Shaw, Michael (2015) the Fin-De-Siècle Scots Renascence: the Roles of Decadence in the Development of Scottish Cultural Nationalism, C.1880-1914
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Shaw, Michael (2015) The fin-de-siècle Scots Renascence: the roles of decadence in the development of Scottish cultural nationalism, c.1880-1914. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6395/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Fin-de-Siècle Scots Renascence: The Roles of Decadence in the Development of Scottish Cultural Nationalism, c.1880-1914 Michael Shaw Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow May 2015 Abstract This thesis offers a cultural history of the ‗Scots Renascence‘, a revival of Scottish identity and culture between 1880 and 1914, and demonstrates how heavily Scottish cultural nationalism in this period drew from, and was defined by, fin-de-siècle Decadence. Few cultural historians have taken the notion of a Scots Renascence seriously and many literary critics have styled the period as low point in the health of Scottish culture – a narrative which is deeply flawed. Others have portrayed Decadence as antithetical to nationalism (and to Scotland itself). The thesis challenges these characterisations and argues that there was a revival of Scottish identity in the period which drew from, and contributed to, Decadent critiques of ‗civilisation‘ and ‗progress‘. The thesis considers literature alongside visual art, which were so interdependent around the 1890s. It focuses on three main cultural groups in Scotland (the circle that surrounded Patrick Geddes, the Glasgow School and writers of the Scottish Romance Revival) but it speaks to an even wider cultural trend. Together, the various figures treated here formed a loose movement concerned with reviving Scottish identity by returning to the past and challenging notions of improvement, utilitarianism and stadialism. The first chapter considers the cultural and historical background to the Scots Renascence and reveals how the writings of the Scottish Romance Revival critiqued stadialist narratives in order to lay the ground for a more unified national self. The second chapter demonstrates how important japonisme and the Belgian cultural revival were to the Scots Renascence: Scottish cultural nationalists looked to Japan and Belgium, amongst other nations, to gain inspiration and form a particular counter- hegemony. The final three chapters of the thesis explore how a unifying myth of origin was developed through neo-Paganism, how connections to an ancestral self were activated through occultism, and how such ideas of mythic origin and continuation were disseminated to wide audiences through pageantry. In doing so, the thesis charts the origins, development and dissemination of the Scots Renascence, while situating it within its historical and international contexts. 2 Table of Contents Introduction: The Seed of the New i. Introduction .......................................................................................... 9 ii. Research Questions ............................................................................. 11 iii. Parameters ......................................................................................... 23 iv. Methodology ....................................................................................... 25 v. Defining Cultural Nationalism and Decadence .......................................... 27 vi. Structure ............................................................................................ 34 1 The Foundations of the Scots Renascence: Re-Unifying the Nation and the Role of the Late-Victorian Romance Revival 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 38 1.2 Divided Ethnicities ............................................................................... 41 1.3 Resisting Assimilation .......................................................................... 48 1.4 The Late-Victorian Romance Revival ...................................................... 60 1.5 Stevenson: Interrogating Fault Lines ..................................................... 64 1.6 Conan Doyle: Reclaiming the Celts ........................................................ 79 1.7 Cunninghame Graham, Lang, Barrie and Buchan ..................................... 88 1.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 95 2 Inspiring Renascence, Yoking Peripheral Cultures: La Jeune Belgique and Japonisme in Fin-de-Siècle Scotland 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 98 2.2 The Decadent Savage and Inter-Cultural Relations ................................. 103 2.3 La Jeune Belgique and Scotland‘s Celtic Revival...................................... 109 2.4 Celtic Japonisme ................................................................................ 134 2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 164 3 Developing National Origins: Neo-Paganism and Enlightenment Materialism 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 167 3.2 Paganism and National Identity on the British Isles ................................. 170 3.3 The University Hall Murals: Scottish Neo-Paganism and Stadialism ........... 178 3.4 Fiona Macleod: Gender, the Early Church and the Green World ................ 192 3 3.5 Davidson and Frazer: Resisting Neo-Paganism and the Scots Renascence .. 209 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 217 4 ‗Where Sorcerers Swarm‘: Practical Supernaturalism and the Continuation of Descent 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 219 4.2 Egyptian Scotland ............................................................................... 224 4.3 Theosophy and the Golden Dawn .......................................................... 232 4.4 The Evergreen Club ............................................................................ 241 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 256 5 Allegory, History and Myth: Pageantry and the Popularisation of Descent 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 259 5.2 Cultural Memory and Pageantry ........................................................... 263 5.3 The Scottish National Exhibition Pageant (1908) ..................................... 270 5.4 Arthurian Scotland .............................................................................. 280 5.5 Education .......................................................................................... 289 5.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 295 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 297 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 301 4 Table of Figures 1.1 Joseph Noel Paton, Lion and Typhon 50 1.2 Cover designs for The Yellow Book 56 2.1 John Duncan, The Way to Rheims 99 2.2 Edward T. Reed, Britannia à la Beardsley 104 2.3 E. von Baumgarten, Civilisation 106 2.4 Photograph of Sarah Bernhardt and Mrs Patrick Campbell 124 2.5 Jessie M King, front cover for The Intruder 126 2.6 Jessie M King, Pelléas and Mélisande 126 2.7 Margaret Macdonald, The Mysterious Garden 126 2.8 Margaret Macdonald, The Pool of Silence 127 2.9 Charles Rennie Mackintosh [CRM], high-backed chair 130 2.10 Margaret Macdonald, Opera of the Winds and Opera of the Seas 131 2.11 Margaret Macdonald, The Seven Princesses 132 2.12 CRM, The Return of Prince Marcellus 132 2.13 Robert Louis Stevenson, A Peak in Darien 143 2.14 Japanese garden, Cowden Castle 143 2.15 John Duncan, The Glaive of Light 145 2.16 John Duncan, St Bride 145 2.17 David Gauld, Music 146 2.18 Agnes Middleton Raeburn, poster for the Glasgow Lecture Association 146 2.19-2.20 Details in Hornel‘s garden 148 2.21 John Lavery, Hokusai and the Butterfly 149 2.22 E. A. Hornel and George Henry, The Druids – Bringing in the Mistletoe 150 2.23 Utagawa Hiroshige, Maple trees at Tsuten Bridge 150 2.24 Jessie M King, illustration for The House of Pomegranates 152 2.25 E. A. Hornel, Madame Chrysanthème 153 2.26 Drawing Room fireplace, 120 Mains Street 155 2.27-2.33 Details of the Glasgow School of Art 157-160 2.34 Writing cabinet, 120 Mains Street 161 2.35 Ground floor, Scotland Street School 162 2.36 Fireplace, 120 Mains Street 162 2.37 Chairs in The Mackintosh House 163 2.38 Roof of Museum, Glasgow School of Art 164 3.1 John Duncan, The Awakening of Cuchullin 185 3.2 John Duncan, The Taking of Excalibur 187 3.3 John Duncan, James Watt 188 3.4 John Duncan, Charles Darwin 188 3.5