REGIONAL APPROACH TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION 1 [„Regional Approach To Infrastructure Provision‟ is a specific type of project approach carried out by the Province Fryslân and is a combination of infrastructure provision and area development. This thesis focuses on the scientific definition of RATIP and endeavors to construct an Analysis Framework, by which the project success of diverse „infrastructure planning classifications‟ can be qualitatively analyzed. This Analysis Framework is composed of the success criteria and success & failure factors that are synthesized from the fields of infrastructure planning, project & process management and (sustainable) area development. The extracted lessons from the cross-case analysis, based on the Analysis Framework, are expected to enrich Fryslân‟s knowledge on the approach to RATIP.] (Thesis page count: 110 pages; 239 pages with appendices) 1 The picture is obtained from: http://ensia.com/features/urban-infrastructure-what-would-nature-do/ COLOPHON Title: Regional Approach to Infrastructure Provision Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands Date: Monday, 13 October 2014 Author Name: James Tjan On Cheung Student Number: 1536982 Email: [email protected] University: Delft University of Technology Faculty: Civil Engineering and Geosciences (CEG) Master program: Construction Management Engineering (CME) Graduation Committee Chairman: Prof. Ir. Dr. Marcel Hertogh Faculty of CEG, Infrastructure Design and Management Daily supervisor company: Dr. Ir. Jeroen Rijke Triple Bridge – consultant Daily supervisor academic: Dr. Ir. Jeroen Rijke, UNESCO-IHE – specialist water management Academic educator: PhD. Fransje Hooimeijer, Faculty of Architecture: Assistant Professor ETD Committee member: Sieds Hoitinga, Province Fryslân – Program manager „CIP‟ Delft University of Technology: Faculty of CEG Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft T: +31 (0)15 27 89111 http://www.tudelft.nl/en/ Triple Bridge B.V. Achter Sint Pieter 140 3512 HT Utrecht Tel: +31 (0)30 22 00828 http://www.triple-bridge.nl/ Colophon II PREFACE This dissertation will be my concluding chapter as a student at the TU-Delft. It is sad to leave this student life behind, as throughout the years dating back since 2008, I have met great people and learned lot of things. For those reasons, I am first of all very grateful to those people who made this all happen. That is my family, my dad and mom who have always supported me. I will not forget this. I will also not forget Melissa and Onno, as we always had a good time and your help in my thesis has been truthfully very helpful and reflecting. Reflecting back at my years as a student, I can proudly say that I have reached everything that I have always wanted to do. The first two bachelor years were very fun – almost too much fun, which delayed my studies for a year. Nevertheless, I managed to reduce that gap, by doing pre- master for CME and at the same time finishing my bachelor. During this period, I also worked part-time for a civil engineering company „Unihorn‟, so that year was certainly tiresome, but fun. I only missed one thing, which was going on academic exchange in Asia! With some luck and much effort, I managed to get an exchange in Japan at the Osaka University. This was a great once in a life time experience. In September 2013, I came back, fresh as a tomato and pumped up to finish the last bit of my master‟s curriculum, the master thesis. I planned to finish my dissertation, upon my return in roughly a half year, which is 30+ ECTs. Ultimately, 6.5 years for my Master of Science. This is where things went awkward. Due to miscommunication with the CME committee, I was granted less ECTs than I have originally planned. So despite having this thesis job already, I needed to get more ECTs and just like other many undergraduates, doing a thesis is not an easy task: scope creeping, constant iteration, lack of documentation of projects etc. Now, finally finished, in truth 9+ months later, I present you the final version of my thesis. I am satisfied with the results. It was really a lot of work, due to the underexposed research domain of „RATIP‟ and the rather broad research question – to really know what RATIP is; both extreme ends of the domains of (sustainable) infrastructure and area development had to be studied. Nevertheless, I learned a lot and this research thesis would not have these results, if my graduation committee was not here in guiding me on the critical moments in which I almost dwelled off. I would hereby like to express my gratitude to Jeroen Rijke, Marcel Hertogh, and Fransje Hooimeijer for their effort and guidance. I would also like to take a moment to thank several other people whom I had an interview with. Those people were Sieds Hoitinga, Albert de Vries, and Mirjam Cauvern. The talks were very interesting and meaningful. It certainly brought more insight into RATIP. For the readers, I wish you happy reading on this thesis. Preface III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background: Spatial planning is the distribution of space, which includes infrastructure planning and area development. In the Anglo-Saxon world, the infrastructure planning and area development are converging to increase the spatial quality and spatial cohesion of the environment, so that the quality of life can be enhanced. „‟Regional Development To Infrastructure Provision‟‟ (RATIP) is an approach on project-level, in which infrastructure development and area development are intertwined and executed in a certain manner. Uniquely for RATIP is the desirability of creating added-societal value through synergy and intertwinements with other area development projects. It is a rather new and unique concept, which is applied in the projects of the province of Fryslân with relatively great success. How is this phenomenon described in the scientific literature and how does it fare real life project cases of other provinces? Goal of thesis and main research question: There is a rich amount of literature available on the spatial planning and area development research domains, but the available literature on this combined domain is rather limited: the research goal of this thesis is therefore to contribute new knowledge to this somewhat underexposed domain, to which Fryslân can use to enhance its own RATIP. The research question is: From the pre-initiation phase to the development phase, what aspects in the process design and what activities in the phases are important for a successful implementation of the regional approach to infrastructure provision? Methodology: This question is addressed through by the development of an Analysis Framework, by which the project success of diverse „infrastructure planning classifications‟ can be qualitatively analyzed, based on the careful configuration of success criteria and success & failure factors that are synthesized from the scientific fields of infrastructure planning, project & process management and (sustainable) area development. In this research, four case studies are selected and analyzed through the framework. In order to derive the commonalities and identify the success factors for RATIP implementations, the case studies are compared in a cross-case analysis. The findings will result into conclusions, learned lessons and recommendations for further research. Conclusion on main research question: There are five classifications of planning approaches, in which these two cores of infrastructure and spatial planning are getting more interwoven. 1. line-oriented infrastructure planning (classification 1) 2. network approach (RATIP) (classification 2) Executive summary IV 3. context-sensitive approach (RATIP) (classification 3) 4. area-oriented approach (RATIP) (classification 4) 5. (integrated) (sustainable) area development (classification 5) RATIP can be network-approach, context-sensitive, or area-oriented approach on infrastructure planning. RATIP is also a pragmatic approach, precursory to area development, as it makes the attempts of adding extra value to the road infrastructure project by incorporating values which are specific to area development. RATIP is therefore neither a very simple project, nor a very complex one in these planning classifications. The planning class determination of RATIP depends on the succeeded couplings to area development, to which the couplings can be expressed in three ordinal scaling modules: Spatial intertwinement levels. Financial intertwinement levels. Procedural intertwinement levels. The spatial ladder is focused on the spatial intertwinement in a project, whereas the other ladders are focused on the phases and financial content of that spatial intertwinement in a project. The intertwinement will form one of the success criteria on which RATIP will be evaluated. The success of RATIP, as measured till the end of the plan development phase, will depend on the intertwinement, but also on other project success criteria such as the Iron Triangle, stakeholders‟ satisfaction, learning opportunities and reputation improvements. The success and failure factors, such as project-based and process-based strategies, will influence these criteria: these factors are put into the Analysis Framework as INPUT and PROCESS. Executive summary V It is concluded that increasing intertwinement itself does not directly contribute to project success, such as higher spatial quality or lower project costs. In fact, higher levels of intertwinements will only make the project unnecessarily complex. The intertwinements are only considered useful, if the other project success