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Chapter 1: Introduction الــجـــامــعـــة اﻹســـﻻمــيــة بـغـــزة The Islamic University of Gaza عــمــادة الــدراســـــاتــ الــعـــلــيــــا Deanship of Post Graduated Studies كـــلــــيـــــة الـــهــنـــدســـــــــــــــــة Faculty of Engineering قـــســــم الـــهـــنـــدســـة الــمـدنـيـة Civil Engineering Department The Potential Allocation of Water Resources in The Gaza Governorate إمكانية إعـــــادة تــــوزيــــــع مــــــصـــادر الـــمـيــــــاه فـــي مـــحــافـــظـــة غزة Mohammed J. A. Aloul Supervised by: Dr.Husam Al-Najar Associate prof. of Environmental engineering A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science In Civil-Infrastructure Engineering. August/2016 Abstract Gaza Governorate is considered the center of the Gaza Strip and its most populous area. Gaza governorate has limited water resources and mainly depends on the aquifers whose water is considered, by international reports, not valid for use in 2020. In contrast, the water consumption of the population and agriculture continues to grow. The relevant authorities are planning to implement a range of projects to provide unconventional water resources to decrease withdrawals from the aquifers. This study aims at identifying and reallocating resources of water and types of water demand in Gaza in order to study the impact of new water resources projects on the aquifers and the amount of domestic water demand balance in the period from 2014 to 2030. In this study, WEAP Model (2015) was used to examine the impact of the four scenarios on the aquifers (Zero Action, Desalination Scenario, Recharge of Treatment Waste Water Scenario, and Combination of Scenarios 2 and 3) through the modeling of existing and projected water resources and water demand for each scenario during the period of the study. The total water consumption demand in 2014 was 27 MCM covering 606,749 capita and is expected to increase gradually to reach 46 MCM to serve 1,050,000 capita in 2030 according to normal population growth (3.5% annually). The total agricultural area is 34,508 donum and it is divided to 4 main crops: field crops, vegetables, fruits and citrus, which consume around 18.5 MCM every year. The best-case scenario is the fourth scenario, which combines water desalination and wastewater reuse as a non-conventional water resource. This scenario will reduce the abstract from the aquifer and will provide the quantity of water needed for domestic consumption. According to the Fourth Scenario, which is a combination of Scenarios 2 and 3, ground water decreased from 22.4 MCM to 10.5 MCM in 2014, and the net balance will reach its best in 2022 when there are not any deficits at all and will reach 4.6 MCM. Then, it will decrease again to reach -6.4 MCM in 2030. The amount of domestic water demand balance in scenario 4 will reach 16 MCM in 2022 which means that there will be a surplus of amounts in domestic water, but it will decrease in 2030 without deficits to reach 12 MCM. I الملخص تعتبر محافظة غزة المركز الرئيسي لقطاع غزة وأكثر المحافظات تعدادا للسكان، وتصنف بأنها محدودة الموارد المائية حيث تعتمد بشكل رئيسي على مياه الخزان الجوفي والتي ستصبح غير صالحة لﻻستخدام في عام 2020 حسب التقارير الدولية. وفي المقابل فإن استهﻻك السكان و الزراعة للمياه في ازدياد مستمر، والسلطات المختصة تخطط لتنفيذ مجموعة من المشاريع لتوفير مصادر مياه غير تقليدية لوقف السحب من الخزان الجوفي. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى اعادة توزيع مصادر المياه في محافظة غزة وذلك من خﻻل سيناريوهات تدرس تأثير مشاريع مصادر المياه الجديدة على الخزان الجوفي وعلى طلب المياه السكانية في الفترة من 2014 وحتى .2030 تم استخدام WEAP Model 2015 لدراسة تأثير اﻷربع سيناريوهات على الخزان الجوفي وهي )1.الوضع القائم 2.تحلية المياه 3. معالجة المياه العادمة 4.الجمع بين سيناريو2 و سيناريو3( وذلك عن طريق نمذجة مصادر المياه القائمة والمتوقعة لكل سيناريو واﻻستهﻻك السكاني والزراعي للمياه خﻻل فترة الدراسة. وتم استخدام برنامج Microsoft Excel للحصول على كمية العجز او الفائض في كمية المياه المطلوبة والغير متوفرة لﻻستخدام السكاني. وحسب النتائج فإن مساحة اﻷراضي الزراعية في محافظة غزة 34508 دونم ومقسمة الى أربع أقسام رئيسية وهي )المحاصيل الحقلية، الخضروات، الفواكه، والحمضيات( واجمالي اﻻستهﻻك المائي 18.5 مليون متر مكعب سنويا. وحسب معدل نمو السكان في محافظة غزة 3.5% فإن عدد السكان سيزداد من 606,749 في عام 2014 الى 1,050,000 في عام 2030. وحسب النتائج فإن أفضل سيناريو هو السيناريو الرابع والذي تم فيه الجمع بين تحلية المياه و حقن المياه العادمة المعالجة في الخزان الجوفي كمصدر غير تقليدي للمياه سيخفف من السحب الجائر من الخزان الجوفي وسيوفر كمية المياه المطلوبة لﻻستهﻻك السكاني. حساب التوازن في كميات المياه للخزان الجوفي يوضح بأن العجز في عام 2014 سيبلغ 10.5 مليون متر مكعب أما في عام 2022 فسيكون فائض 4.6 مليون متر مكعب ليعاود العجز في الرجوع ويصل في عام 2030 6.4 مليون متر مكعب. أما العجز في كمية المياه غير الملباة لﻻستهﻻك السكاني 4.5 مليون متر مكعب وينخفض حتى يصبح فائض في عام 2022 يصل الى 16 مليون متر مكعب ويعاود اﻻنخفاض بشكل بسيط ليصل في عام 2030 الى 12 مليون متر مكعب. II Dedication This research is dedicated to: The memory of my father, may Allah grant him mercy… My mother for her love, pray, and continuous sacrifices… My beloved wife for her support and encouragement… My lovely twins … To all of my brothers and sisters… To all of my friends and colleagues… III Acknowledgements All admirations and glory are due to ALLAH for all the support granted to me. This effort would not be reached without God’s limitless guidance and support. I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank all individuals who have helped me in this research. Especially my supervisor (Dr. Husam Al-Najar) for his encouragement, continuous support, treasured assistance and his vision which inspired this research. I could not forget the role of my friends for their help, encouragement, constructive feedback and positive challenging. Finally, my most appreciations are to my parents, wife, brothers and sisters for their full support, encouragement and patience that give me the power all life. IV Table of Content Abstract .................................................................................................................................... I II ....................................................................................................................................... الملخص Dedication .............................................................................................................................. III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS ........................................................................ XI Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................. I Introduction ............................................................................................................................. I 1. Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 4 1.4. Thesis structure ...................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................ 4 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 4 2. Chapter 2. Literature Review ....................................................................................... 6 2.1. Water Allocation .................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Objectives and principles of water allocation .................................................. 6 2.1.2. Elements of water allocation ............................................................................. 8 2.1.3. Water allocation policies and mechanisms ...................................................... 9 2.1.4. Water allocation procedure ............................................................................. 10 2.1.5. Water allocation mechanisms ......................................................................... 11 2.1.6. Water allocation plans ...................................................................................... 12 2.1.7. Water Resources Management Modeling ........................................................ 12 2.2. Water Allocation Models ..................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. WEAP Model ...................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. AQUARIUS Model ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.3. CALSIM Model ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.4. Water Ware Model .......................................................................................... 15 2.2.5. OASIS Model .................................................................................................... 15 2.2.6. RiverWare Model ............................................................................................. 15 2.3. Water Resources Management
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