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1 a Nameless Difference 6 Bedlam, Behaviourism, and Beyond 7 Notes 1 A Nameless Difference 1. Further information about Ralph and other Victorian children with symp- toms of autism can be found in Waltz and Shattock (2004). This article is based on the medical journals of Dr William Howship Dickinson, which are held in the Great Ormond Street Hospital archives. Birth, death and occupational information about Ralph and Margaret Sedgwick and their eight children, including Ralph, were obtained through British census records. 2. The medical uses of calomel, or mercury chloride, had been known since at least the seventeenth century. It was an effective antibacterial and purga- tive, widely used to treat ailments like syphilis. It also accumulated in the body if used regularly over time, causing irrevocable damage to the brain and other internal organs. The small amounts sometimes used for children with bowel symptoms at Great Ormond Street Hospital are unlikely to have caused any additional problems, however. 6 Bedlam, Behaviourism, and Beyond 1. ‘Jimmy Jones’ is a composite identity based on accounts collected for the Cardiff People First organisation’s Ely Hospital project; my 2011 interview with John Clements, a former clinician at Ely Hospital; and other accounts of life in British long-stay hospitals, particularly Hubert and Hollins (2006). 2. Willowbrook was a large institution for people with developmental disabil- ities in New York. Investigative journalists working with concerned staff and parents revealed the extent of neglect, abuse, and unethical medical experimentation that took place there (which are discussed elsewhere in this book). This well-publicised news story contributed greatly to the pace of deinstitutionalisation in the US. 3. Lest the reader think that the world has moved on, similar conditions exist in institutions outside Western Europe and North America. In 2012 one of my students described an identical use of donated toys as decorations in an institution in Pakistan she had visited, a charity-funded facility in which autistic children were living. 7 Parent Blaming, Parent Power, and the Start of Real Research 1. The Boston Higashi school is the US outpost of the Higashi School, a private special education venture based in Japan. It uses group-based education methods, including frequent group exercise. 166 References Abberley, P. (1987) ‘The concept of oppression and the development of a social theory of disability,’ Disability, Handicap and Society, 2 (1), pp. 3–20. Abrams, J.Z. (1998) Judaism and Disability: Portrayals in Ancient Texts from the Tanach through the Bavli. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Adair, R., Forsythe, B., and Melling, J. 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