Notes 1 A Nameless Difference 1. Further information about Ralph and other Victorian children with symp- toms of autism can be found in Waltz and Shattock (2004). This article is based on the medical journals of Dr William Howship Dickinson, which are held in the Great Ormond Street Hospital archives. Birth, death and occupational information about Ralph and Margaret Sedgwick and their eight children, including Ralph, were obtained through British census records. 2. The medical uses of calomel, or mercury chloride, had been known since at least the seventeenth century. It was an effective antibacterial and purga- tive, widely used to treat ailments like syphilis. It also accumulated in the body if used regularly over time, causing irrevocable damage to the brain and other internal organs. The small amounts sometimes used for children with bowel symptoms at Great Ormond Street Hospital are unlikely to have caused any additional problems, however. 6 Bedlam, Behaviourism, and Beyond 1. ‘Jimmy Jones’ is a composite identity based on accounts collected for the Cardiff People First organisation’s Ely Hospital project; my 2011 interview with John Clements, a former clinician at Ely Hospital; and other accounts of life in British long-stay hospitals, particularly Hubert and Hollins (2006). 2. Willowbrook was a large institution for people with developmental disabil- ities in New York. Investigative journalists working with concerned staff and parents revealed the extent of neglect, abuse, and unethical medical experimentation that took place there (which are discussed elsewhere in this book). This well-publicised news story contributed greatly to the pace of deinstitutionalisation in the US. 3. Lest the reader think that the world has moved on, similar conditions exist in institutions outside Western Europe and North America. In 2012 one of my students described an identical use of donated toys as decorations in an institution in Pakistan she had visited, a charity-funded facility in which autistic children were living. 7 Parent Blaming, Parent Power, and the Start of Real Research 1. The Boston Higashi school is the US outpost of the Higashi School, a private special education venture based in Japan. It uses group-based education methods, including frequent group exercise. 166 References Abberley, P. (1987) ‘The concept of oppression and the development of a social theory of disability,’ Disability, Handicap and Society, 2 (1), pp. 3–20. Abrams, J.Z. (1998) Judaism and Disability: Portrayals in Ancient Texts from the Tanach through the Bavli. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Adair, R., Forsythe, B., and Melling, J. (1997) ‘ “A proper lunatic for two years”: Pauper lunatic children in Victorian and Edwardian England. Child admis- sions to the Devon County Asylum, 1845–1914,’ Journal of Social History,31 (2), pp. 371–405. Albrecht, G.L., Seelman, K.D., and Bury, M. (2001) Handbook of Disability Studies. London: Sage. Alexander, F.G. and Selesnick, S.T. (1966) The History of Psychiatry: An Evalu- ation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present. New York: Harper & Row. Allison, H.G. (1988) ‘Perspectives on a puzzle piece,’ Communication,22(1), March, pp. 6–9. Alvarez, A. Reid, S., and Hodges, S. (1999) ‘Autism and play—The work of the Tavistock autism workshop,’ Child Language Teaching and Therapy,15(1), pp. 53–64. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), 3rd edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)—Revised, 3rd edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Associa- tion. Ames, E.W. (1997) The Development of Romanian Orphanage Children Adopted to Canada. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University. Amnesty International (2002) ‘Rough Justice: The Law and Human Rights in the Russian Federation.’ London: Amnesty International. Online at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR46/054/03 [Accessed 25 November 2005]. Andreasen, N. (1984) The Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row. Angres, R. (1990) ‘Who, really, was Bruno Bettelheim?’ Commentary,90(4), October, pp. 26–30. ‘Antigone’ (1967) ‘Speak-Out’ [letter], Communication, June 1968. The Arc (2012) ‘Mission Statement.’ Washington, DC: The Arc. Online at: http://www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid= 2345 [Accessed 19 March 2012]. 167 168 References Ariès, P. (1962) Centuries of Childhood. New York: Vintage Books. Armstrong, D. (2002) ‘Lauded school for autism draws charges of abuse,’ Wall Street Journal, 30 September, p. 1. Asher, L. (2005) ‘The curious incident of the metaphor in the book,’ Liter- ary Kicks, 30 January. Online at: http://www.litkicks.com/Autism [Accessed 29 March 2012]. Ashliman, D.L (1997) ‘Changelings,’ Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts, 3 September. Online at: http://www.pitt.edu/∼ dash/changeling.html [Accessed 7 March 2012]. Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Rhydderch, D., Howells, J., and Baron-Cohen, S. (2009) ‘Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism,’ Biological Psychiatry, 65 (1), pp. 17–21. Autism National Committee (1995) ‘Abuse uncovered in death at BRI: Vic- timisation of 19-year-old Linda Cornelison called “inhumane beyond all reason”,’ The Communicator, 6 (1). Online at: http://www.normemma.com/ advocacy/lcorneli.htm [Accessed 29 March 2012]. AutismOne (2012) ‘Autism One/Generation Rescue Conference 2012.’ Online at: http://www.autismone.org/ [Accessed 22 March 2012]. Autism Speaks (2012a) ‘Autism & Your Family.’ New York: Autism Speaks. Online at: http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/autism-your- family [Accessed 16 March 2012]. Autism Speaks (2012b) ‘Mission.’ Online at: http://www.autismspeaks.org/about- us/mission [Accessed 23 March 2012]. Autism Speaks (2012c) ‘Unprecedented Academic-Industry Collab- oration Seeks New Drugs and Novel Treatments for Autism,’ 19 March. Online at: http://www.autismspeaks.org/about-us/press-releases/ research-academic-industry-drug-discovery [Accessed 23 March 2012]. Avdi, E., Griffin, C., and Brough, S. (2000a) ‘Parents’ constructions of profes- sional knowledge, expertise and authority during assessment and diagnosis of their child for an autistic spectrum disorder,’ British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73 (3), pp. 327–338. Avdi, E., Griffin, C., and Brough, S. (2000b) ‘Parents’ constructions of the “problem” during assessment and diagnosis of their child for an autistic spectrum disorder,’ Journal of Health Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 241–254. Ayres, J. (1972) Sensory Integration and the Child. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Bachman, R. [pseudonym of King, S.] (1996) The Regulators. New York: New American Library. Baggs, A. (2003) ‘Rewriting History for Their Own Ends: Cure Autism Now and The Mind Tree.’ Online at: http://archive.autistics.org/library/tito-can.html [Accessed 17 March 2012]. Baird, C. (2000) ‘Autism List FAQ.’ Glendale, NSW: Australian Public Access Network Association. Online at: http://kildall.apana.org.au/autism/ autismlistfaq.html#a3 [Accessed 3 March 2012]. Baldwin, Nicholas (2001) ‘Complete History of GOSH.’ London: GOS/ICH Trust. Online at: http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/about_gosh/gosh_history/story/index. html [Accessed 29 March 2012]. References 169 Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Bauman, M. and Kemper, T.L. (1985) ‘Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism,’ Neurology, 35 (6), pp. 866–874. Baxley, C.R. (dir.) (2002) Rose Red [Television broadcast]. New York: American Broadcasting Corporation. Bee, M. (2000) ‘Autism in the Movies.’ Online at: http://www.autismtoday.com/ articles/Autism_on_Film.htm [Accessed 28 March 2012]. Behlmer, G. (1982) Child Abuse and Moral Reform in England, 1870–1908. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Bender, L. (1947) ‘One hundred cases of childhood schizophrenia treated with electric shock,’ Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 72, pp. 165–168. Bender, L. (1966) ‘D-Lysergic Acid in the treatment of the biological fea- tures of childhood schizophrenia,’ Diseases of the Nervous System, 27, pp. 43–46. Bettelheim, Bruno (1967) The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. New York: The Free Press. Bishop, D.V.M. (2008) ‘Forty years on: Uta Frith’s contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966–2006,’ Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61 (1), pp. 16–26. Bjork, D.W. (1993) B.F. Skinner: A Life. New York: Basic Books. Black, E. (2004) War against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. Blume, H. (2004) ‘Autism & the Internet: Or, it’s the wiring, stupid,’ MIT Com- munications Forum, 22 September. Online at: http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/ papers/blume.html [Accessed 28 March 2012]. Bondy, A.S. and Frost, L.A. (1994) ‘The picture exchange communication system,’ Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 9 (3), pp. 1–19. Bonnaire, S. (dir.) (2007) Her Name Is Sabine (Elle S’appelle Sabine) [Film]. Paris: Mosaïque Films. Boorman, J. (dir.) (1977) Exorcist II: The Heretic [Film]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros Pictures. Bowlby, J. (1940) ‘The influence of early environment on the development of