DOCSLIB.ORG

Australian Ganoderma: Identification, Growth & Antibacterial Properties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Australian Ganoderma: Identification, Growth & Antibacterial Properties Australian Ganoderma: Identification, Growth & Antibacterial Properties Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Lyndal Margaret Roberts Environment and Biotechnology Centre School of Engineering and Science Swinburne University of Technology July 2004 i Abstract Ganoderma species are one of the most widely researched fungi because of their reported potent bioactive properties. Although there is much information related to American, European and Asian isolates, little research has been conducted on Australian Ganoderma isolates. Ganoderma may only be imported into Australia under strict quarantine conditions, therefore, the isolation of a native strain that possesses bioactivity may be industrially and commercially significant. Three Australian species of this wood-decomposing fungus were isolated in northern Queensland. In this study, they have been identified as three separate species. Further, they have been studied to determine their optimal growth conditions in liquid culture and assessed for their antibacterial properties. Phylogeny inferred from the Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS) from the DNA sequences resolved the three Australian Ganoderma species into separate clades. Two isolates were identified to be isolates of Ganoderma cupreum (H1) and Ganoderma weberianum (H2). The third isolate could only be identified to the genus level, Ganoderma species, due to the lack of informative data that could be used for comparison. The effects of short term and long term storage on the viability of the fungi were investigated on agar plates, agar slants and balsa wood at varying temperatures ranging from 10 to 45°C. The most appropriate storage conditions were determined to be –80ºC on balsa wood chips for periods of up to 2 years without subculture, and on agar slants at 4°C for up to a maximum of eight weeks. Light was observed to be detrimental to the survival of Ganoderma H1 and Ganoderma H2 during storage. Growth trials using potato dextrose agar plates determined the optimal temperature and pH for mycelial growth to be 30°C and a pH of 6, for all isolates. Subsequent growth trials in liquid media found that glucose, as the carbohydrate source, supported the greatest mycelial growth of Ganoderma H1 and Ganoderma H2 and that galactose and fructose supported the greatest growth of Ganoderma H3. Abstract ii Aqueous (hot water) and organic (hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH)) extracts from the liquid cultivated mycelium were assessed for their antibacterial activity using disc diffusion assays. Extracts from the mycelium of Ganoderma H1 exhibited activity against a greater number of Gram positive bacteria than those from Ganoderma H2 and H3. Subsequent studies on the DCM and EtOAc extracts from Ganoderma H1 determined the MIC and MBC against a number of Gram positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as Clostridium species, including Clostridium perfringens, C. sporogenes and C. difficile, and some methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Time course growth assays confirmed that the DCM and EtOAc extracts predominantly exhibited bactericidal activity. Finally, the active compounds were determined to be terpenoid in structure with some phenolic groups attached. Abstract iii Acknowledgements A number of people have been instrumental in providing me with help, direction and support throughout this PhD journey. My principle supervisor, Professor Greg Lonergan, thank you for giving me the opportunity to discover the amazing world of fungi. Associate Professor Russell Crawford, your continued support and encouragement has been a source of inspiration. Thank you for not only being a fabulous supervisor but also for being a friend. Dr Enzo Palombo, you have been a fantastic mentor and I sincerely appreciate all your efforts in helping me achieve this goal. I also thank you for providing me with the opportunity to teach, an invaluable and rewarding experience. Thank you to all my colleagues and friends within the Environment and Biotechnology Centre, particularly Danni Tilmanis, you have all contributed in making this journey an enjoyable one. I would like to thank the CRC for International Food Manufacture and Packaging Science who awarded me my stipend, Mr Henk Voogt (Karunda, Queensland) who found these wild specimens growing in the Cairns State forest and Dr Brendan Smith (Division of Forestry Products, CSIRO, Canberra) who kindly offered with the identification and confirmation of the species. I send my love and many a thank you to all my wonderful friends, those friends I have known for a long time and those who I have made along the way. Thankyou for being so patient. Finally, I am ready to Party! My dear family, Mum, Dad, Karen, Sarah and Catherine. Thank you for your encouragement and for being so proud of my efforts. Your love and excitement has helped me believe in myself. The Gibbs family, especially Sandra and Phil, thank you also for the love and support that you have given me throughout this process. Finally, I would like to thank the most beautiful, gorgeous partner a person can have, Gerard Gibbs. Your constant love, patience and understanding have been my strength throughout this long journey. At last….. time will be our time. Acknowledgements iv Declaration I hereby declare, that to the best of my knowledge, this thesis contains neither material which has been accepted for the award to the candidate of any other degree or diploma, or any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis, and; Where the work is based on joint research or publications, the thesis discloses the relative contributions of the respective workers or authors; I also declare that this thesis has been professionally edited, however, the extent of the editing addressed only the style and grammar of the thesis, and not its substantive content. ----------------------------------------- Lyndal M. Roberts Declaration v Table of Contents ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………...i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………...……..iii DECLARATION……………………………………………………… … iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..v LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………….. ….xi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………… .. xiii ANNOTATION……………………………………………………….. ...xvi CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................1 Introduction ...................................................................................................1 1.1 NATURAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY ..........................................................................2 1.2 KINGDOM FUNGI..................................................................................................3 1.3 BASIDIOMYCETES AS SOURCES OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES................................4 1.3.1 Medicinal Basidiomycetous Fungi..................................................................5 1.3.2 Australian Ganoderma ....................................................................................6 1.4 AIMS OF THIS INVESTIGATION..............................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................9 Literature Review..........................................................................................9 2.1 GANODERMATACEAE .........................................................................................10 2.1.1 Classification of Ganoderma.........................................................................10 2.1.2 History of Ganoderma...................................................................................11 2.1.3 Medicinal Ganoderma...................................................................................11 2.2 SYSTEMATICS OF GANODERMA ...........................................................................12 2.2.1 Molecular Systematics of Ganoderma ..........................................................14 2.2.1.1 Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Regions.............................................15 2.2.1.2 Endonuclease Restriction Digestions ......................................................16 2.2.1.3 Isoenzymes ..............................................................................................17 2.2.2 Phylogenetic Analysis ...................................................................................17 2.3 PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FUNGAL CULTURES..............................19 2.4 CULTIVATION OF GANODERMA SPECIES..............................................................20 2.4.1 Cultivation of Ganoderma to Produce Fruiting Bodies ................................20 2.4.2 Cultivation on a Solid Agar Medium ............................................................21 2.4.3 Cultivation of Ganoderma in Liquid Medium ..............................................22 2.4.3.1 Investigation of Growth Parameters in Liquid Culture ...........................23 Table of Contents vi 2.4.3.2 Effect of Culture Medium on Mycelial Biomass ....................................23 2.4.3.3 Effect of the Environment on Mycelial Biomass ....................................24 2.4.4 Investigation of Growth Parameters for Bioactive Compounds....................26 2.4.5 Effect of Species and Strain on Ganoderma Growth
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wood Research Wood Degrading Mushrooms
    WOOD RESEARCH doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/65.5.809818 65 (5): 2020 809-818 WOOD DEGRADING MUSHROOMS POTENTIALLY STRONG TOWARDS LACCASE BIOSYNTHESIS IN PAKISTAN Zill-E-Huma Aftab, Shakil Ahmed University of The Punjab Pakistan Arusa Aftab Lahore College for Women University Pakistan Iffat Siddique Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Canada Muzammil Aftab Government College University Pakistan Zubaida Yousaf Lahore College for Women University Pakistan Farman Ahmed Chaudhry Minhaj University Pakistan (Received November 2019) ABSTRACT In present study, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma ahmadii, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma colossus, Ganoderma flexipes, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma tornatum, Trametes hirsutus, Trametes proteus, Trametes pubescens, Trametes tephroleucus, Trametes versicolor, Trametes insularis, Fomes fomentarius, Fomes scruposus, Fomitopsis semitostus, Fomes lividus, Fomes linteus, Phellinus allardii, Phellinus badius, Phellinus callimorphus, Phellinus caryophylli, Phellinus pini, Phellinus torulosus, Poria ravenalae, Poria versipora, Poria paradoxa, Poria latemarginata, Heterobasidion insulare, Schizophyllum commune, Schizophyllum radiatum, 809 WOOD RESEARCH Daldinia sp., Xylaria sp., were collected, isolated, identified and then screened qualitatively for their laccase activity. Among all the collected and tested fungi Pleurotus ostreatus 008 and 016, Ganoderma lucidum 101,102 and 104 were highly efficient in terms of laccase production. The potent strains were further subjected
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 400–468
    Persoonia 36, 2016: 316– 458 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158516X692185 Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468 P.W. Crous1,2, M.J. Wingfield3, D.M. Richardson4, J.J. Le Roux4, D. Strasberg5, J. Edwards6, F. Roets7, V. Hubka8, P.W.J. Taylor9, M. Heykoop10, M.P. Martín11, G. Moreno10, D.A. Sutton12, N.P. Wiederhold12, C.W. Barnes13, J.R. Carlavilla10, J. Gené14, A. Giraldo1,2, V. Guarnaccia1, J. Guarro14, M. Hernández-Restrepo1,2, M. Kolařík15, J.L. Manjón10, I.G. Pascoe6, E.S. Popov16, M. Sandoval-Denis14, J.H.C. Woudenberg1, K. Acharya17, A.V. Alexandrova18, P. Alvarado19, R.N. Barbosa20, I.G. Baseia21, R.A. Blanchette22, T. Boekhout3, T.I. Burgess23, J.F. Cano-Lira14, A. Čmoková8, R.A. Dimitrov24, M.Yu. Dyakov18, M. Dueñas11, A.K. Dutta17, F. Esteve- Raventós10, A.G. Fedosova16, J. Fournier25, P. Gamboa26, D.E. Gouliamova27, T. Grebenc28, M. Groenewald1, B. Hanse29, G.E.St.J. Hardy23, B.W. Held22, Ž. Jurjević30, T. Kaewgrajang31, K.P.D. Latha32, L. Lombard1, J.J. Luangsa-ard33, P. Lysková34, N. Mallátová35, P. Manimohan32, A.N. Miller36, M. Mirabolfathy37, O.V. Morozova16, M. Obodai38, N.T. Oliveira20, M.E. Ordóñez39, E.C. Otto22, S. Paloi17, S.W. Peterson40, C. Phosri41, J. Roux3, W.A. Salazar 39, A. Sánchez10, G.A. Sarria42, H.-D. Shin43, B.D.B. Silva21, G.A. Silva20, M.Th. Smith1, C.M. Souza-Motta44, A.M. Stchigel14, M.M. Stoilova-Disheva27, M.A. Sulzbacher 45, M.T. Telleria11, C. Toapanta46, J.M. Traba47, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycosphere Essays 1: Taxonomic Confusion in the Ganoderma Lucidum Species Complex Article
    Mycosphere 6 (5): 542–559(2015) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2015 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/5/4 Mycosphere Essays 1: Taxonomic Confusion in the Ganoderma lucidum Species Complex Hapuarachchi KK 1, 2, 3, Wen TC1, Deng CY5, Kang JC1 and Hyde KD2, 3, 4 1The Engineering and Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resource Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China 2Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China 3Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, and 4School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 5Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550009, Guizhou Province, China Hapuarachchi KK, Wen TC, Deng CY, Kang JC, Hyde KD – Mycosphere Essays 1: Taxonomic confusion in the Ganoderma lucidum species complex. Mycosphere 6(5), 542–559, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/5/4 Abstract The genus Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) has been widely used as traditional medicines for centuries in Asia, especially in China, Korea and Japan. Its species are widely researched, because of their highly prized medicinal value, since they contain many chemical constituents with potential nutritional and therapeutic values. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) is one of the most sought after species within the genus, since it is believed to have considerable therapeutic properties. In the G. lucidum species complex, there is much taxonomic confusion concerning the status of species, whose identification and circumscriptions are unclear because of their wide spectrum of morphological variability. In this paper we provide a history of the development of the taxonomic status of the G.
    [Show full text]
  • Ganoderma Sichuanense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 22: 27–43Ganoderma (2017) sichuanense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) new to Thailand 27 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.22.13083 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Ganoderma sichuanense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) new to Thailand Anan Thawthong1,2,3, Kalani K. Hapuarachchi1,2,3, Ting-Chi Wen1, Olivier Raspé5,6, Naritsada Thongklang2, Ji-Chuan Kang1, Kevin D. Hyde2,4 1 The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3 School of science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 4 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China 5 Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwe- laan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium 6 Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service général de l’Enseignement universitaire et de la Recherche scientifique, Rue A. Lavallée 1, 1080 Bruxelles, Belgium Corresponding author: Ting-Chi Wen ([email protected]) Academic editor: R.H. Nilsson | Received 5 April 2017 | Accepted 1 June 2017 | Published 7 June 2017 Citation: Thawthong A, Hapuarachchi KK, Wen T-C, Raspé O, Thongklang N, Kang J-C, Hyde KD (2017) Ganoderma sichuanense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) new to Thailand. MycoKeys 22: 27–43. https://doi.org/10.3897/ mycokeys.22.13083 Abstract Ganoderma sichuanense (Ganodermataceae) is a medicinal mushroom originally described from China and previously confused with G. lucidum. It has been widely used as traditional medicine in Asia since it has potential nutritional and therapeutic values.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Aphyllophorales (Wood Rotting Fungi) from India
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(12): 112-139 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 12 (2013) pp. 112-139 http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article An overview of Aphyllophorales (wood rotting fungi) from India Kiran Ramchandra Ranadive* Waghire College, Saswad, Tal-Purandar, Dist. Pune, Maharashtra (India) *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s During field and literature surveys, a rich mycobiota was observed in the vegetation of India. The heavy rainfall and high humidity favours the growth of Fungi; Aphyllophoraceous fungi. The present work materially adds to our knowledge of Aphyllophorales; Poroid and Non-Poroid Aphyllophorales from all over India. A total of more than Basidiomycetes; 190 genera of 52 families and total 1175 species of from poroid and non-poroid semi-evergreen Aphyllophorales fungi were reported from Indian literature till 2012.The checklist gives the total count of aphyllophoraceous fungal diversity from India which is also forest.. a valued addition for comparing aphyllophoraceous diversity in the world. Introduction Aphyllophorales order was proposed by in culture are recognized by Stalper. Rea, after Patouillard, for Basidiomycetes (Stalper,1978). having macroscopic basidiocarps in which the hymenophore is flattened Much of the literature of the order is based (Thelephoraceae), club-like on the traditional family groupings and as (Clavariaceae), tooth-like (Hydnaceae) or under the current re-arrangements, one has the hymenium lining tubes family may exhibit several different types (Polyporaceae) or some times on lamellae, of hymenophore (e.g. Gomphaceae has the poroid or lamellate hymenophores effuse, clavarioid, hydnoid and being tough and not fleshy as in the cantharelloid hymenophores).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity, Distribution and Morphological Characterization of Mushrooms in Mangrove Forest Regions of Bangladesh
    BIODIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSHROOMS IN MANGROVE FOREST REGIONS OF BANGLADESH KALLOL DAS DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY DHAKA-1207 JUNE, 2015 BIODIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSHROOMS IN MANGROVE FOREST REGIONS OF BANGLADESH BY KALLOL DAS Registration No. 15-06883 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PLANT PATHOLOGY SEMESTER: JANUARY - JUNE, 2015 APPROVED BY : ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ( Mrs. Nasim Akhtar ) (Dr. F. M. Aminuzzaman) Professor Professor Department of Plant Pathology Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Supervisor Co-Supervisor ----------------------------------------- (Dr. Md. Belal Hossain) Chairman Examination Committee Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka Department of Plant Pathology Fax: +88029112649 Sher- e - Bangla Agricultural University Web site: www.sau.edu.bd Dhaka- 1207 , Bangladesh CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “BIODIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSHROOMS IN MANGROVE FOREST REGIONS OF BANGLADESH’’ submitted to the Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (M. S.) IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, embodies the result of a piece of bonafide research work carried out by KALLOL DAS bearing Registration No. 15-06883 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. I further certify that such help or source of information, as has been availed of during the course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) Species from the Greater Mekong
    Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) species from the Greater Mekong Subregion Thatsanee Luangharn ( [email protected] ) Mae Fah Luang University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-6735 Samantha C Karunarathna Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Arun Kumar Dutta West Bengal State Soumitra Paloi West Bengal State University Cin Khan Lian Yangon Le Thanh Huyen Hanoi University Hoang ND Pham Applied Biotechnology Institute Kevin David Hyde Mae Fah Luang University Jianchu Xu ( [email protected] ) Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Peter E Mortimer ( [email protected] ) Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Keywords: 2 new species, Biogeography, Ecological aspects, Lingzhi, Medicinal mushroom, Morphology Posted Date: July 24th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-45287/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) species from the Greater Mekong 2 Subregion 3 4 Thatsanee Luangharn1,2,3,4,5, Samantha C. Karunarathna1,3,4, Arun Kumar Dutta6, Soumitra 5 Paloi6, Cin Khan Lian8, Le Thanh Huyen9, Hoang ND Pham10, Kevin D. Hyde3,5,7, 6 Jianchu Xu1,3,4*, Peter E. Mortimer1,4* 7 8 1CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute 9 of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 10 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 11 3East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 12 650201, Yunnan, China 13 4Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, 14 Yunnan, China 15 5Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, 16 Thailand 17 6Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North-24-Parganas, PIN- 18 700126, West Bengal, India 19 7Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu 20 District, Guangzhou 510225, P.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Macrofungi in Four National Capital Region Network Parks
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Inventory of Macrofungi in Four National Capital Region Network Parks Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCRN/NRTR—2007/056 ON THE COVER Penn State Mont Alto student Cristie Shull photographing a cracked cap polypore (Phellinus rimosus) on a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Antietam National Battlefield, MD. Photograph by: Elizabeth Brantley, Penn State Mont Alto Inventory of Macrofungi in Four National Capital Region Network Parks Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCRN/NRTR—2007/056 Lauraine K. Hawkins and Elizabeth A. Brantley Penn State Mont Alto 1 Campus Drive Mont Alto, PA 17237-9700 September 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resources Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Ganoderma</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2012. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/119.201 Volume 119, pp. 201–216 January–March 2012 The morphology of Ganoderma species with a laccate surface Mabel Gisela Torres-Torres1,2* & Laura Guzmán-Dávalos2 1Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó, Ciudadela Medrano, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia 2Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara Apartado postal 1-139, Zapopan, Jal., 45101, Mexico *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — A discussion on the importance of morphological features in the taxonomy of Ganoderma subg. Ganoderma is presented. More than 500 specimens of 37 species, including 33 types, were checked: G. argillaceum, G. atkinsonii, G. boninense, G. capense, G. chonoides, G. colossus, G. concinnum, G. corrugatum, G. curtisii, G. dorsale, G. elegantum, G. longistipitatum, G. mexicanum, G. multicornum, G. multiplicatum, G. nevadense, G. nitidum, G. oerstedii, G. orbiforme, G. oregonense, G. parvulum, G. perturbatum, G. perzonatum, G. praelongum, G. pulverulentum, G. ravenelii, G. resinaceum, G. sequoiae, G. sessile, G. sessiliforme, G. simulans, G. stipitatum, G. subfornicatum, G. subincrustatum, G. vivianimercedianum, G. weberianum, and G. zonatum. Color of the context, resinous deposits, structure of the basidiospores, and protuberances of the pileipellis cells are among the most important features for characterization of the species. Key words — Basidiomycota, Ganodermataceae Introduction Ganoderma P. Karst. is characterized by its double-walled, colored basidiospores with a truncate or subacute apex and ornamented exosporium. The genus includes species with both dull [subg. Elfvingia (P. Karst.) Imazeki] and laccate pilei (subg. Ganoderma). The pileipellis has been differently characterized by different authors: (1) Furtado (1965a) refers to a derm of the palisadoderm type in Elfvingia and layer of cells in a hymeniderm in Ganoderma, while Steyaert (1980) refers to a trichoderm in Elfvingia and “hymenioderm” in subg.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,072,776 B2 Kristiansen (45) Date of Patent: *Jul
    US009072776B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,072,776 B2 Kristiansen (45) Date of Patent: *Jul. 7, 2015 (54) ANTI-CANCER COMBINATION TREATMENT 5,032,401 A 7, 1991 Jamas et al. AND KIT OF-PARTS 5,223,491 A 6/1993 Donzis 5,322,841 A 6/1994 Jamas et al. O O 5,397,773. A 3, 1995 Donzis (75) Inventor: Bjorn Kristiansen, Frederikstad (NO) 5.488,040 A 1/1996 Jamas et al. 5,504,079 A 4, 1996 Jamas et al. (73) Assignee: Glycanova AS, Gamle Fredrikstad (NO) 5,519,009 A 5/1996 Donzis 5,532,223. A 7/1996 Jamas et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,576,015 A 1 1/1996 Donzis patent is extended or adjusted under 35 3. A SE As al U.S.C. 154(b) by 424 days. 5622,940. A 4/1997 Ostroff This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- 33 A 28, AE" claimer. 5,663,324 A 9, 1997 James et al. 5,702,719 A 12/1997 Donzis (21) Appl. No.: 11/917,521 5,705,184. A 1/1998 Donzis 5,741,495 A 4, 1998 Jamas et al. (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 14, 2006 5,744,187 A 4/1998 Gaynor 5,756,318 A 5/1998 KOsuna 5,783,569 A 7/1998 Jamas et al. (86). PCT No.: PCT/DK2OO6/OOO339 5,811,542 A 9, 1998 Jamas et al. 5,817,643 A 10, 1998 Jamas et al. E. S 12, 2008 5,849,720 A 12/1998 Jamas et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ganoderma Species and Development of a Specific Marker for Identification of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum
    African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(25), pp. 5417-5425, 5 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.846 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Genetic diversity analysis of Ganoderma species and development of a specific marker for identification of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum Young-Jin Park1, O-Chul Kwon1, Eun-Suk Son1, Dae-Eun Yoon1, Woorijarang Han1, Jae-Young Nam1, Young-Bok Yoo2 and Chang-Soo Lee1* 1Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju 380-701, Republic of Korea. 2Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 404-707, Korea. Accepted 5 June, 2012 The genetic diversity of 59 Ganoderma species from various regions was determined by different molecular markers, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA and a partial β-tubulin gene, as well as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The size of the ITS rRNA gene regions from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp, and that of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence was 419 bp. A phylogenetic tree based on the ITS region, the partial β-tubulin gene, and the RAPD profiles revealed that Ganoderma lucidum strains could be classified into 1 group together with G. lucidum from Bangladesh. One fragment unique to G. lucidum was selected from the RAPD profile and then sequenced. One primer pair (designated as GSF and GSR) based on this specific fragment was designed to amplify a 559 bp DNA fragment within the sequenced region.
    [Show full text]
  • Host and Habitat Preferences of Polypore Fungi in Micronesian Tropical flooded Forests
    Author's personal copy mycological research 112 (2008) 674–680 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Host and habitat preferences of polypore fungi in Micronesian tropical flooded forests Gregory S. GILBERTa,*, Jennifer GOROSPEa, Leif RYVARDENb aEnvironmental Studies, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA bBotany Department, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway article info abstract Article history: The distribution and ecological impacts of plant-associated fungi is determined in large Received 21 February 2007 part by their degree of specificity for particular host species or environmental conditions. Received in revised form Here we evaluate the host and habitat preferences among the Aphyllophorales, a guild of 17 October 2007 wood-decay basidiomycete fungi usually considered to be host generalists. We deter- Accepted 21 November 2007 mined the patterns of host association in three well-defined, floristically distinct, tropical Corresponding Editor: wetlands d freshwater forested wetlands, saltwater mangrove forests, and peatlands David L. Hawksworth with scattered trees d on the islands of Kosrae and Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. Of 33 fungal species, 20 were locally rare. Of the 11 species sufficiently com- Keywords: mon to evaluate habitat specificity, nine showed significant habitat preferences. Of eight Fungal diversity species common enough to evaluate within-habitat host specificity, six showed strong Host specificity host preferences. All except one of the nine habitat-specialized fungi showed either sta- Kosrae tistically significant host specificity or strong numerical biases toward single host species. Mangrove Our results suggest that host preferences may be important in shaping the assemblages of Pandanus wood-decay fungi, and that the effect of environment on the distribution of susceptible Pohnpei plant species, rather on the fungi themselves, may ultimately drive the apparent habitat Swamp specificity of many fungi.
    [Show full text]