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Britannia Rule the Waves – the Royal Navy Past and Future

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Britannia Rule the Waves – the Royal Navy Past and Future BRITANNIA RULE THE WAVES – THE ROYAL NAVY PAST AND FUTURE Commander N. Borbone JCSP 40 PCEMI 40 Exercise Solo Flight Exercice Solo Flight Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2014. ministre de la Défense nationale, 2014. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 40 – PCEMI 40 2013 – 2014 SOLO FLIGHT – Non MDS BRITANNIA RULE THE WAVES – THE ROYAL NAVY PAST AND FUTURE By Cdr N Borbone RN Par le CaptF N Borbone “This paper was written by a “La présente étude a été rédigée student attending the Canadian Forces par un stagiaire du Collège des Forces College in fulfilment of one of the canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des requirements of the Course of Studies. exigences du cours. L'étude est un The paper is a scholastic document, document qui se rapporte au cours et and thus contains facts and opinions, contient donc des faits et des opinions which the author alone considered que seul l'auteur considère appropriés appropriate and correct for the subject. et convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète It does not necessarily reflect the pas nécessairement la politique ou policy or the opinion of any agency, l'opinion d'un organisme quelconque, y including the Government of Canada compris le gouvernement du Canada et and the Canadian Department of le ministère de la Défense nationale du National Defence. This paper may not Canada. Il est défendu de diffuser, de be released, quoted or copied, except citer ou de reproduire cette étude sans with the express permission of the la permission expresse du ministère de Canadian Department of National la Défense nationale.” Defence.” Word Count: 3262 Compte de mots : 3262 1 BRITANNIA RULE THE WAVES – THE ROYAL NAVY PAST AND FUTURE “Nothing, nothing in the world, nothing that you may think of, or dream of, or anyone else may tell you; no arguments however seductive, must lead you to abandon that naval supremacy on which the life of our country depends.” - Winston Churchill, 1918 INTRODUCTION The history of the United Kingdom is the history of the Royal Navy. Britain is an island nation and the sea has always been a vital factor. It is the means of people arriving from overseas, a barrier to invaders, a highway for trade, and the basis for a once-global empire.1 However, while the geographic factors have not changed, Britain’s position in the world has and the demise of the British Empire since the end of the Second World War has had a substantial impact on Britain’s armed services. Since 1945, declining global commitments and fiscal pressures imposed by the costs of world wars and more recently global recession have driven a series of defence reviews by successive governments. The reviews have seen the three armed services fighting for primacy and relevance and have had a dramatic affect in reducing the size and strength of Britain’s defence forces. More recently, global recession and competing operational priorities have combined to reduce the size of the Royal Navy to unprecedented levels. This paper will examine the changing shape of the Royal Navy in the post war period before going on to set out the vision for the Service into the twenty first century. Firstly providing a brief contextual history, it will then go on to describe the impact on 1 History of the Royal Navy, last accessed 12 May 2014 at http://www royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal- Navy/History. 2 the navy of the succession of defence reviews that the United Kingdom has undergone since 1945. Finally it will describe the implications of the most recent 2010 Strategic Security and Defence Review and how that will shape the Navy of the future. FROM OUT THE AZURE MAIN - HISTORY The Royal Navy has been a vital component of Britain’s power projection since the 16th century. Henry VIII created the first permanent administration for the navy via Letters Patent in 1546. With growing skill and assurance, its ships defended their nation well throughout the wars of the 17th and 18th centuries and contributed to the growth of the British Empire, advancing voyages of exploration and defending recent strategic gains. The Royal Navy began to show superiority to the navies of her enemies, winning, amongst many victories, the great battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Imperial assets continued to be defended throughout the 19th century, with the Royal Navy also undertaking the lengthy campaign against the slave trade. In an era of technological revolution, moving from sail to steam, and from wood to steel, the navy kept pace with its rivals to ensure command of the seas and national security. As the world plunged into the chaos of two global conflicts in the early 20th century, the Royal Navy fought to maintain this command. Convoyed merchant shipping ensured that Britain had the food and armaments to survive and turn the conflict against the enemy. Innovative advances in technology created a renewed assurance and confidence in naval power. Naval forces prevailed, whether in the Grand Fleet action of the Battle of Jutland, the slow attrition of the Battle 3 of the Atlantic, or the amphibious triumph of the D-Day Landings.2 Victory in World War Two however came at great cost. Post war, Britain was financially devastated. Having borrowed heavily from the USA, Britain began to withdraw from an Empire that could no longer be sustained and for which the US donor was unwilling to finance or sanction. Consequently as Britain began to cut its cloth, the armed services were ripe targets for savings. THE CHARTER OF THE LAND - DEFENCE IN REVIEW Since the end of WWII, Britain has conducted eight defence reviews. This section will examine five of those that had the greatest impact on Britain’s maritime capability. Conducted after a period of post war reflection, many analysts consider the first major, wholesale strategic defence review conducted after the Second World War to be the Sandys review in 1957.3 Reflecting the focus on the Cold War, which had taken hold and was dominating western defence planning, this review resulted in the Royal Navy adopting a more defensive posture. It concentrated on the navy providing an anti- submarine warfare capability against the Soviet threat in the north Atlantic leaving the maritime strike role to the more capable carrier task groups of the United States. Only eleven years after the end of the war in which the capability came in to its own, carrier borne aviation already looked vulnerable. However post WWII, under Admiral Lord Mountbatten’s stewardship, the Navy was able to move into the nuclear age with the 2 History of the Royal Navy, last accessed 12 May 2014 at http://www royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal- Navy/History. 3 United Kingdom House of Commons International Affairs and Defence Section, A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (London: House of Commons Library, 2010), p3. 4 development of nuclear powered hunter-killer submarines. Also emphasizing the independent nuclear deterrent as the mainstay of Britain’s defence policy, the review led to the development of the four Resolution Class Ballistic Submarines from which the Navy would be charged with deploying the deterrent capability from 1968. The Labour government of 1964 came to power with the view to redress the balance between resources and capability. In a statement on the defence estimates in 1965 the government posited: The present Government has inherited defence forces which are seriously over-stretched and in some respects dangerously under-equipped [...] There has been no real attempt to match political commitments to military resources, still less to relate the resources made available for defence to the economic circumstances of the nation . 4 In a review that further acknowledged Britain’s declining global fortunes, the government sought to bring defence expenditure into balance with the nation’s resources. The main thrust was the achievement of substantial savings through the cancellation of major equipment orders, including further aircraft carrier construction. Loss of the proposed aircraft carrier programme was a devastating blow for the Royal Navy causing the then First Sea Lord to resign. Not only did this mark the first of a staged removal of the Navy’s aircraft carrier capability, it would also mark the beginning of a period that would see the Navy decline at a rate unknown since the reign of King Charles II three hundred years before. 4 Government of the United Kingdom, Statement on the Defence Estimates 1965, Cm 2592, February 1965 p5 5 By the time Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government came to power in 1979 the Royal Navy had been reduced to a fleet of just sixty frigates and destroyers compared to a strength of around 600 warships prior to Sandys review in 1957. As a palliative measure, a form of strike capability was maintained through the development of the three hybrid Invincible Class carriers which, combined with the Sea Harrier, allowed a seaborne fixed wing capability to be maintained. The Thatcher government’s review of 1981 once more had huge implications for the Royal Navy. The Nott review as it is known was again cost driven and focused on strategic prioritizing between the UK’s continental and maritime contribution to NATO.
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