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Traftre DE NATURE ET Traptrfi OCCASIONNEL: LE CAS EUAIRANT DU «RENAUT DE MONTAUBAN»

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Traftre DE NATURE ET Traptrfi OCCASIONNEL: LE CAS EUAIRANT DU «RENAUT DE MONTAUBAN» TRAfTRE DE NATURE ET TRAPTRFi OCCASIONNEL: LE CAS EUAIRANT DU «RENAUT DE MONTAUBAN» Parmi les différents types de personnages épiques, le traitre occupe une place importante. 11 est présent des la Chanson de Rohd, oh il trouve dans la figure de Ganelon son incarnation la plus saisissante. Inutile de rappeler que son rsle a été examiné, commenté, analysé et disséqué par des générations de critiques, dont les conclusions sont parfois diamétralement opposées. Dans la mesure oh ils reconnaissent h Roland des défauts plus ou moins graves (la démesure, I'orgneil), certains n'hésitent pas A plaider la cause du traitre et A chercher Pexpli- cation de sa conduite dans les tensions familiales. D'autres insistent, au contraire, sur la sagesse du héros, personnage parfait par débition, et qui s'oppose au "traitre de nature", prédestiné faire le mal, et pour qui il serait vain de chercher des circonstances atténuantes l. 1. Citons, pami les défenseurs de Ganelon, Ruggero M. Ruggieri, 11 processo di Gano nelh "Chonson & Roland", Florence, Sansani, 1936, pp. 159 ss. (= chap. IV: "L'arte e Funith della Chanson de Roland: analisi e riabilitazione del personaggio di Gano"); Albert Pauphilet, Le l~gsde Moya" Ags, Melun, 1950, p. 80 ("Un sens Bton. narnent juste des convenances a fait Bviter 8. nohe vieux poete I'erreur d'un tralhe tout noir et parfaitement odieun..."); John A. Stranges, The charocter and th tilnl of Ganelon. A new am>rm'sol, "Romania", 96 (1975), pp. 333-67, ainsi que Frederick Gol- din, dans "Olifant", 6 (1978), pp. 83-6 (compte rendu tds négatif de i'article de J. Thomsr cite5 ci-aprds). Quant aux partisans du "retour A i'évidence", qui réhabilitent Roland tout en donnant une analyse lucide et snns mmplaisance du r81e de Ganelon, ce sont, entre auhes, Nomand R. Cartier, LG sagesse de Roland, "Aquild', 1 (1968), pp. 33-63; Jacques Thomas, La tralhise de Ganelon, "Romanica Gandensia", 16 (1976), pp. 91-117, Mon but n'est certes pas de raviver ici cette vieille polémique, et j'éviterai done soigneusement d'émettre quelque avis que ce soit con- cernant l'"axe Roland-Ganelon" = dans la plus ancienne épopée franpi- se. Par contre, {invite tous ceux que le sujet passionne i méditer sur la valeur exemplative de i'analyse qui va suivre, et d'en tirer éventuelle- ment leurs conclusions. Loin de vouloir minimiser la valeur et le prestige tout A fait justi- fiés du Roland, je voudrais tout de meme rappeler que l'épopée fran- pise ne se limite pas A cette. seule chanson, et que bien d'autres textes épiques peuvent légitimeineut prétendre au statut de chef-d'auvre. Lún déux est le Renaut de Montauban, qui entretient des rapports. tres' étroits avec la Chanson de Roland, ne fut-ce que par le r61e qu'y occupent Roland et ... Ganelon Bien sur, meme si les événements relatés daus le Renaut sont censés antérieurs au drame de'Roncevaux, il n'en demeure pas moins que le Roland est plus ancien, et que les auteurs et remanieurs médiévaux pouvaient tres b.ien. .. interpréter i$eur facon les modeles dont ils s'inspi- raient; Mais n'étaient-ils pas aprestout des témoins privilégiés,' pro- fondément enracinés dans le systeme de pensée de ieur époque, et peut-&re mieux A meme de saisir le fonctionnement des. textes.. anciens que les plus perspicaces des philologues du xx" siecle? Aussi serais-je tenté -avec toute la pnidence qui s'impose- de leur accorder quel- que crédit, , . lorsque leur démarche équivaut prat'iquem.ent A . et Ghrd J..Brault, The Song of Roland. An onalyticol edition, Usiversity Park & LQU- dres, Tho Pennsylvania Univ. Piess, 1978, t. 1, p. 100. Ce dernier résume parfaitement la questioni ''It is difficult far present-dny readers to sccept thnt a eharactei can be al1 bad, aod there is a tendeney -especially sinee the Romantic period- to vitw Yillains as alienated, misunderstood, or, for one reason or anothei, not entirely to hlamc for the crimes they perpetrade. Many critics feel a decided sympathy for Genclon snd suggest that he is gaaded into his fury of treason by a tactless Roland, shows courage in his dealings with Marsile, and has a strong case when he pleadr iustiiiable homicide duiing the tris1 at Aix. The plain fact ir thatTuroldus and his eontempo- raries considered Ganelon to be completcly evil. Like the Saiacens or Satan himself in the Song of RoM, Ganelon has no redeeming hit whatsoevei." - N.B. 11 vade soi que ie ne saurais citer ici toute la bibliogrnphie relative la problématique du traitre; les références citees ne conStituent qu'un point de dópart. 2. La formule est d'Aibert Geraid, L'bxe Rolo&-Ganebn: vakurs en conflit dans In "Chonson de Roland", "Le Moyen Agc", 75 (19691, pp. 445-65. 3. Cf. J. Thomas, Les Quotre fils Aymon. Strocture du graupe et origine du turne, "Romanica Gsndensia", 18 (1981), pp. 47-72 (spéc. &p. 48-52), et Ph. Verelst, "Renaut de Montnubon". Editiun critique du ms. de Poris, B.N. fr. 764 ("E'), Gand, 1988 (Riiksuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegeven daor de Faculteit van de Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, 175), pp. 523. , ' T~TRF,DE NATURE ET TRA~EOCCASIONNEL 333 gloser certains aspects de leur ceuvre, et A en démouter les principaux mécanismes. Venous-en au cceur du sujet. Le Renaut de Montauban, véritable mine d'or pour qui s'occupe de la typologie des personnages *, met en sche divers traitres qui graviteut autour de Gauelon, mais, et c'est lA une particularité intéressante de la chanson, on y découvre également un autre traitre, sans lien aucun avec le "lignage maudit", et qui fonc- tionne manifestement d'une tout autre facon: j'ai nommé le roi Yon de Gascognee. C'est cette différeuce de traitement que je me propose de commenter, Gabord A partir des versions dites traditionnelles, en- suite A partir du grand remaniement en vers du xnr"i&cle. Le plus ancien état du Renaut de Montauban est représenté par le manuscrit D, dout l'édition, par J. Thomas, est récemment sortie de presse O. Ganelon y occupe une place plut6t modeste, comme si l'auteur se refusait encore A lui accorder -si longtemps avant Roncevaux- le statut de chef de clan Dans le prologue, il est simplement cité, avec d'autres membres de son lignage, A propos de I'embuscade tendue A Beuves d'Aigremont 8. Rappelons que celle-ci fut imaginée et exécutée par les traitres, avec I'approbation de Charlemagne, afin de veuger le meurtre de Lohier. Ensuite il faut atteiidre Sépisode du combat des 61s pour voir Ganelon intervenir une seconde et derniere fois: la, il se borne A préseuter A Charles les deux 61s de Fouque de Morillon, qui devront s'opposer en champ clos aux deux 61s de RenaudB. Mais ne 4. Cf. le volume d'Etudes sur "Renaiit de Montauban" par J. Thomas, Ph. Ve- relst et M. Piron, "Ramanica Gandensiá', 18 (1981), qui est aré essentiellement sur les personnagcs (Renaud, le groupe des qriatre freres, Maueis et Bayard). 5. La non-confomité au "type" hnbituel avait déi.3 été soulignée au passage par J. Thomas, Signifiance des lieux, destinée de Renaud et unitd de i'ceuure, "Romanicn Gandensia", 18 (1981), p. 23. 6. Geneve, Droz, 1989 (TLF 371). Auparavant ce manliscrit avait dé¡& fait I'objct d'kditian~partielles, d'abord par J. Thomas, L'kpisode ardennais de "Renaut da Montau- ban". Edition synoptiqve des oersions rimées, Bmges, De Tempcl, 1962 (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegevcn door de Faculteit van de Letteren en Wijsbegeertc, 129-131), ensuite par quelquer-unr de ses AlAves, sous forme de mémoires de licence inédits; il s'agit A cha<iue fois #une édition synoptique des versions rimées: Stefaan D'Haene, L'&(sode de soint Renout dans lo ehunson ae geste des Quatre fils Ayrnon, 1962; Michel Lanoye, L'épisode rhénan de "Renaut de Montnubnn", 1972, et Marie Céciie Goderis, L'épi- sode de Terre Sointe de '*Renmrt de Montoubon", 1978. 7. Cf. aussi mon édition de R, pp. 51-2. 8. D 1080-3, 1369-72, 1405-6, 1504-5 et 1679-81; c'est uniquemont dans le pre- mier de ces passages que Ganelon semble prendre I'initiative de I'opération: s'adressant au mi, il prétend pouvoir régfer le compte de Beuves 8Aigrcmont avec la .scule .side de Bhrenger et d'othan. ,. 9. D 137025. .. , nous y trompons pas! Malgré le r6le extremement limité qu'il joue dans le Renaut d'oxford, Ganelon n'en est pas moins, pour l'auteur comme pour son public, celui Qui fist la traison de Rollant le baron '0. On sait donc a quoi s'en tenir son sujet, et a partir du moment o& ron sait qu'il a trempé dans Passassinat de Beuves, point de départ de tont le drame, on sait du coup que Pombre de Ganelon planera sur Sensemble de la chanson ... Quasi absent de Paction, sauf pour provoquer en temps voulu l'é- tincelle qui met le feu aux poudres, le traitre type, d'emblée identifia- ble comme tel, s'oppose nettement au personnage ambigu et plut6t ~atypiquequést le roi Yon. Au dbpart, celui-ci nous est présent8 comme "preuz et cortois et de grant seignorie" (D 3866). Aussi les Quatre fils Aymon n'bésitent-ils pas a lui offrir leurs services, apres leur mésa- venture ardennaise. Sur le point de livrer bataille A Begue de Toulou- se, Yon accepte volontiers cette aide providentielle, et assure Renaud let les siens de son appni le plus total ll. AprAs une brillante victoire sur le Sarrasin Begue, Yon tient sceller son amitié avec Renaud.
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