Peruvian Cuisine

CHASQUI Peruvian Mail

Year 9, Issue 18 Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs December, 2011 Urn. One of the Machu Picchu collection pieces. Possibly imported from the Lake Titicaca region. Cave 6A. Height: 21.9 cm. Diameter at perimeter: 7.7 Maximum Diameter: 17.3 Urn. One of the Machu Picchu collection pieces. Possibly imported from Lake Titicaca THE RETURN OF THE MACHU PICCHU COLLECTION/ PERUVIAN CUISINE: A RICH CULINARY HERITAGE / REMEMBERING JOSÉ MARÍA ARGUEDAS THE RETURN OF THE MACHU PICCHU COLLECTION TREASURES RETURN HOME It has been almost one hundred years since the Peruvian government granted Yale University the privilege of taking artifacts from the then recently discovered archeological site of Machu Picchu out of the country. The condition attached to this privilege was that they would be returned in a year’s time, after having been studied and displayed. Despite the delay in their return, the arrival in Peru of these artifacts discovered by Hiram Bingham demonstrates that it is indeed possible to fight for cultural treasures to be returned to their countries of origin.

The World is Introduced to a tage found during excavation to be Wonder of the World authorized by and coordinated with In July, 1911, Hiram Bingham the Peruvian government. (Honolulu, 1875-Washington D. It was in this context that a C., 1956), a Yale Professor of Ar- temporary loan was granted for the cheology interested in 16th cen- objects found by Bingham. The tury Peruvian history, located the Peruvian government granted per- archeological site of Machu Picchu. Photo: N ational Geographic. mission for these relics to be trans- “Fortress”, “Sanctuary” and ported to Yale from 1912 through “citadel” are just a few of the terms 1916. The agreement included a which have since been used to provision for the artifacts to be refer to this stone complex. What returned within 18 months of their is known for sure is that the site at- departure from the country. This tracted the attention of specialized did not occur, however, within the researchers. agreed-upon period of time. Bingham, with the support of This legacy was not forgotten institutions from his home country, in Peru. There are letters dating such as Yale University and the back to 1918 sent by the Peruvian National Geographic Society, un- government to the American in- dertook a series of excavations and stitutions involved in the loan, studies, the fruits of which were a requesting the return of the Machu large quantity of pre-Columbian Picchu collection. objects and remains. World War One, in which Hiram When Bingham executed this Bingham took on a combat role, project, applicable legislation in was one of the first arguments used Peru established a number of norms to postpone the honoring of the concerning the treatment of cul- agreement. tural Heritage. For example, in The return of this collection 1822, early in Peru’s independent Hiram Bingham. continued to be delayed. The last history, a decree was passed estab- segment of this story begins in lishing restrictions on the export of arrival, an executive decree was the authorization of the Peruvian 2003, when it was established by archeological relics. Several months passed prohibiting the execution government. Likewise, it required decree that the repatriation of the prior to the American explorer’s of archeological activity without the transfer of any historical Heri- collection was “of national interest". Contact with Yale University was reestablished in that year. Message The Return eru's image abroad is inexorably linked to the recognition of the richness and After series of meetings at which Puniqueness of our cultural diversity. Peruvian culture- pristine, ancient and vibrant, little progress was made, a memoran- indigenous, mestizo and cosmopolitan, presents an enormous heritage and a wide plurality dum of understanding was reached in 2007, and was the first step in of contemporary expressions. It is projected to the world referencing our talent for the return of the treasure of Machu intercultural dialogue, that for safeguarding traditional values, the talent of artists, Picchu. This agreement allowed intellectuals and promoters recreating it, and to the contribution that said culture makes Peruvian specialists to conduct an inventory of the artifacts, in order towards the sustainable development of Peru and Peruvian communities abroad. to finally have knowledge of the exact contents of the collection. The projection of Peru's culture is an essential element of our Foreign Policy, and, to The guidelines for the adoption of a this end, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs publishes Chasqui. Peruvian Mail, a cultural definitive agreement satisfactory to both parties were set forth in good bulletin which, from its very origin, in 2003, has devoted its pages to publishing the faith in this document, and included most representative elements of Peruvian culture. On this occasion, I have the immense the principles of cooperation and satisfaction of presenting to the world Issue 18, dedicated to the Nation's Cultural Heritage friendship, future collaboration in the fields of archeology and natural and the importance of actions taken abroad for the restitution and repatriation of cultural history, travelling exhibitions, and goods illicitly exported from Peru. a Machu Picchu museum and research center. Rafael Roncagliolo There were then a number of ad- Minister of Foreign Affairs vances and setbacks in this process, until, in 2010, another agreement was reached with Yale University.

CHASQUI 2 On November 23rd, Peru and Yale 5. On September 17th, 2010,a University signed a Memorandum public hearing was held at the of Understanding, in virtue of which Hartford Courthouse in Hartford the University adopted the following Connecticut. At this hearing, commitments: which was 5 hours in duration, • The return of museum-quality Peru presented its solid arguments artifacts and other artifacts before Judge Alvin W. Thompson. of study in time for the com- Peru sought the return by Yale memoration of the centennial University of its objects of cultural of the scientific discovery of heritage, including archeological Machu Picchu. artifacts, fragments, and human remains taken from Machu Picchu • The return of a quantity of Archive. Affairs Photo: Ministry of Foreign and adjacent areas. fragments and other artifacts of study in late 2011. 6. On September 28th, 2010, Presi- • The return of the remainder dent Alan García Pérez urged Yale of the artifacts bound by the University to return the artifacts agreement by December, 2012, “Paccha” or ceremonial bowl, modeled on the form of a human hand holding a glass (q’ero). taken almost a century previously at the latest. Possibly imported from the Northern Coast of Peru. Height: 7.8 cm. Diameter at edge: 5.2 cm. by July 7th, 2011. Maximum diameter: 14 cm. Machu Picchu collection. Through this agreement, Peru He stated that this date was the and Yale University laid the ground- Centennial of the Encounter of work for fruitful collaboration, Machu Picchu and the Western both for the conservation of these World, and, as such, the sanctuary materials and for the development should be completed with all of its of research and studies by the in- treasures [on this date]; likewise, ternational scientific community. he stated that 100 years had gone As part of the agreement, Peru will by, and that this was sufficient facilitate access to the returned time to return materials taken for materials for research and academic study. study in a manner consistent with Peruvian law. 7. On October 25th, 2010, Presi- dent Alan García Pérez announced Photo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive. Affairs Photo: Ministry of Foreign Yale and Peru consider this agree- the beginning of a domestic and ment to be a gesture of goodwill that international campaign to recover should be furthered through a joint the artifacts and objects taken research cooperation program. from Machu Picchu, taken to Yale In virtue of the abovementioned University (located in the United agreement, and at the request States) 100 years beforehand, and, of both parties, the U.S. District added that, if needed, Peru would Court for the District of Connecti- speak to the leaders of every nation cut granted the suspension of the on earth regarding this objective. corresponding judicial procedure Likewise, he called for the first na- until the occurrence of any of the tional demonstration to be held on following events: (i) the return to Peru, without any conflicts arising November 5th, 2010, in which civil between the parties, by December society, and the country's institu- 31st, 2012; (ii) the presenting of a tions and authorities participated request by either party to resume in order to make it apparent that the judicial procedure; or (iii) the the nation as a whole was united in presentation to the Court of a joint the objective of the vindication and motion by the representatives of recovery of the artifacts taken from both parties stating that the case Machu Picchu that Yale University has been resolved in satisfactory continued to hold illegally. manner, at which point the case 8. In a letter dated November 2nd, shall be closed. 2010, addressed to Mr. Barack As a result, a selection of the most Vase decorated with a circular feline and black and red paint. Height: 50.7 cm. Diameter at Obama, President of the United visually striking artifacts found at edge: 19. 4 cm. Maximum diameter: 47. 5 cm. Machu Picchu collection. States of America, the [Peruvian] the site was on display for the cen- Head of State, Alan García Pérez tennial of the scientific discovery of a suit in against Yale University in Peruvian Government in December, requested the intervention of the Machu Picchu. It is hoped that the the District Court of Washington 2008, refuting the jurisdiction of the former and assistance for the re- Hiram Bingham collection in its en- D.C, District of Columbia, demand- District of Colombia District Court turn of the Machu Picchu artifacts, tirety will be returned by late 2012. ing the return of the archeological and requesting the case be heard in unlawfully held by Yale University. material taken from Machu Picchu The over 360 artifacts which Connecticut state court. 9. On November 5th, 2010, at and neighboring areas, having been have already been returned are cur- 17:00 hours, a march was held for excavated by Hiram Bingham over 3. On July 30th, 2009, a judge on rently on display at the Casa Concha the recovery of the Machu Picchu the course of series of expeditions the District Of Columbia District Museum, their temporary home. archeological treasures, bringing to Peru (information pertaining to Court ordered the transfer of the This facility is also the home of the case to the State of Connecticut together notable citizens from dif- International Center for the Study the dates of said expeditions being Federal District Court, citing, in ferent political parties and regions, of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture restricted to the Minister of Foreign addition to other reasons, a lack and civil society as a whole. [CIEMCI, as per its acronym in affairs, these dates, 1911, 1912, of jurisdiction. Spanish]. 1914 and 1916, not having been This activity was held within the released to the media) said material 4. On September 25th, 2009, sub- framework of the campaign initi- being held at the Yale University sequent to the transfer of the case ated by the government in order Actions taken for the return of the Peabody Museum, located in New to the State of Connecticut Federal to call the world's attention to the borrowed artifacts Haven, Connecticut, USA. District Court, officials decided to recovery of Peru's cultural Heritage, 1. On December 5th, 2009, the 2. On March 4th, 2009, Yale Univer- contract of the law firm of White & which was taken from the Inca Peruvian Government presented sity responded to the suit filed by the Case LLP to represent Peru. sanctuary almost a century ago.

CHASQUI 3 ACHIEVEMENTS AND CROSSROADS Actions for the protection, conservation and social responsibility of cultural Heritage returned to Peru.

Protection Scenario One. The alarm goes off, with a horrible racket, and the hasty steps of agents coming and going between the narrow halls of the museum are heard, the lights go on, and the facility takes on a special importance, not that corresponding to every day visits, but rather because something terrible has happened: the fragile Photo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive. Affairs Photo: Ministry of Foreign window of a display case has been broken, a display case housing an object which, in the greedy eyes of some ruffian, was not in the right place. Several years later, the police are still looking for it. Scenario Two. The town is asleep after the patron saint festival, to which townspeople and outsiders alike were invited in order to share the feast of a special day. A human form slides through the shadow of the church, trying to pass unseen until reaching the old wooden door, which is waiting ever so slightly ajar. Only a few minutes go by before the human form, a heavy Moche gold piece, recovered in 2006. backpack slung across its shoulder, morwong fish with his expertly- Heritage begins, they are the point The General Law On The Cultural take leave of the church forever. wielded harpoon. Today, as has of departure for the plunder which Heritage of the Nation—which, in The next morning pandemonium happened many other days, he has ends in the acquisition of these addition to other articles, governs breaks loose in the town when it also brought home a number of artifacts by the unethical collectors the condition of cultural artifacts is discovered that the Virgin Mary rather strange artifacts, which are and museums that abound held in private hands, though no longer has her jewels, and that given to his children to play with throughout the world. all cultural Heritage is in fact the paintings kept in the little room before being relegated to the shelf ultimately the property of the behind the vestry are also nowhere The number of sacrilegious in their living room as if they were Nation, which leaves enough legal to be found. robberies has increased over the decorations; the small coins he room for both private and public course of the last decade, the Templo Scenario three: Hidden in the often finds, relegated to a drawer use of these objects. Menor, located in Copacabana, whirling dust of a sandstorm, the awaiting the right buyer, and a few Bolivia, was recently robbed. The anonymous character sinks a heavy other objects used to grind corn in It is therefore implicit that the site's security systems were no bar into the ground, a heavy bar the kitchen. These include rounded protection of the nation's Heritage match for an operation organized which will ring like a bell when it stones, fossilized dogfish teeth, and is also shared as set forth in the down to the last millimeter, and, reaches the metal buried below the fragments of a porcelain bowl with terms required by Peruvian law. as such, the success thereof was surface. “There it is! It rang!” Now blue etching and some inscriptions Specific actions for which each and guaranteed. The whereabouts of begins the clamor of shovels and only partly legible, in which one can every one of us agrees to implement the artifacts stolen are currently pickaxes digging away. They will read a date, 1757. No one ever told to the extent possible, and for which unknown. uncover the golden idol or winged the fisherman that these objects are infinite resources are available. mask they are digging for, but, in an integral part of Peruvian history, Something is definitely not Support for the registry of cultural so doing, will destroy numerous though he is intuitively aware of working. It may be that things artifacts, a pre-requisite for the ceramic objects, a ceremonially this fact; no one ever took the time will change with improvements recovery of stolen, trafficked, and buried body, or delicate textiles. to speak to him and explain their to security technology, but the pillaged Heritage, may be one of the When the group walks off, satisfied true value. anonymous character will always tasks to be implemented; the joint with the day's find, the landscape is find a way around it. Most of these preparation by both the private lunar in appearance, with dozens When dealing with the incidents occur with the backing and public sector of education and of craters left behind in the desert protection of cultural Heritage, of those in power or those holding training programs directed towards sand, leaving only a scattering there are many scenarios which lead power. the population at large, dealing with of bones, shreds of still brightly to the discovery of the origin of how identity and the cultural value of Given the fragility of security colored textiles, and shards of what cultural artifacts end up outside Peru's Heritage, could be fruitful in systems, the only solution was once a pitcher that brought the country in direct violation of the short term. available is to rethink the other water to a thirsty ancient. Peruvian and International law. elements which provide protection The incorporation of specific Scenario four: The fisherman The scenarios described above for cultural heritage. Peruvian functions and objectives on the part arrives home after his customary are the most common situations legislation in this domain has been of the government for the protection workday of undersea fishing, he has through which the process of strengthened, though the passing of undersea Heritage is another task caught a sole and several Peruvian the illegal extraction of cultural of laws such as Law No. 29296, at hand, an action which cannot

CHASQUI 4 be delayed, due to the continuous hout the world. All museums now human, technical, and financial the protection of national Heritage, pillaging and destruction suffered have the indispensable minimum resources. A compliant filed by promote and communicate to at the hands of treasure hunters number of staff members knowled- either legal or diplomatic channels citizens the importance and active on the Peruvian coast. The geable in preventative conservation may go on for decade, and there meaning of cultural Heritage as the lack of compliance with legal needed to operate, and, in some is no assurance that the outcome basis and expression of our identity regulations concerning to this cases, staff able to perform the spe- thereof will be successful. The as a nation. Likewise, it indicates matter contributes to a further cialized restoration of the material investment required to recover that these entities shall promote increase in the pillaging taking in their collections. national Heritage is steep, and and coordinate with the media and place on Peru's shores. as long as there is demand for other public and private bodies in The proper techniques for the cultural artifacts, looting and illicit order to stimulate and strengthen Specialized human resources packaging, storage, transport and trafficking in works of art will respect and esteem for the Nation's training and the use of new subsequent storage of objects of continue. Cultural Heritage.” technological tools applied to the Heritage are indispensable for the authentication of cultural artifacts conservation thereof. It is because Domestic and international As part of the preventative are activities which may very well of the above that works of art can laws for the protection of cultural measures to be taken against be applied jointly in the sectors withstand being transported great Heritage urge the taking of crimes against cultural Heritage, involved. distances without the slightest preventative action as a measure strategies linked to a greater level possible risk, it is entirely dependent to avoid the looting of cultural of participation on the part of the population in efforts to protect Conservation ton the professionalism with which artifacts. they are handled. cultural Heritage must be developed; A new phase in the conservation Article 10 of the 1970 UNESCO this practice is referred to as “Social of cultural Heritage has indeed be- Who should bear this cost and Convention on the Means of Appropriation of Heritage”, and gun when cultural artifacts return responsibility? In the case of ob- Prohibiting and Preventing the is well grounded in the guidelines to the country as the result of di- jects frequently sent abroad, say Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of the Andrés Bello Convention plomatic action, in accordance with in an illegal sale arranged over the of Ownership of Cultural Property, and has been incorporated into legal norms in defense of cultural Internet, given that the technical requires State Parties “to endeavor the cultural policies of a number of Heritage. requirements for the proper conser- by educational means to create Latin American nations. vation of the artifact are not exactly and develop in the public mind a In most cases in which pillaged a priority, the only hope is that it realization of the value of cultural There have already been artifacts have been returned, their gets to its destination in one piece property and the threat to the several experiences of this type state of conservation has been for the deal to be closed. cultural heritage created by theft, in Peru, including the projects severely affected, mostly due to clandestine excavations and illicit undertaken in the North of the the effects of the pillaging itself, The repatriation of cultural ar- exports”. country by local units, such as and subsequent the conditions in tifacts is performed while ensuring the Marcahuamachuco project, which they were illegally taken out the integrity of the objects, and spe- Article 20 (“Public awareness”) located in the Andean segment of the country: the use of improper cialized companies are selected and of the “Convention on the of the Department of La Libertad, packaging, abrasive materials, or contracted for this purpose. Close Protection of the Underwater which is executing preventative inappropriate storage in prejudicial to five thousand artifacts, ranging Cultural Heritage” states that “Each conservation projects protecting environments are the cause of this from pre-Colombian to Colonial State Party shall take all practicable local cultural Heritage with damage. In addition, due the highly and dating from the early period of measures to raise public awareness the participation of the local fragile nature of most of artifacts Peruvian Independence, have been regarding the value and significance population. due to the passage of time, and the repatriated over the last few years, of underwater cultural heritage and less than 1% of the above had and the importance of protecting From this same viewpoint, the violent manner in which they were principles of “social responsibility”, looted; the most likely case is that been damaged to the point where it under this Convention.” they could not be restored. In the based on citizen awareness and the majority of the artifacts smu- The corresponding Peruvian case of textile artifacts, the fragility education, are conveniently aligned ggled for sale are severely damaged, law, General Law 28296 on the of which is self-evident, not a single with the purposes of defense of for which the recovery thereof is Cultural Heritage of the Nation, one was damaged during transport. cultural patrimony within the almost impossible. The end with Section III “Education, Awareness community. which said artifacts meet is not and Cultural Heritage”, Article 51, difficult to imagine. states that relevant institutions (the To date, a segment of the private Social Responsibility Ministry of Culture, the National sector has successfully adopted this Another story, however, is the The Heritage recovery and Library, and the General Archive of “philosophy”, mainly as relates to case of the artifacts which, subse- repatriation process involves the Nation) “shall, in reference to the environment, gender equality, quent to their illegal journey, are and civil rights; it remains, however, restored and maintained in order to given the need to better manage raise their price on the international the protection of cultural Heritage, market. An archeological artifact for this element to be included in in a good state of conservation, social responsibility guidelines in whether Pre-Colombian, colonial, Peru. or dating from the early days of Peru's Independence, can be valued at several thousand dollars, depen- ding on the age of the material and the “documents” that come with it, since the black market works outside of the international legal framework, for which a documented Archive. Affairs Photo: Ministry of Foreign history must therefore be created for the object.

Though these artifacts are fragile By: Eliana Gamarra. Archaeologist, and their maintenance requires te- Cultural Heritage Directorate, Ministry chnical, professional and economic of Foreign Affairs, responsible for actions resources, specialization in these for the recovery and repatriation of aspects is rapidly advancing throug- Monkey head, sculpted gold in the style of the Moche Culture, repatriated from Spain in 2008. cultural artifacts.

CHASQUI 5 MACHU PICCHU'S INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD Mariana Mould de Pease* Machu Picchu, the crowning work of the Inca Empire, is considered done of the most important architectural and archaeological monuments on Earth. It is our wish for this homage, the commemoration of 100 years (1911-2011) since Hiram Bingham’s first visit to the sanctuary, to awaken the same fascination experienced by those reaching the heights of the Eastern Andes, where this new and uncontestable “Wonder of the World” stands.

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Machu Picchu: Royal retreat? Religious sanctuary? Observatory? Historic research based on early colonial administrative sources undertaken in the 1980´s, as well as a more complete version of the chronicle of Juan Díez de Betanzos, have begun to faithfully demonstrate that construction on Machu Picchu began during the rule of Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui, the creator of the Inca Empire (also referred to as “Tahuantinsuyo”), in the highlands of the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, on top of existing foundations, in perfect harmony with nature. This demonstration has led some American archaeologists to consider Machu Picchu to be a “royal retreat” due to its location in the Amazonian Andes approximately one-hundred kilometers from the [City of] Cuzco, the center of Tahuantinsuyo. In parallel to the above, Peruvian archaeologists, drawing on the same sources, believe that Machu Picchu was built by Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui —on pre-Inca foundations— in order for this to be his mummy´s final resting grounds, as well as the site on which his panaca, or line of des- cendants would reside once his successor —his son, Túpac Inca Yupanqui— became the ruler of Tahuantinsuyo, and, in accordance with the Inca social structure, formed his own panaca; and, as such, could not use Machu Picchu as his own “royal retreat”. Machu Picchu is a sacred space or religious sanctuary, this interpretation reinforced by its location on a mountain peak, and is now considered a monumental landscape. Research has shown that Machu Picchu was and is a religious sanctuary base don the fact that worship ceremonies were held there, specifically the ceremonies performed in the presence of a reigning Inca emperor – or his body, after death—given that the above were considered sacred, as explained in colonial chronicles. The panacas descending from reigning Incas worshipped their ancestors, and this type of worship occurred at Machu Picchu during the Fifteenth century.. [...]

1 Hiram Bingham (1875-1956), a professor at Yale University, politician, and explorer, as well as a friend to Clements Markham, to whom he wrote a number of letters, had certainly read Ocampo´s text when he announced to the world on July 24th, 1911, that he had been to Machu Picchu, the “Lost City of the Incas”, in the company of Melchor Arteaga, a local resident of indigenous origin, and Sargent Carrasco, who joined him on the express orders of Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía. Bingham repeatedly cites Ocampo in the last book he wrote, “Machu Picchu, the Lost City of the Incas", and also recognizes the contribution of the two Peruvians who accompanies him on his explorations. The Quechua term for these centers is llacta, and, since Hiram Bingham, its first foreign visitor, referred to it as a “citadel”, Machu Picchu has been known in Peru- vian Spanish as a ciudadela. Since that time, this llacta commissioned by Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui has been perceived as a bastion of indigenous resistance against the Spanish presence in the Andes. Machu Picchu is mentioned in documents dating to the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries written by Spanish colonial sources, the latter generally having settled in lower-elevation valleys, as they were uncomfortable living in the high Andes. As such, this Inca llacta has conserved the urban planning aspects most characteristic of Andean social organization, originating in kinship relationships, and manifested through the duality of ethnic groups. Urban areas—such as Machu Picchu— are, in this system, visualized as the duality between high and low. This duality is referred to as Hanan and Urin, and can also be understood as left-right, 2 masculine-feminine, inside-outside, and, even close-far and in front of-behind.

CHASQUI 6 MACHU PICCHU'S INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD Mariana Mould de Pease* Machu Picchu, the crowning work of the Inca Empire, is considered done of the most important architectural and archaeological monuments on Earth. It is our wish for this homage, the commemoration of 100 years (1911-2011) since Hiram Bingham’s first visit to the sanctuary, to awaken the same fascination experienced by those reaching the heights of the Eastern Andes, where this new and uncontestable “Wonder of the World” stands.

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This llacta, subsequent to the conquest of the Inca Empire, became the property of the Spanish Crown, as occurred to all sites having belonged to pre-Colombian royalty, as set forth in European law. After the Surrender at Ayacucho, in 1824, it then became the property of the Nation of Peru, and, as such, administered by the Peruvian government. The isolation of Machu Picchu from the Hispanic and Occidental history of the Peru inspired the government to register it as a cultural and natural Historic Sanctuary of Humanity in 1983. [...] Peruvian explorers visited the Urubamba with public- or private- resources either to have a greater understanding of the country’s past and territory, in order to open the latter to potential foreign investment, as well as the extraction of raw materials, such as lumber, with bark used to combat malaria. The publication of these reports, which included maps of the area, was part of the groundwork for the construction of the Ferrocarril del Sur del Perú Railway. Handmade English-language maps dating to 1868 promoted the “Huaca del Inca” corporation, founded in order to extract and export “Incan Antiquities”, supplemented by brochures describing the company's proposals. This activity was collateral to the construction of the Cuzco-Quillabamba railway line. 7 The location of the “Huaca del Inca” on these maps clearly refers to Machu Picchu, as well as the fact that these archeological sites were administered by the Peruvian government, and, as such, on June 16th, 1887, this company was formally incorporated by Executive resolution, in association with German engineer Augusto R. Berns. The original copies of these documents are housed in the General Archive of the Nation, and a summary thereof is among the well-classified papers of Hiram Bingham housed at Yale University's Sterling Library. This document archive also includes documents which once belonged to Hiram Bingham and demonstrate that he was aware that Machu Picchu appeared on the maps published by Antonio Raimondi, an Italian naturalist residing in Peru, and on those prepared by Charles Wiener, a French traveler who published a travel book and map in 1884. Bingham makes no mention, however, of Hermann Göhring’s map of 1874, published by the State Press in 1877 in order to supplement the report of Colonel Baltasar La Torre, who died during an expedition through the jungles of Madre de Dios. Bingham was aware of the travels of Augusto R. Berns, a German business man and hunter of “Incan Treasures” in the Vilcabamba Mountains, which served as the basis for his link to the Peruvian Government. The difference—the great difference between the two— is that Bingham’s presence in the Vilcabamba Mountains com- 8 menced as that of a scientific explorer doted with the corresponding instruments, which at that time consisted of the gathering and articulation of oral and written 1. Machu Picchu with Huayna Picchu Mountain in background. information and systematic archeological excavation. From July 24th, 1911, through 2. Approaching the Main Gate from inside Machu Picchu. January, 1916, he presided over intensive inter-disciplinary work under the framework 3. Eastern Urban Sector and well-built platforms. 4. Friendly llamas grazing below granary and peasant huts. of the Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition, with particular emphasis on the archeological 5. The shadows of sunset over the Temple of the Condor. research that led him to still be known—one hundred years later— as the scientist 6. Machu Picchu nested in the majesties Andes Mountains. who introduced Machu Picchu to the world. 7. A wide stone staircase provides access to the Temple of the Sun. 8. East Urban Sector of Machu Picchu with grazing llamas. * Historian and coordinator of the National Library Franklin Pease G. Y. Collection for Andean History. Photos: Kenneth y Ruth M. Wright

CHASQUI 7 PERUVIAN CUSINE: A RICH CULINARY HERITAGE Sara Beatriz Guardia* Peruvian cuisine is a reflection of the country’s cultural diversity, the product of centuries of dialogue between many cultures, including indigenous cultures, African, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian cultures. This has led Peru to apply for UNESCO recognition of its cuisine as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

eru’s splendid cuisine —ge- roots, vegetables, cereals, pulses, nerous in exquisite flavors and a variety of fruit species. and reminiscence of times P Quality nutrition was provided long ago—is the result of a long by crops grown in different re- process commenced by pre-Colom- gions, elevations and valleys: qui- bian cultures which continues to noa, hot pepper, cañihua, kiwicha, this day as the expression of a vast beans, olluco, oca, poroto, tarhui, cultural heritage. This continuous uncucha, achira, jiquima, mashua, exchange of foodstuffs and culinary yucca, racacha, sweet potato, elements has enriched Peruvian yacón, peanuts, caigua, calabaza, cuisine over the course of several pineapple, chirimoya, lúcuma, gua- centuries, and along with the great nábana, avocado, anona, frutilla, variety of foodstuffs available in capulí de la sierra, pacae, mamey, Peru, has served to confer the value granadilla, tumbo, papaya, cactus and prestige Peruvian cuisine is fruit, guava, palillo, pepino dulce, known for. tomate de árbol, squash, chayote, For this reason, the Ministry paico, muña and huacatay.2 of Culture and the Peruvian Cu- linary Association [Apega, as per Fusion of Flavors its acronym in Spanish] recently announced that they had officially The first fusion in Peruvian applied to UNESCO for Peruvian cuisine arrived with the Spanish Cuisine to be recognized as part of Plaza Mayor. Juan Mauricio Rugendas (1802–1858). conquest and the cultural exchange the Intangible Cultural Heritage caused by mestiaje. The Spanish of Humanity. The Technical Com- brought new kinds of meat: beef, mittee of the abovementioned or- sheep, lamb, goat, and rabbit. Milk ganization reviewed the file in July, and cheese were incorporated into 2011, and will soon submit same to hot pepper sauces. Wheat, barley, the representatives of a number of and rice. Olive oil, vinegar, and countries for their approval. Intan- olives. New fruits and vegetables, gible Cultural Heritage is defined as and grapes, used in the making of the use, expression, representation wine and pisco. Also, new ways of and the knowledge and techniques frying, cooking, marinating, and passed from generation to genera- pickling, and sugarcane, the perfect tion which are part of the history addition to the sweets and desserts and identity of a country. For this so beloved in colonial times. reason, Peruvian Cuisine has al- The first written recipes arrived ready been recognized as part of the in Peru with in the hands of Spanish Cultural Heritage of the Americas Figure preparing chicha. Mochica Culture. Ceramic 21.7 x 20 x 13 cm. 200 B.C. – 600 A.D. Museo Larco. Bodegón de bodegones. Mirko Lauer (USMP, 2010). women, convents, and books such by the Organization of American as Libro de arte de cocina, by Diego States (OAS). Granado (1599) and Arte de cocina, In the vast Inca Empire, which a conversation with water and pastelería, bizcochería y conservería, reached from Southern Colombia plants, who told the farmers how to by Francisco Martínez Montiño, Sacred Foodstuffs to Chile, crossing through Ecuador, interpret the voices of nature. This the chief Royal cook (1617). In The history of Peruvian cuisine Peru, Bolivia, and Northeastern relationship was not one based on perfect combination with Peruvian reaches back thousands of years Argentina, Pachmama, or Mother imposition, but rather agreement, ingredients, new dishes soon arose, to when foodstuffs represented a Earth, represented the power of as Man did not have a monopoly gracing tables with tasty stews, complex process ruled by myths generation and fertility, while Ya- on knowledge. succulent meat dishes and exqui- and beliefs relating to the sacred cumama, or Mother Water, was the site desserts, many of which were status of their relationship to na- beginning of life, united together In order to ensure food supplies, prepared in cloistered convents. La ture. According to archeologists, in a great sacred space. As such, in they created an agricultural system Encarnación convent was famous the domestication of food crops janaq Pacha “The world above” the- boasting over 600,000 hectares for its almond paste sweets, while commenced in the Andes moun- re were rivers and animals, and the of carefully constructed terraces, Santa Catalina made its mark with tains: potatoes, yucca, guyaba, hot gods were in direct communication in order to capture rainwater and sweets, and Santa Clara for its house peppers, sweet potatoes, olluco, gee- with this world: Kay Pacha¸ brother water from snowmelt, rivers, lakes dish of beans Terranova, made up of se, mashua, arracacha, and yacón, to Urin Pacha or “the underground and springs through channels lo- beans with delicious fruit such as as wella s herbs such as huacatay, world”, inhabited by the gods who cated over 2,000 meters above sea guanábana, lúcuma, plum, chirimoya, paico, muña and achiote; the com- had created foodstuffs. These dieties level. This complex agricultural figs, and pineapple, to which cloves, mon Lima bean was domesticated spoke to Inca subjects, protected system also reached the Coastal and anise, cinnamon, sesame seeds, prior to the above, “as were some and punished them. In this man- Amazon regions, and was designed sweet potato, yucca and corn flour calabash species and achira”1 . ner, irrigating the earth became for the cultivation of plants, tubers, were added.

CHASQUI 8 The most popular dishes in colo- on Peruvian cuisine, given that, delicious jams, spreads, and fruit number of other explorers arrived in nial times include sancochado stew, upon leaving the employ of the preserved in syrup. the vast territory known as the Pe- which featured both Spanish and in- plantation owners, these Chinese ruvian Amazon, a sweltering region South of the Department of digenous ingredients, and is served immigrants principally went on to running from Andean valleys to the Lima, the universe of flavors of a in a Spanish cauldron, consisting of sell food at Chinese restaurants, Brazilian Amazon and the Atlantic specific culinary tradition opens up, beef, mutton, and poultry, accom- referred to as chifas in Peru, which Ocean, crossed by the fast-flowing stemming from the Paracas culture, panied by ham, cold cuts, smoked from the turn of the century began Amazon, Ucayali, Maranon and one of the most ancient cultures in beef, yucca, sweet potato, cabbage to appear along the coast, and in Huallaga Rivers. From Orellana’s Peru. The wide variety of fruits and and chickpeas. Causa, prepared Lima were located on Cápon street, day, Amazonia has cast a certain pulses grown in the departments with yellow potatoes, hot pepper, near the Central Market. At these fascination due to the extraordinary of Ica and Moquegua serve as the queso fresco, avocado and tuna or restaurants, Peruvians were first richness of its flora and fauna, as basis for an exquisite diversity of other fish. Carapulcra, consisting introduced to what would become well as the therapeutic use by locals sweets and desserts. The product of dried potato and roasted peanuts extremely popular dishes such as of herbs and hallucinogens such as par excellence in this area, however, cooked with beef and seasoned with arroz chaufa (Chinese-style fried ayahuasca, which is part of traditio- is pisco, a world-famous Peruvian ground panca pepper. Lagua, a thick rice), wonton soup, beef noodles, nal shamanic practices. Plantains, grape liquor whose name is derived stew of boiled corn flour and pork chicken and pineapple, and a bananas, potatoes, yucca, corn, and from the Quecha term pisqo, which or turkey, highly seasoned with ají number of other Chinese-Peruvian beans predominate in the cuisine of means “small bird”. Moquegua’s amarillo. Pepián,—utilizing pork and classics. No less important were this region, as well as tubers, vege- fame is well-deserved, both in terms corn— was a particularly favored sweet and savory dim sum. tables, red and white meat, turtle of its traditional sweets and quality dish. There was also a great variety eggs, fish, and delicious fruit such as The final important source pisco. of thick soups, referred to in Spanish passion fruit, tumbo, teperibá, aguaje, of culinary fusion is Japan, from as “chupes”3. There were shrimp In the cuisine of the Andes pijuayo, uvilla, camu-camu, and whence the first immigrants to chupes, fish chupes, and those made Mountains, potatoes, corn, and pineapple. The most well known Peru arrived in 1889, also employed of all types of meats and vegetables. quinoa play a starring role. There Amazonian dishes include chonta initially on sugar and cotton planta- A number of different salads were are close to four thousand varieties palm heart salad, sacha-papa sa- tions. Most were from the islands of also prepared, and olive oil was used of potatoes, several varieties of lad, tachacho, baked shad, chicken Okinawa, Kumamoto and Fukushi- as a dressing. There we also a num- sweet potatoes, and frequently used juanes, paiche pangu, and stuffed ma, and their fish and seafood ber of fish and seafood dishes, and, tubers such as olluco, yucca, racacha plantains. Amazonian desserts, such based cuisine began to make waves though ceviche was already starting and oca. Also, 35 varieties of corn as yucca fritters, corn fritters, and through restaurants and food stands to appear on Peruvian tables, pres- prepared in different ways: cooked, others, are also delicious. in the 1920´s. The combination of tige came much later. on the cob, and roasted; and germi- products and techniques gave rise This whole culinary universe nated corn which is then fermented Three important currents, to a unique fusion. deserves not only the prestige is to produce chicha. Quinoa, which which enriched Peruvian cuisine, enjoys, but UNESCO recognition has a high nutritional value, is used later joined the above. The influen- as part of the Intangible Cultural in a wide variety of dishes. There are ce of Italian cuisine, which arrived Regional Cuisine Heritage of Humanity. quinoa soups, stews, puddings, and with Italian immigrants between A plethora of diverse regional a number of other dishes. 1840 and 1880, mainly reflects cultural influences have still further The most popular specialties in- that of Liguria (Genoa). Italian enriched Peruvian cuisine. Nor- clude guinea pig, consumed throug- * Writer. Researcher at the Universidad de San immigrants introduced Peruvians to thern Peruvian Cuisine, drawing Martín de Porres Faculty of Communications hout the Andes, whether baked, Swiss chard, spinach, cabbage, broc- on its past in the Mochica culture, Sciences. Author of La flor morada de los grilled, sautéed, or deep fried, and is Andes (Universidad de San Martín de Porres, coli, cauliflower, eggplant, and basil. features excellent ceviche, marina- always accompanied with corn chi- 2004). Winner of the Swedish Gourmand The most important contri- ted fish dishes, goat, loche squash, World Cookbooks Award: Best World Cook- cha. Hot peppers are an obligatory bution of Italian immigrants to and cilantro stew, shambar soup and book Latin America), Best Spanish language part of Andean Cuisine, as well as Culinary History Book. Best Spanish-language Peru, though, was undoubtedly the “Theologian´s Soup”, one of the aromatic herbs: muña, paico, huaca- specialty cookbook. Three Stars. Masterpiece; noodle. In 1878, the proprietors of most important soup dishes in Nor- in 2008, selected as Best Cookbook Published tay, spearmint, parsley and cilantro. all twelve noodle factories in Lima thern Peruvian Cuisine, most likely in the last 12 years at Frankfort; Una fiesta One of the most emblematic ritual del sabor. El Perú y sus comidas (2001) French were of Italian origin. The oldest having originated at a convent. dishes in Andean cuisine utilizes Gourmand World Cookbooks Awards: Best of these was the Santa Clara Fac- The use of chancaca (akin to brown Latin American Book for all categories, and the above: pachamanca4. In a hole tory. This group of immigrants also sugar), is common, as is fruit such Honorable Mention for Best Book in the in the ground, several types of meat World. opened bakeries, which included as guanábana, pineapple, cherimoya seasoned with two different kinds among their wares a type of loaf [custard apple], pacay, mango, of hot pepper, huacatay, paico, and the center of which was spiked with guayaba, ciruela del fraile, coconut, cilantro are placed on top of hot coarse salt, sliced onions, and oil; and yucca and sweet-potato flour 1 Fernando Cabieses. Agricultura y nutrición en rocks, along with yucca, corn on but the most successful was a sweet in the preparation of picaroon el Perú. Lima: Banco Agrario, 1988, p. 21. the cob, potatoes, fava beans, sweet 2 luis E. Valcárcel. Historia de la cultura loaf made with little yeast, referred fritters. Almonds, walnuts, and potatoes and tamales. The hole is antigua del Perú. Lima: Ministerio de Educa- to as a “panetón de Milán”, which raisins, mixed with fragrent spices ción, tomo I, volumen II, 1949, pp. 67-68. then filled in, forming a mound, and incorporated candied fruit. Another such as sesame seed, cloves, and 3 Chupi, the Quechua word for soup. left to cook for several hours. anise. And a soft dough made of 4 A recipe for Pachamanca is included in contribution is the growing of grapes Juana Manuela Gorriti’s cookbook. Cocina and the incorporation of new breeds corn and wheat flour is used in the Attracted by the legend of El ecléctica. Buenos Aires: Félix Lajouane edi- and varietals, such as those produ- preparation of exquisite pastries, Dorado, Francisco Orellana and a tor (Librairie Générale), 1890. First edition. ced in the Ica and Chincha Valleys: Moscatello Bianco de Alessandria, referred to in Peru as “Uva Italia”, from which Italia Pisco is distilled. Not to mention the chocolate and ice cream brought to Lima in 1897 by Pietro D’Onofrio. Roughly this same period — 1849 to 1874— saw the first Chi- nese immigrants arrive in Peru, an estimated 90 thousand, who were employed as “coolies” on coastal cotton and sugar plantations. This Mochica Banquet. Donna Mac Clelland. presence had a significant influence

CHASQUI 9 JOSÉ MARÍA ARGUEDAS ON THE CENTENNIAL OF HIS BIRTH Gustavo Gutiérrez* The centennial of the birth of José María Arguedas (Andahuaylas, 1911-Lima, 1969) was celebrated with a number of important domestic and international conferences, as well as publications on the author and his work. As such, we reiterate the sensation produced by contact with the testimony and poetry of a man who forced Peru to come to terms with its status as a nation of “all shapes and colors” [the title of one of his novels]. Reading Arguedas gives one the feeling of experiencing the nation’s future rather than its past.

here is no doubt that today’s Peru has little to do Twith that in which José María lived, felt, and thought. But he cannot be pigeonholed into one moment in time, either. José María invites his readers not to keep “swimming in the rinds of this nation [...] in the rinds, that defensive, oppressive external layer (The fox from up above and the fox from down below). He brings us to the deepest levels of Peruvian society, that is where Arguedas located himself; a location in which he put the stamp of everyday life and historical relevancy on his at times painful meditation on Peru. L IT). L iterature (CAS Courtesy of the Museum Peruvian Along this line of thought, let us recall two expressions of the above, from the beginning and end of his life. In a revealing passage written when Arguedas was little more than twenty years old, he wrote, “Water. We quote it, intentionally, against the grain of chronological sequen- ce”. In his “Last Diary? “published in “In the Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below”, there is a text of capital importance in understanding Arguedas, that citing the cycles of contemporary Peru.

Mario Vargas Llosa (Arequipa, 1936). Two Cycles In his last writings, Arguedas states that “Perhaps, with me, a cycle begins to end and another to begin in Peru and what it (re-) presents: the cycle of the calendar of consolation, of the whip; of mule- drivers; of impotent hatred, of the José María Arguedas. Photo: Carolina Teillier Archive. moribund “uprisings”, of the fear of God and the rule of this God and his protégés, his manufacturers; and of the “consoling calendar and fear rather, halting deep-seated and The “calendar” and “God” the beginning of that of light and of God”. It is not limited, though, to decisive change. mark the differences, but also the invincible liberating force of the a simple announcement, but rather ensure a complex continuity, bet- These two historical epochs are Vietnamese, that of the calendar of something that has already begun ween the two cycles. They are the like tectonic plates which condition fire, of God the liberator. A cycle of to take its first steps and is pregnant only characters repeated between the life of a people on the surface. reintegration. Vallejo was the begin- with the future. These two epochs the two; but, to Arguedas, they That said, the last few years have ning and the end.” conflict with one another and shake respond to different realities and the country to its core (think about brought many—though, unfortu- nately, not all, to see, painfully, the functions between historical and Arguedas was sensitive to that what the country has lived through lifestyle options, also diverse. Not over the past few decades…..). The complex reality of Peru; see, for which is still not known, but rather as a sleep-giving consolation, but can be felt and hoped for. “What life, passion, and death of José María example, in the report issued by the rather one which illuminates and we know is much less than the occurred in the awareness of this Truth and Reconciliation Commis- sparks something new. Not God great hope we feel”, he said in “Last conflict. Hoarse and full of hope, sion, which reminds us of the truth Diary?”. The cycles he proposes he twice said, in his last writings which must, inevitably, forge true the Inquisitor, a false God, as He cannot be understood from a sim- “say farewell, in me, to an epoch in reconciliation among Peruvians; was created by “manufacturers”; ple chronological perspective. The Peru”. A long and difficult farewell, the establishment of social justice, but rather God the Liberator, “he beginning of the second cycle, that full of ups and downs, taking the respect for the human dignity of all who integrates”. May reintegration of the “calendar of fire and of God reader both forward and backward. and the elimination of unjust discri- occur in the lives of Arguedas and the liberator” does not necessarily A national farewell not limited to mination. There are no second-class his people. Peru’s fate is played mark the end of the first cycle, that a “transition to democracy”, but, citizens. between the two calendars.

CHASQUI 10 Standing With the Marginalized tion of Peruvian reality. From the cellar of the nation, the world of the SONIDOS DEL PERÚ Arguedas is the writer of encoun- “insignificant”, he reaches a diversity ters and misadventures between all also including historic tragedies and of the races, languages and “home- huge, unjust social inequalities. Encantos andinos [Andean Charm] lands” of Peru. He is not a passive Jaime Guardia y Pepita García-Miró witness, limited to portraying and In this nation of different home- (Cernícalo Producciones, 2009) description, rather, he takes sides. lands, Arguedas approaches the last From his earliest stories, he chose of the last, such as Gertrudis, the to attribute to Ernesto, his autobio- kurku (hunchback), for example, in The songs delivered by Pepita García-Miró and Jaime graphical character, the rejection of All Shapes and Colors marginalized surely have their origins in the taqui chants of the violence and injustice in the world among the marginalized as a woman, pre-Colombian era, and are modeled and enriched by of the misti, choosing to join the hunchback, and rape victim, but in the joy and sadness of Peruvian life of all eras. Pepita’s side of the oppressed. At the end of her we discover indelible proof of the delicate voice is harmoniously complemented by string the story, Ernesto states, “All alone, human condition. He declared him- instruments, the feeling marked by the vibrations of group member Jaime Guardia’s charango being particularly noteworthy, expressing the on this dry hillside, I cried for the self to be a “provincial writer” in or- possibility of the individual sounds of the voice and the charango joining as a single villagers, for their fields burnt by the der to underline the human values of sound, a musical unit, or ñoqancik, as it is referred to in Quechua. sun, for their starving animals [...] the people he met and loved, but the The musical message of this recording proposes the union of string instruments, which and then I ran downhill, to stand depth of this element allowed him to originated in Spain, with vocalization expressing the indigenous feeling of the Andes, with the villagers of Utek’pampa” reach the universal dimensions we through which states of mind are expressed as the product of social circumstances, as (Water). still read him for. Through the darts well as being music and chants echoing sadness and love. of his acid wit, he indignantly rejects The music of Peru’s Highland regions is joy and sadness, dance and movement, verse, Committed, he spoke of and those who deny this human quality, tradition and feeling. Its origins may lie in pre-Colombian chants, and it has been modi- questioned “standing” with the daring, as did the “master” in The fied and transformed through the medieval influence of the Spanish conquest and the poorest of Peruvians, who he was Native Servant’s Dream to mock, “Are historic events of daily life in Peru. able to love and understand like few you a man, or something less than Pepita García-Miró, Jaime Guardia and the other members of this group have opted others. He has lived among them, human?”. There is nothing worse or to contribute to the defense and promotion of Peruvian music, as an expression of the “up in the heart of the Indians” (The “dirtier” to Arguedas than causing nation’s folk art, so contributing to Andean folklore. This is a worthy form in which Foxes). Intimately familiar with their others to suffer, to be humiliated. to bring back Peruvian music and to fight indifference to and the forgetting of these suffering and values, he could have, traditions. Finally, it is a manner in which to defend the right of Peru’s indigenous music like Guaman Poma, affirmed that “in Assuming this diversity brought and culture to exist. order to testify it was best to write him, likewise, to bring himself closer as an eyewitness”. These are two still through music, poetry, art, key figures in Peruvian thought and prose, and the social sciences. He José María Arguedas. feeling. They are situated between proposed “to inject into the currents Registro musical [Musical Record] 1960-1963 two worlds, but are clearly on the of dominant Peruvian wisdom and (Ministerio de Cultura, 2011. Colección side of the victims of history; they art the tide of art and wisdom stem- Centenario, vol. 1). demand more than just justice. ming from a people that the former Both Arguedas and Guaman seek considered degenerate, weakened, This collection consists of a selection of the musical to demonstrate the humanity of the strange, and impenetrable.” (I am recordings made by José María Arguedas from 1960 “runa” [indigenous peoples] in the not Acculturated) These manifesta- through 1963 as part of the safeguarding duties performed by the Museum of Peruvian Culture Institute face of the contempt they were—and tions of a poor people are a key ele- of Ethnological Studies, a government institution are to this day—subjected to. This ment of Arguedas' oeuvre. They are tasked with the study and research of the traditional skilled lineage is the starting point supplementary approaches compos- cultural heritage of the Peruvian people. This institute was one of the first entities of its for Arguedas´ writing, perhaps in ing not only the portrait of Arguedas kind to record traditional Peruvian music using its grassroots, indigenous artists as its order to provide unity and identity himself, but beyond him—through point of departure. to a dislocated nation through the him—the profile of those who are These recordings were made utilizing a new technology at that time, magnetophonic establishment of a “fraternity of the not “something less than human”, reels, which allowed for greater freedom of movement and the possibility of recording impoverished” (TS, IV 236). but human beings, those he called over reels that had already been used. In fact, this recording medium was versatile and “marginalized” and “forgotten”. portable enough to be used in any number of different spaces in the field research of Arguedas, however, was well music and storytelling techniques, and was used for both interviews and direct recording aware of the diversity of the coun- In between those two historic until the arrival of compact cassette recorders in the early 1970’s. try. He always refused to confine cycles, the calendar of consolation Well known artists, such as the Lira Paucina and Juventud Chumpi groups are included, Peruvianness to a single element, and the calendar of dire, between as well as solo artists, such as Jaime Guardia and Gaspar Andía Fajardo. Given, however; including the indigenous element, God the Inquisitor and God the the emphasis on traditional music, there are a large number of recordings of unidentified despite its importance to him, be- Liberator, Arguedas was happy with artists, including notable acapella versions of “shadow songs” and harahuis, as well as a cause he claimed he wasn’t a member his “cries and spear thrusts, because few manchay puito. Many of tracks include presentations given by Arguedas, Roel and of the indigenista literary movement. they were for Peru” (Last Diary?) His a number unidentified researchers regarding the musicians and songs recorded on the In the eyes of some critics, this de- life—with all of his achievements reels. The last track on the third disk is one of the shows given by the Museum at the Felipe Pardo y Aliaga Theater, one of the most important venues in Lima. A single track prived him of some of the solidity and limitation, was not lived in vain, sung by José María Arguedas himself is included as well. offered by taking simple positions; standing with the poor and marginal- rendering him, even, somewhat ized of Peru, he showed Peruvians wavering on occasion, but it helped the path to follow, “drinking the him—and therefore all of use— not juice of the earth to feed those who CHASQUI OFFICIAL PAGES WEBS only to avoid losing the richness of live in our homeland” (Last Diary?) Cultural Bulletin MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES a world made up of equals, but also This allowed him to have memories EXTERIORES DEL PERÚ to achieve long term realism and of the future and see the historic Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru to truly see Peru as a nation of “all path in vital communion with the Directorate General for Cultural Affairs www.rree.gob.pe Jr. Ucayali 337, Lima 1, Perú natural world. This back-and-forth CENTRO CULTURAL shapes and colors”. Telephone (511) 204-2638 between life and death and from INCA GARCILASO Inca Garcilaso Cultural Center There is an expansion of reality here to there renders his last act both E-mail: [email protected] www.ccincagarcilaso.gob.pe in Arguedas´ work leading him from understandable and indecipherable, Web: www.rree.gob.pe/portal/cultural.nsf Water to The Fox from Up Above PORTAL DEL ESTADO PERUANO but also left his life an open book, Web Portal of the Peruvian Government and the Fox from Down Below, while from a “light that no one will ever The articles contained herein are the individual www.peru.gob.pe remaining faithful to Utek’pampa. responsibility of their respective authors. snuff out” (letter, August, 1969). This bulletin is distributed free of charge by MINISTERIO DE CULTURA This was not an easy trajectory, Peruvian missions abroad. Ministry of Culture but he understood that it could not www.mcultura.gob.pe BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DEL PERÚ be eluded if he hoped to continue * Filósofo y teólogo peruano. Es uno de los Translated by: Joshua Kardos The Peruvian National Library standing with those judged insig- sacerdotes católicos más influyentes en el www.bnp.gob.pe nificant and to write works sharing mundo e iniciador de la Teología de la Libe- Printed in Lima, Peru by: ración. Es fundador del Instituto Bartolomé Editora Diskcopy S. A. C. PROMPERÚ the strengths and weaknesses of his Telephone: (511) 446-3035 / 445-5902 Comission of Promotion of Peru de las Casas de Lima. Fue galardonado con el www.promperu.gob.pe people, both eminently human and Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Comunicación [email protected] present in his dialectical approxima- y Humanidades en 2003.

CHASQUI 11 A DISPERSED INHERITANCE The Nation’s Commitment to its Cultural Legacy throughout the World.

n dealing with the return of the situation requires significant updates Machu Picchu artifacts lent to Hi- to the international legal framework. Iram Bingham and Yale University a Further, some representatives were century ago, former Peruvian Minister of the opinion that UNESCO’s work of Foreign Affairs stated José Antonio had not served to support member García Belaunde once stated that each state’s efforts in these matters, either. artifact recovered constituted a fun- To the contrary, it would appear that damental piece of a puzzle making up its management has been subsumed in much more than a piece of pottery, a a series of subcommittees and academic grotto, or a tool, but, rather, one contri- and/or bureaucratic initiatives. It is only buting to writing the story of all nations, Affairs. Photo: Ministry of Foreign recently, thanks to the initiatives of in obtaining unique elements allowing Grulac and other regional groups from us to discern our country hundreds the global “South” that a working group or even thousands ago, in spite of the dealing with the 1970 Convention has destruction set forth by grave robbers, been created in Paris. This will be a commerce, and indifference. central theme at the meeting to be held The return of the Machu Picchu in Bolivia. artifacts is the greatest achievement in A good portion of the changes the Western Hemisphere to date in this among decision makers lies in having field. Further, it was performed through proven that illegal trafficking in cultural intelligent negotiation and diplomatic artifacts is a crime of a transnational lobbying. The use of terms such as re- nature, utilizing methods similar to covery, return, or restitution is no more those used in money laundering, terro- than a description. The fundamental rism, drug trafficking, and tax evasion. element is that is sets a powerful pre- Likewise, there is ever growing cons- cedent in the international community ciousness on the part of countries of the regarding the ability to convince an global “North” to make the inventories institution of the highest prestige in of public and private collections trans- the main market for the trafficking and parent. That said, the differentiated sale of antiquities to set aside legalistic treatment given to complaints, as in the claims based on contemporary domes- case of internationally powerful groups tic law, thus granting the legitimate (for example, complaints arising from request made by a nation concerning art and antiquities pertaining to the its heritage. World Wars) when compared to those Peru had already made significant emanating from the global “South” is achievements regarding the recovery illustrative. of its cultural heritage in previous years. Sixteenth century Altarpiece, the Altar of Challapampa stolen from the Temple of San Pedro, The political will to take firm action This was the result of increased action in the community of Challapampa, in Juli, Puno, in 2002. Some time later, it was located at in response to the presence of illicitly on the part of Peruvian embassies and the Ron Messick Fine Arts Gallery, in Santa Fe, New México (US). It was brought back to held cultural artifacts in collections in Peru in 2006. consulates abroad, and more efficient Europe and the United States has not international and inter-institutional of the Gothenberg Museum of World featured the participation of nations yet matured. In parallel to the above, cooperation. In parallel to the above, Cultures. The task of recovering this from throughout Americas, Europe, there are tools outside of the cultural significant improvements have been collection began within the Ministry Africa and Asia, including the Ministers environment available to diplomats achieved in domestic institutions, such of Foreign Affairs and warrented a firm of Culture or Ministers of Antiquities and specialists in order to strengthen as the creation of the Ministry of Cultu- diplomatic cable, considering the ample of Bolivia, Egypt, Guatemala, Mali, recovery actions. These include inter- re. Approximately thirty bilateral agree- proof of illicit trafficking organized by Morocco and Peru, in addition to the national criminal cooperation, the 2000 ments have been signed, and a number the Swedish Consul in the 1930’s in highest technical authorities in matters Palermo Convention regime (United of cases in the Americas, Europe, and cooperation with the then director of relating to cultural patrimony of Ecua- Nations Convention on Transnational Oceania have been solved. Some of the the Museum of Ethnography in the dor, Greece, and Mexico. Organized Crime) and specific bilateral most noteworthy include: the valuable abovementioned town. In response to The importance of dealing with the- treaties, in addition to others. The Sipán artifacts recovered by Scotland Swedish evasion, the request was rati- se matters through new perspectives was efficiency of social networks in the Yard and the FBI; the colonial-era shawl fied by the Peruvian president in July, ratified at the meeting held in Lima, and generation of a global culture in which of the Virgen de Cocharcas, stolen in 2011, this pressure and visibility having this international group for reflection awareness has been raised regarding Ayacucho and returned by the Boston already produced results. and proposals was ratified based on the the defense of cultural patrimony and Museum of Fine Art after intensive Another very significant case which interests of countries facing similar cha- its return to its country of origin as a diplomatic negotiations; the return should be completed this year is the llenges and offering similar proposals, substantial element of coexisting civi- through judicial and diplomatic means restitution in the custody of the silver referred to as “like-minded states”. lizations and respect for all cultures has of closet o the entirety of the Peruvian taken from the Church of Yaurisque del This occasion served to prove that, yet to be seen. artifacts held in Spain by the Patterson Cusco, sold by Christie’s in New York in this international context, there are The Lima Conference therefore Collection (the only Latin American in October, 2010. The repercussions a number of countries understanding constitutes progress in relation to that country to achieve this so far); the of this case may turn out to be vast, together that the recovery of cultural held in Cairo in 2010, and brings to recovery of objects from the prestigious given that it discredits the arguments artifacts cannot be limited to the tech- Peru and the Americas a needed debate Dorotheum Auction House of Austria; used to date concerning the “rigor” nical field, but must also be utilized to which should be a constant in the po- the restitution, in record time (less than of the verification and due diligence generate policy consensus and strategies litical dialogue between nations. That 10 days) of objects which were going to processes used by one of the world's shared over the long term. Dr. Hawass is the way forward. Both successful and be auctioned off by Live Auctioneers, most prestigious auction houses, as well highlighted the importance of positions failed experiences are magnitude. The due to pressure put on the latter by the as uncovering the evident illegality of involving governments as a whole, sup- high level dialogue between participants Peruvian Consulate in Los Angeles; supposedly “good-faith collectors” illi- ported by every aspect of society, as, he at the event held in Lima emphasized the US suit concerning Colonial-era citly trafficking in stolen objects, able said, occurred in the case of the Machu the will for more efficient and effecti- paintings which has set precedent to present bills of sale from “legitimate” Picchu artifacts. ve international cooperation for the in that nation’s judicial system; the galleries. Another objective shared by those recovery of cultural artifacts. Political commitment made by the prestigious The Second Conference on Coope- present was the reevaluation of the role dialogue and greater exchange must Christie’s Auction House of Paris not ration in the Protection and Restitution of UNESCO and the usefulness of the strengthen nations, above all, and con- to auction off Peruvian pre-Colombian of Cultural Objects, organized by the application of the 1970 Convection. tribute to changing international public artifacts; the Lyngby case in Denmark, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and held in Though differences persist on the man- opinion. This is imperative in order to which motived joint action on the part Lima on July 4th and 5th, 2011, was ner in which to do so and what methods strengthen our identities and the foun- of several Latin American countries; the appropriate corollary for this qua- to implement, it was evident to all that dation of truly sustainable development and, finally, tasks undertaken with litatively different aspect of Peruvian the consensuses reached 40 years ago in a globalized world. Peru’s neighbors. foreign policy. have been resoundly superseded by inte- A current diplomatic objective is This conference, the inauguration llectual and social development and by the collection of 100 blankets and other for which was held at Torre Tagle Pa- the practices implemented by States and By Miguel Guzman, Director in the Fo- Paracas culture objects in the hands lace and led by the Peruvian president, some cultural institutions. The current reign Service of the Republic.

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