the current Bolivian state. I argue that in combination with the techniques of sikuri musical performance, the general symbols of Andean indigenousness that make an integral part of these representations promote the establishment of a community of practice that has a pivotal influence on the ways in which sikuris imagine and identify themselves. Based upon my own participation for nearly ten years in this transnational movement both as a sikuri and a researcher, and grounded on several fieldwork sessions, I discuss various ethnographic scenarios in which multiple visions of “lo andino” meet and often clash. Similarly, throughout this study I engage in dialogue with the textual and theoretical corpus produced over the last thirty years by other sikuri-intellectuals who reflect upon their legitimacy to perform someone else’s music. iii Given the growing popularity of the cosmopolitan sikuri ensembles in the aforementioned cities, and despite the ambiguous and conflicting nature of the notion of “lo andino” as a conceptual field, I argue that this multifaceted concept remains one of the key referents through which Latin America imagines itself today. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias a la investigación para este trabajo conocí a muchas personas maravillosas, con algunas de quienes desarrollamos una genuina amistad. Quisiera agradecer especialmente a aquellos interlocutores que de un modo u otro se hicieron cómplices de mi investigación y que inspiraron, provocaron, comentaron y debatieron el contenido de este trabajo en distintas etapas de su proceso de escritura. En particular a Marcel Didier por su entusiasmo contagioso y por abrir mi trabajo a perspectivas fascinantes relacionadas con la interpretación de músicas ajenas. A Emiliano “Pino” Meincke por compartirme sus reflexiones en torno a sus propias experiencias interculturales como intérprete de aerófonos andinos y por sus lecturas astutas. A Jhon Narváez por sus observaciones perspicaces, su complicidad con mis búsquedas y su camaradería inigualable. La colaboración de los tres fue decisiva en el desarrollo de este trabajo. Muchos sikuris en Argentina, Colombia y Chile compartieron conmigo sus historias musicales. Agradezco especialmente a Nina Sánchez por su curiosidad intelectual, a Juan Manuel Rivera por su compañía fiel, a Paola Romero y Gina Ayala por su camaradería, a Pablo Viltes, Ariel Arratia, Rubén Barreto, Catalina Menares, Javiera Grillo, Yuri Chang y Mateo Campos por sus relatos y experiencias, y por su paciencia para responder a mis preguntas. De la misma manera quisiera agradecer la generosidad de los conjuntos que me acogieron durante sus ensayos semanales. En Bogotá y Chía a Juaika Sikuris, Las 5 de septiembre Warmi sikuris y Sikuris de Chía. En Buenos Aires a la Banda de sikuris de IMPA, De tanto lejos, Inti Phaxi, Poder sikuri y Wayramanta, y en Santiago a la Comunidad Santiago Marka, Lakitas Nuevo milenio, Sikuris Aruskipasiñani y Taller de sikuris Túpac Katari. En forma especial quisiera expresar mi gratitud a Julio Bonilla y Óscar Molina por iniciarme en la fascinante técnica de interpretación dual de los sikus, y a Stella Garzón por darme la bienvenida a la Comunidad zampoñas urbanas en Bogotá. En Washington quisiera agradecer a los músicos de K’hantati los Andes y la amistad de Juan Cayrampoma, Pepe Flores, Alberto Benitos, Reynaldo Linares, Giancarlo Barbato, El Tigre, Juan David Sánchez y Freddy Chambi. v Además de los sikuris, en el curso de esta investigación entré en contacto con personas cuyo trabajo admiro, y que se mostraron afables y entusiastas frente a mis búsquedas. Quiero agradecer a Andrew Canessa, Michelle Bigenho, Henry Stobart y Robert Templeman por compartir conmigo sus reacciones a mis inquietudes y animarme a seguir mi investigación. En particular quisiera expresar mi admiración y gratitud a Thomas Turino, quien leyó y comentó mi manuscrito e hizo parte de mi comité doctoral. Hacia finales de 2014 la Escuela graduada de la universidad de Georgetown me otorgó una beca de viaje que proporcionó parte de los fondos requeridos para esta investigación. Por ello mi más sincera gratitud. En Buenos Aires Nina Sánchez, Juan Manuel Rivera, Eugenia Sik, Pino, Amanda Rozo y Jhon Narváez me alojaron en sus respectivos hogares. A todos les doy las gracias por su amable hospitalidad y por las extensas veladas conversando y escuchando música. En Santiago quisiera agradecer a Melinda Langsdorf y “Coco” Echeverría por recibirme en su casa. En especial quisiera extender mi gratitud a Patricia Carrasco y Alicia Echeverría por su complicidad y apoyo durante los instantes más exigentes del trabajo de campo. En momentos críticos de mi carrera recibí la solidaridad desinteresada de Doña Silvia Manrique y su nieta, Adry Manrique. A ellas dos mis más sentidos agradecimientos. También a Mayita Barreto y Jaime Ranjel, quienes me acogieron como parte de su familia. Por último, a Esperanza Castañeda y Tatiana Ramírez, que me tendieron la mano cuando más lo necesité. Estoy particularmente agradecido con las personas con quienes me inicié en la música participativa durante los fantásticos zafarranchos que protagonizamos en el centro de Bogotá. En especial gracias a Nicole Tenorio, Camilo Cubillos, Daniel Urquijo, Sandra González, Jorge Agudelo y David Cruz. También quisiera extender mi gratitud a mis amigos en Washington, gracias a quienes tuve el placer de tocar diversos ritmos musicales ante las más eclécticas audiencias de esa ciudad. Mil gracias a Xavier Bure, César Guarcax, Daniel Riggs, Joey Vega, Abdel Amhadi, Elsa Riveros, Kamel Zennia y Hacene Zennia. Aquí y allá, gracias a Miguel Rocha, Juan Guillermo Sánchez, Paula Plaza y Bohumira Smidakova por su amistad, su camaradería y conversaciones estimulantes. En Winston-Salem quisiera agradecer la solidaridad resuelta de Claudia Francom, sin cuyo apoyo jamás hubiera terminado de escribir este trabajo. vi Por siempre estaré en deuda con aquellos maestros que han guiado mis pasos a lo largo del camino. He tenido el privilegio de aprender con Juan Monsalve, Liliana Ramírez, Carmelita Millán, Adam Lifshey y Gwen Kirkpatrick. A todos ellos mis respetos y mis agradecimientos. Debo la mayor admiración y gratitud a mi maestra Joanne Rappaport, quien me introdujo a las diversas dimensiones de la etnografía y guió mis lecturas y exploraciones académicas a lo largo de los últimos seis años. Gracias a Tito Castelblanco y Balbina Mendoza, mi papá y mi mamá, por sus innumerables sacrificios y su apoyo incondicional. En particular a mi mamá, que tiene en mí una fe imperecedera. Sin sus exhortaciones y su entusiasmo no habría emprendido algunos de los retos más gratificantes de mi vida. Por último quisiera agradecer a mi compañera Andrea Echeverría por su amor bello de cada día y por apoyar mis iniciativas con la complicidad de la causa común. A Cusi por traer consigo tanta felicidad, tantas risas y tanta ternura. vii CONTENIDO Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Archipiélagos culturales transandinos……………………………………………………………..4 “Lo andino”: un imaginario vigente……………………………………………………………….6 Literatura indigenista……………...……………………………………………………...8 Antropologías andinistas……...…………………………………………………………..9 “Música andina”………..……………………………………………………………….12 Talleres de “cosmovisión andina”…………………………………………...………….13 Yo sikuri: experiencia, participación, reflexión y etnografía……………………………………..14 Participación.……………………………………………………………………..………15 Reflexión…………………………………………………………………………………18 Etnografía……………………………………………………………………...…………21 Metodología.………………………………………………………………...……………22 Sobre el uso de instantáneas…………...…….…………………………………….……………..25 Organización de la tesis…………………………………………………………..………………26 Capítulo 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………29 Sikuri: música, danza, ritual y fiesta……………………………………………………………...29 Jaktasiña irampi arkampi: descripción general
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