Olga Etinhof

ONCE MORE ON THE BLACHERNAE TRADITION IN OLD RUSSIA

Η ιδέα της προστασίας της Θεοτόκου και του μαφο­ The idea of the protection by the Virgin and her Robe ρίου της είχε μεγάλη σημασία στη μεσαιωνική Ρωσία. was very important in Old Russia. According to the Σύμφωνα με το Πατερικόν της Μονής των Σπηλαίων, Paterikon of the Monastery of the Caves, the Virgin η Παναγία έστειλε αρχιτέκτονες στο Κίεβο για να sent architects to Kiev to construct the monastery’s κτίσουν την εκκλησία της μονής. Κατά την περίοδο church. Under Andrew Bogoliubsky the veneration of του Ανδρέα Bogoliubsky, η λατρεία της Μεσιτείας της the Intercession of the Virgin began to spread. The Θεοτόκου άρχισε να διαδίδεται. Η τοπογραφία των layout of the building complexes in Vladimir and κτηριακών συγκροτημάτων, τόσο στο Βλαδιμήρ όσο in the Moscow Kremlin, both of which comprised a και στο Κρεμλίνο της Μόσχας, τα οποία αποτελού­ Dormition Cathedral and a church of the Deposition νταν από τον Καθεδρικό της Κοίμησης και από τον of the Robe, reflected the sacred topography in Bla­ ναό της Κατάθεσης της Τιμίας Εσθήτος της Θεοτόκου, chernae. απηχούσε την ιερή τοπογραφία των Βλαχερνών.

Λέξεις κλειδιά Keywords 11ος-12ος αιώνας, αρχιτεκτονική, προσκυνητάριο, ιερή 11th-12th century; architecture; shrine; sacred topography; τοπογραφία, αγία Σορός, Κωνσταντινούπολη, Παλαιά Ρω­ the Robe of the Virgin / Hagia Soros of the Virgin; Con­ σία, Βλαχέρνες. stantinople; Old Russia; Blachernae shrine.

When referring to the Blachernae tradition in Old

tine the Great . .

3 but de Mother of God: Representations 4of the Virgin in Byzantine Art 1 5 ” . According to C. Mango, the original dedi-

Russia, it is necessary to consider the known informa- cation of the city to the Virgin took place under Constan- 2 Revue de l’histoire des religions F. tion* Institute about of thethe Theory famous and shrine History in of ConstantinopleFine Arts Russian which Aca­ 3 . Not later than in the 6th century, the Vir- demy of Arts, Russian State University of Humanities, etinhof@ was the main center for the veneration of the Virgin gin came to be considered the protectress of the capital mail.ru Analecta Bollandiana Di­ The churches of the Blachernae complex have not been vine­ Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Con­ 4 C. Mango, “ as Theotokoupolis”, preserved; the basilica was burned down in 1434 , - stan­tinople London (exhibition cata- Journal of Theological Studies scriptions of the shrine have come down to us in medie- logue), ed. M. Vassilaki, Athens ‒ Milan 2000, 16-25. La géographie ecclésiastique de l’Empire byzantin. Acta XIII Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae Christi­ val texts. Constantinople was perceived as “the city of the A. Frolow, “La dédicace de Constantinople dans la tradition byz­ Le siège de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecu­ anae (Split – Poreč, 25.9-1.10.1994) a­ntine”, 127 (1944), 61-127. mé­nique Les églises et les monastères ‒ 1 Halkin, “Une nouvelle Vie de Constantin dans la legendier de Pat­ mos”,5 77 (1959), 79, 83-84. V. Limberis, 2 ΔΧΑΕ A. Cameron, “The Theotokos in Sixth-Century Constantinople”, , ‒ New York 1994, 53-61,121-130. , N.S., 29 (1978), 87. C. Mango, “The Origins of the Blachernae Shrine at Constanti- R. Janin, nople”, Première partie: , II, eds N. Cambi ‒ E. Marin, DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 139. 3: , Paris 1969, 168. Vatican City ‒ Split 1998, 61-76. 30/4/2018 4:39:33 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 139 OLGA ETINHOF

According to

an octagon

. The Blachernae

The main relic of Constantinople, the Robe of the Nikephoros Callistus, the chapel of the 11 Virgin, venerated as the palladium, was preserved in the Hagia Soros was a centrally planned church with a chapel of the Hagia Soros in Blachernae. The Blacher- dome. C. Mango believes that it could have been either 6 . 12 nae churches were founded near the Golden Horn, where round or octagonal; in his reconstruction he proposes­ Thethe city was open to attacks of enemy fleets. After the (Fig. 1). N. P. Kondakov had noted the af- siege by the Avars in 626,. Accordingthe church towas Theodore surrounded Lector by offinities the Blachernae between the shrine chapel of the Hagia Soros and me­ a wall . In 626, the Robe was transferred to the Church morial buildings of the Holy Land 7 of the Theotokos in Chalkoprateia, but the patriarch shrine served as a reminder of an image of Holy Zion Sergius returned it to Blachernae. In commemoration of in the sacred topography and in processions of medieval this event, the feast of the Deposition of the Robe was Constantinople.­ According to a legend, the Dormition 8 13 established on July 2 . of the Virgin took place in Zion and the Robe was as. - sociated with the cult of the Dormition, after which the 9 foundation14 of the basilica in Blachernae shrine included three buildings: a large Blachernaerelic was rescued; to Justinian thus, the I duringDormition the reignbecame of theJustin feast I Constantinople byzantine: Développement urbain et church and two chapels . Justin II enlarged. However, the basilica at the endand of attached the 4th andrépertoire authors topographique of later chronicles, the basilica in Blachernae century, the basilica was built on Mount Zion, but not Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction 10 15 was built under in 451 . In A. Wenger’s opin- as a centrally planned church . Nevertheless, two Mar- REB ion, the legend that the relics of the Virgin were brought ian churches with an octagonal plan are attested in the 6Studies on the history and topography of Byzantine Constantino­ pleto Constantinople under Leo the Great and placedThe in Greek the vicinity of JerusalemThe Iconography during of the the 5th-6th Virgin, century, one in. 16 churchAnthology built for them about 473, is more plausible Gethsemane Византийские and the церквиother in и the памятники church Константинополяin Kathisma ByzantineProcopius churches ascribes and monuments the of Constantinople R. Janin, , Paris 1964, 285-286. C. Foss ‒ D. Win- 11

field, , Pretoria 1986, (518-527)12 Byzantion ( REB 47, 50. P. Magdalino, “Medieval Constantinople”, P. Magdalino, Théodose I, Théodose II, Léon I”, 10 (1952), 54-59. Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Mango, “The Origins”, op.cit. (n. 5), 61-76. Studies on the history Land , Ashgate Variorum, Aldershot 2007, Study I, 27 ff. Kondakov, op.cit. (n. 8), 56 L. H. . Abel Jérusalem: recherches de topogra­ 7 with an English translation by W. R. Paton, London Ibidem,13 N. P. Иконография Богоматери The Iconography of phie, d’archéologie et d’histoire, Jérusalem nouvelle ‒ New York ³1927, vol. I, no 120 p. 52-53. https://archive.org/stre- ( ), Odessa the Virgin Petersburg Les sanctuaires de second ordre am/greekanthology01pato#page/52/mode/2up. 1886,14 17-31. La géographie Unter­ à l’extérieur de la ville , figs A. Cameron, “The Virgin’s Robe: an episode in the history of M. Van Esbroeck, “Le culte de la Vierge de Jérusalem à Constan- suchungen zu den Patria Konstantinupoleos . Corpus early seventh-century Constantinople”, 49 1979), 42- tinople15 aux 6e-7e siècles”, 46 (1988) 188. Jerusalem Pilgrims. Before Crusaders 56.8 P. Magdalino, “Constantine V and the middle age of Constan- A. Ovadiah, XXIII CorsiRav tinople”, Magdalino, , op.cit. (n. 6), Study , Bonn 1970, 89-90. Scripture and picture: the Bible in Jewish, IV,9 1-24. Vincent ‒ F.-M , . christian and islamic art. Sixth International Seminar on Jewish Kondakov, ( Tome second: , Art, Abstracts ), 2, 1915, 56. Fascicule IV, livre cinquième: De aedificiis Procopii Caesarien­ Janin, , op.cit. (n. 2), 161-171. A. Berger, , Paris 1912-1926 808-810, 825-831, sis opera The Iconography of (Poikila Byzantina 349-350 Ovadiah, , op.cit. (n. 14), 6-97, cat. no 88, pl. 42. Vizantijskiy vremennik the Virgin Les palais et les ég­ 8), Bonn 1988, 534. Ch. Delvoye, “L’architecture paléobyzantine J. Wilkinson, , Warminster L’Assomption de la T.S. Vierge dans la tradition lises des Blachernes à Constantinople aux IVe et Ve siècles”, , Raven- 1977, 163. R. Avner-Levy, “The Mosaics of the ‘Kathisma’ and byzantine du VIe au Xe siècle. Études et documents Mem­ na 1976, 165-166. A. M. Vysotskiy, “Церковь Богоматери Вла- the16 Dome of the Rock”, orie Miscellanea Giovanni Battista de Rossi хернской в Константинополе Ее отражения на Руси и византий- ско-русские архитектурные связи в домонгольскую эпоху” (“The , Jerusalem 1999. 10 Church of the Virgin of Blachernae in Constantinople. Its reflec- Procopius, , I, 3, J. HauryΔΧΑΕ (ed.), tions in Old Russia and Byzantine-russian relations in the premon- , III/2, Leipzig 1913, 20. Kondakov, golian period”), 64 (89) (2005), 211-224. , op.cit. (n. 8), 59. I. B. Papadopoulos, A. Wenger, , Thessalonique 1928, 91-95. G. Mercati, “Due , Paris 1955. nuove memorie della basilica di S. Maria delle Blacherne”, DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.inddIdem, “Notes140 inédites sur les empereurs Théodose I, Arcadius, , vol. 1, parte 1: , parte30/4/2018 4:39:35 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 140 ONCE MORE ON THE BLACHERNAE TRADITION IN OLD RUSSIA

Fig. 1. Constantinople. The Blachernae shrine, plan (after C. Mango).

. I. Pa Qalʿ ʿ . C. Mango reconstructed it as

. The colonnades . In the churches of the

21 17 19 .

18 20

to it two apses (exedras) to the north and south - at Sim ān shrine padopoulos believes that it was a three-aisled basilica a basilica withLes palaisa rectangular des empereurs transept byzantins adjacent to the The Art of . without a dome would have curved in apse, following N. P. Kondakov 312-1453. Sources and Documents The Iconography of the Virgin . Kon the center of theChronographia church, freeing the space for the Ambo 6th century,Byzantine exedras churches with and colonnades monuments and of Constantinoplegalleries over and creating a cruciform space for the central nave. The the aisles were in use Les palais The Art 19 . Mango The Origins cruciform planThe was Greek developed Anthology when the rebuilding took Neither the textsEarly of Christian Chronicles and Byzantinenor Procopius Architecture men-

place. S. Miranda proposes a reconstruction ofByzantion a three- tion20 the existence of a dome in the basilica.A TempleR. Janin, for . The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juliana’s aisled17 cross-shaped basilica, similar to the plan of the S. Miranda, , Mexico 1965, Les palais Palace-Church in prima, Rome 1923, 26-27. C. Mango, plan , New Jersey 1972, 125 note 14. 21 Kondakov, , op.cit. (n. 8), 56 - ΔΧΑΕ Theophanes, , ed. C. de Boor, I, Leipzig 1883, dakov, , 244. Papadopoulos, , op.cit., 109. Mango, , 19 , “ ”, op.cit. (n. 5), 61-76. op.cit.,18 124-125. , op.cit. (n. 6), nos 2, 3 p. R. Krautheimer, , 2-3.n A. Cameron, “The artistic patronage of Justin II”, New Haven ‒ London 1986, 205-236. M. Harrison, 50 (1980), 78. DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd Papadopoulos, 141 , op.cit. (n. 16), 107-110. , Austin 1989. 30/4/2018 4:39:42 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 141 OLGA ETINHOF

Justinian I .

. C. .

22 31 . Ch. Delvoye, and A. Cameron assume that Procopius of the of the cruciform basilica with the octagonal chapel of 23 32 may have meant the erection of a domed building by the Hagia Soros is reconstructed in the project “Byzan-. . The dominant type for Constantinopolitan tium1200” aboutarchitecture the foundation of the 6th of centurythe bathhouse was the in domed the Blacher basili- Pseudo-Kodin os reports that Basil II restored the 24 tioning 33 ca. However, later sources do not indicate a dome chapel of the spring and adorned it with gold and silver MauriciusMango believes that initially the basilica may have had According to Kedrenos, the walls in the basilica were 25 34 a fragile central architectural element (dome, vault or previously covered with silver plating and Romanos III tower), which .was subsequently abolished covered the capitals with silver and gold . The complex 35 According to Pseudo-Kodinos, the chapel was damaged by fire in 1069-1070 and was restored, un- 36 spring was built by Leo the Great . Theophanes, Ke- der Romanos IV Diogenes and Michael VII Doukas 26 . drenos and the Book of the Eparch give. According information to I. According to Michael Attaliates, the church was func- - by 1077 . The Tarragon anonymous admires 27 nae district in 581 by Tiberius and its completion under the abundance of gold and silver . The floor and walls. the basilica. A. Berger and P. Magdalino believed that were covered with marble; there was silver plating on 37 the reference in Kedrenos was also related to the chapel the walls, as Kedrenos and the Tarragon anonymous re- 28 of the spring ported. In the Komnenian period, the Blachernae shrine Thanks to the Book of Ceremonies of Constantine became even more significant, as Alexios I and Manuel 38 Porphyrogenitus, it is possible to recreate the general rebuilt the Blachernae Palace as an imperial residence 29 topography of the Blachernae shrine Ruy González. de Clavijo (beforeblachernae 1404. or. after 1406) Papadopoulos, La géographie S. Miranda and F. Dirimtekin, theL’architec chapel­ and Isidore of KievPatria (after Constantinopoleos. 1434) confirm Scriptores that the basilicaoriginum ofture the Hagia Soros was situated at the south-east side of didConstantinopolitanarum not have a dome, but was a timber-roofed building 30 Les. C. palais Mango placed the chapel of the Hagia ClavijoLa géographie and the Armenian pilgrim (beforeUntersuchungen 1434) report- Les palais A. M. Schnei Soros east of the basilica. In his plan, he placed the chap- ed31 about the galleries above the lateral naves in the ba- 22 Oriens 32 The Art el of the spring at the south side of the complex, west of silica, asLa well géographie as about the colonnade. the chapelUntersuchungen of the Hagia Soros (Fig. 1). The disposition Historia http://wwwbyzantium1200.com/ html Chronographia The Iconography of the Virgin 23 Janin, , op.cit. (n. 2), 161-171. Delvoye, Th. Preger (ed.), Les palais Das Bad , op.cit. (n. 9), 165-166. Cameron, “The artistic”, op.cit. (n. 17), 33 , 2 vols, Leipzig 1901-1907, II, 283. Ja- Les palais Untersuchungen 78.24 Miranda, , op.cit. (n. 19), plan. nin,34 , op.cit. (n. 2), 162. Berger, , La géographie 25 Papadopoulos, , op.cit. (n. 16), 107-110. - op.cit.35 (n. 9), 542. Das Bad in der byzantinischen Zeit Miscellanea Byzan­ REB der,26 “Die Blachernen”, 4 (1951), 102-104. Mango, , op.cit (n. 16), 154-155. tina Monacensia Les palais Constantinople Mango, “The Origins”, op.cit. (n. 5), 61-76. Janin, , op.cit (n. 2), 161-171. Bildlexikon zur Topographie 27 Berger, , op.cit. (n. 9), 541. Michaelis Attaliotae, (CSHB 3), Bonn 1853, 253. Kon- Le Livre des cérémonies A. Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Theophanes, , op.cit. (n. 17), 244. Georgius Ced- dakov,36 , op.cit (n. 8), 56. Papado- Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6 renus, ed. I. Bekker, I, Bonn 1838, 684. poulos, , op.cit. (n. 16), 112. Berger, , op.cit. (n. Les palais Georgius Cedrenus, op.cit., 690, 694. Papadopoulos, , 27),37 81-84. Berger, , op.cit. (n. 9), 541-542. Les palais op.cit. (n. 16), 91-95. Janin, , op.cit. (n. 2), 162. A. K. N. Ciggaar, “Une description de Constantinople dans le Tar-

Berger,28 ( ragonensis38 55”, 53 (1995), 121-122, 130. Les palais 27), München 1982, 81-84. Miranda, , Janin, , op.cit. (n. 6), 123-124. W. Müller-Wiener, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi Revue des Études op.cit.29 (n. 19), plan. , Tübingen 1977, 223-224. Arméniennes Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, , Vogt (ed.), 1, Paris 1935, 139-142. , Hakluyt Society Papadopoulos, , op.cit. (n. 16), plan. Schneider, “Die 1859; English translation by Guy de Stranza,ΔΧΑΕ London 1928, Fore- Blachernen”, op.cit. (n. 23), plan. Miranda, , op.cit. (n. word by I. Dujčev, Variorum Reprints, London 1971, p. 41. Mer- 19),30 130-132, plan. F. Dirimtekin, “Les fouilles dans la région des cati, “Due nuove memorie”, op.cit. (n. 16), 27-30. Papadopoulos, Blachernes pour retrouver les substructions des palais des Com- , op.cit. (n. 16), 114-115. S. Brock, “A Medieval arme- nènes”, 9/2 (1959), 27. nian Pilgrim’s description of Constantinople”, DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd Mango, 142 “The Origins”, op.cit. (n. 5), 61-76. , n.s., IV (1967), 88, 100. 30/4/2018 4:39:42 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 142 ONCE MORE ON THE BLACHERNAE TRADITION IN OLD RUSSIA

Fig. 2. Moscow, State Tretyakov Gallery. The Suzdal of “The Interces­ sion of the Theotokos”, second half of the 14th century.

It is fruitful to turn to the

.

39 Государственная Третьяковская галерея. Каталог собрания State Tretiakov gallery. The Catalogue14th-century of the collection Suzdal. icon with O. E a. Etinhofsaddleback roof ending in a gable, the central- (Moscow,Old Russian State art of Tretyakov the 10th – Gallery)beginning “Theof the Intercession 15th centuries of ly-planned chapel with a domeХрам andземной the и небесный tower-shaped The Blachernae shrine in 40 and its for Old the Theotokos” (Fig. 2). Its iconography is based on the chapel with a cone-shaped covering. It can be assumed 39 vision of the Virgin by Andrew the Fool in the Chapel that the chapels were located south of the basilica. This 40 ofΔΧΑΕ the Hagia Soros. It shows three buildings: a basilica iconography means that the Blachernae shrine was very well known in Old Russia

( vol. 1: , “Влахернское святилище в Константинополе и ), его значение для Древней Руси”, (“ DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.inddMos­cow 143 1995, no 48 p. 121. Constantinople meaning 30/4/2018 4:40:42 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 143 OLGA ETINHOF

Cappella palatina .

. The

46 and relics . The references in the Chronicles of Georgios Hamartolos The Virgin was venerated as the protectress of the with the adjacent church of the Theotokos. A. Poppe 41 city in Kiev, as she was the patron saint of Constantino- remarked that it was a kind of ple. The Metropolitan Hilarion in the Sermon on Law The imperial palace and the shrine in Blachernae 42 and Grace wrote about the dedication of Kiev to the may have been used as a model in Kiev. According to . Prince 47 Virgin cult of the Theotokos in Russian principal- D. V. Ainalov, the dedication of the church of the Tithes ities was mainly associated with the Blachernae shrine referred to the cruciform church of the Virgin of Blach- . ernae in Korsun (Cherson), and through it to the Blach- Monachos (George ) and John Zonaras about ernae basilica in Constantinople . Such a relationship 43 the campaign of Askold and Dir to Constantinople and refers to the sacred topography and the continuity of the sinking of a part of their fleet thanks to the Virgin’s the dedication of the churches, sincePaterikon the of plan the of Mon the Robe in the Blachernae, which defended Constantino- church of the Tithes belongs to the cross-in-square type 44 ple, were included in the Primary Chronicle with narthex separated by a pair of additional western Rostislav Mstislavich (his baptismal name was Michael) pillars (according to the terminology used in Russia, it in his prayer to the Virgin, cited .by the Ipatiev Chronicle is called a church with “six-pillars”). At the same time, under 1168, spoke about the Robe of the Virgin the length from west to east and the crossing make it similar to the cruciform prototypes in Cherson and The relics of the Blachernae Schrine were well known Constantinople. in Old Russia; they were glorified in the Synaxarium According to chapter 2 of the - 45 and were mentioned by Russian pilgrims. Information astery of the Caves (dated between 1222-1226), the con- 48 aboutRussia theThe Robe temple and on earth the Girdleand on heavenof the Theotokos as pre- struction of the Dormition church in 1073-1077 was re- served in Blachernae were included in the Legend of the lated to the direct intervention of the Virgin-queen, who Icon N. Nof. the Virgin of Vladimir had summoned architects to Blachernae and had sent the of Russian church The first cathedral in Kiev, the church of the Tithes, them to Kiev to build a church . The architects came fight Vizantijskij vremennik 26 . . N. Государствоbuilt by architects и церковь from в Древней Constantinople, Руси X - XIII was вв dedicatedThe State to Kiev and told Anthony and Theodosius about this.

41andto the the church Virgin. in ItsOld complexRussia 10 th included-13th centuries a princely palace Anthony explained to them that the queen in question was the Virgin. The ambiguity of the queen’s identity ”, ), vol. 2, Moscow 2009, Russian travellers to Constantinople in the Four­ needed an explanation; the reference to Blachernae may 83-162. the inscribed cross church of the Tithes. The Blachernae teenth and Fifteenth Centuries (DOS Voronin, “Из истории русско-византийской церковной have been an allusion to the imperial palace, in which борьбы XII в” (”From history -byzantine case the invitation of the builders there could have been Повесть временных лет Primary Chronicle ”), (1965), 192 ff Ya Schapov, understood as a call to the Empress. Peters 42 ( burg The builders of the Dormition church took into ac- ), Moscow 1989, count the already existing tradition of a church type 161-165. Hypatian Chronicle Complete Collection of Russian Chroni­ with narthexThe Risein Kiev of Christian (called Russiaa church with “six-pillars”) 43 G. P. Majeska, cles (Fig. 3) and built it in accordance with the typology of 19), Washington, D.C. 1984, D. . Мемории св. Климента и св. Мартина в Херсо­ 45, 93,2 151, 163, 187, 191. Чудотворная икона несе The Memorials of Saint Clement and Saint Martin in Cher­ 44 ( ), publication, church46 could not have been dedicated to the feast of the в Византии и Древней Руси sonese translation and commentaries by D. S. Likhachev, Saint- - Dormition of the Virgin: the feast was established after Miracle-working Киево-Печерский патерик The Paterikon of 1996, 13, 149, 405-406, 598. in Byzantium and old Russia the Cave monastery in Kiev 45 Ипатьевская летопись (Полное собрание русских летописей) 47 A. Poppe, “The Building of the Church of St. Sophia in Kiev”, ( ‒ A. Poppe, , London 1982, Study IV, ), 2, Moscow 1998, 529-531. 15-66. ΔΧΑΕ V. A. Kuchkin ‒ T. A. Sumnikova, “Древнейшая редакция ска- 48 V Ajnalov, зания об иконе Владимирской Богоматери”, ( (“The oldest version of the legend ), Moscow 1915, 17-24. about the icon of the Virgin of Vladimir”, D. Abramovich, ( DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 144 , Moscow 1996, 509. ), Kiev 1931, 5-6. 30/4/2018 4:40:43 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 144 ONCE MORE ON THE BLACHERNAE TRADITION IN OLD RUSSIA

Paterikon

53 . This

the Greeks, the also mentions the “Obezi” (Cau­ describedcasians), who in the came Paterikon to Kiev from Constantinople . Ma­ ria-Martha Bagrationi, the daughter of the Georgian 54 king Bagrat IV and the princess of Alania-Ossetia, married Michael VII Doukas and later became the wife of Nikephoros Botaneiates (1078-1081); shePaterikon was the mother of Constantine Porphyrogenitus Doukas means that some Caucasians could Paterikonhave taken part in the team of builders from Conastantinople. The events, , occurred in 1073-1077. At the same time, between 1069 and 1077, the Blachernae Fig. 3. Kiev. Monastery of the Caves, the church of the Dormi­ shrine was restored after the fire. The builders could tion of the Virgin, plan (after P. A. Rappoport). have been invited to Kiev from the team which had worked in Blachernae. Thus, the legend of the 55 . bears some traces of historicity. According to chapter 4 of the , in 1083- 1084 icon painters came to Kiev from Constantinople . The to decorate the church of the Dormition . Their arrival 56 falls within the period of prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich’s

49 reign (1081-1093), who was married to the daughter of Constantine Monomachos. The consecration of the

50 church occurred in 1089, according to the chronicle 57 It was in the same year that the daughter of prince the church’s construction . However, the chapel of the issue Saint Petersburg Исто­ рияVsevolod, Византийской the nun империи Yanka, XI visited-XV вв. Восточныйher relatives вопрос in ConThe- Hagia Soros was likened to a martyrium, and the rel- Histantinople­story of Byzantine and brought Empire back 11th-15th to Kiev century.the new The Metropol Eastern- 58 ic was associated with the cult of the Dormition itanques­tion John Skopets . Emperor Alexios I was church in the monastery of the Caves also followed the directly involvedThe inPaterikon the construction of the Cave works monastery in Blacher in Kiev- Constantinopolitan model in terms of sacred ties, but 51 . Besides nae in the 1080s: he rebuilt the Blachernae palace as the not of the repetition of a certain architectural structure. main imperial residence . The team of the icon painters, By­ The archaeological investigations in the Caves vol. 2, 1, - 1912, 37-38. F. I. Uspensky, zantinische Malerei. Bildprogramme – Ikonographie – Stil. Sym­ church in Kiev proved the involvement of Constanti- 53 ( Paroisse et liturgie posion in Marburg (25.-29.6.1997) Wiesbaden nopolitan architects in its building . Michael VII Dou- 52 54 The Paterikon of the Cave monastery in Kiev kas (1071-1078) sent two letters to the Russian princes ), Moscow 1997, 127. Abramovich, , asking for help against the Bulgarians and Chersonians; Primary Chronicle 49 op.cit. (n. 48), 9. this P. Ameans. that during this period there were direct con- Полное собрание русских лето­ Mikaberidze A. “Die byzantinische Kaiserin Maria-Martha im tacts between the Byzantine( court and Russia 55писей Laurentian Chronicle Complete Collection of Russian Lichte neurer archaologischer Ausgrabungen”, G. Koch (ed.), Vizantiyskiy Chronicles Th. Maertens, “Le développement liturgique et biblique du culte Vremennik Iohannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris Historiarum libri IV. de50 Vierge”, 36/44 (1954), 237. P. A. Rappoport, 56 , 2000, 183-210. Труды В.Г. Васильевского Collected works by V.G. Vasilievskiy CSHB Bonn II III “51Зодчество Древей Руси” (“Architecture of the Old Russia”), Len- 57 Abramovich, , ingrad 1986, 36. op.cit. (n. 48), 9. ΔΧΑΕ Van Esbroeck, “Le culte”, op.cit (n. 13), 188. , op.cit. (n. 43), 1089. Rappoport, “О роли византийского влияния в развитии 58 Лаврентьевская летопись ( древнерусской52 архитектуры” “On the role of Byzantine influence ) ( ‒ in the development of Old Russian architecture”), ), 1, Moscow 1997, 208-209. 45 (1984), 186-191. V., 1-3 DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 145 ( ), ( 20), 1828-1832, , p. 611; ., p. 290. S. Runciman,30/4/2018 4:40:45 μμ

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Paterikon

.

who came in Russia to Kiev in the 1080s, could possibly be linked with this stage of the works in Blachernae. The relationship between the Caves Monastery in 59 Kiev and the Blachernae complex is also highlighted by the story from the about the abbot Stephen, 60 . The foundation ditch expelled from the monastery, who founded the church of the Blachernae Virgin at Klov near Kiev in 1078-1083 61 He established the feast of the Deposition of the Robe on July 2 . In 1108 the construction of the church 62 was completed; but it could have been built even before 1096 . The remains of the church were discovered by the excavations of P. P. Tolochko (1963) and of I. I. Movchan with V. A. Kharlamov (1974-1975) - es and remains of the substructure had been preserved; Fig. 4. Klov. The church of the Blachernae Virgin, plan-recon­ only the north-western half of the building was uncovered. struction (after Y. S. Aseev). The stone church in Klov was probably built by the same team, led by the architects from Constantinople, as in the church of the Caves monastery. We do not have reliable information about the typology of the church in crossing!Klov; the archaeological studies have led to various and contradictory reconstructions. Y. S. Aseev, V. A. Khar- lamov and I. I. Movchan interpreted it as a three-aisled inscribed cross church with a very small crossing (3.4 Studies in Memory of David Talbot Rice m.), with two rows of galleries and an enlarged western 63 part. They calledThe this Paterikon building of the an Cave“eight-pillar monastery church”, in Kiev 64 which means that it had four Русскаяpairs of архитектура pillars from X-XIII east According to the reconstruction of G. N. Logvin, toвв. west,Каталог but памятников they did notRussian reconstruct architecture an octagon10th-13th incentu the­ it was a large church with one row of galleries; in the ries. Catalogue of monuments (Fig. 4). center there was a huge dome (9.6 m. in .) on eight Успенский сборник Х11-Х111 вв Us­ “Blachernae59 palace and its decoration”, G. Robertson ‒ G. Hen- pillars, just like an octagon . Two more reconstructions, penskiy sbornik 12-13 centuries, derson (eds), , Edinburgh based on G. N. Logvin’s plan, were suggested by A. Y. 1975, 277-283. 65 Hypatian Chronicle Kazaryan and A. M. Vysotsky. A. M. Vysotsky called the Abramovich, , P. P. Історичпа топографія стародавнього Киева structure he proposed aАрхитектура reduced cross-in-square древнего Киева build ( Ar-­ 60op.cit. (n. 48), 11. P. A. Rappoport, (The Historian topography of the Old Kiev chitecture of the Old Kiev ( ing with a detour around the crossing and added that Стародавній Клов. Археологія Ки­ G. N. Исследование и ), Leningrad 1982, no 31 p. 21. this crossing had included a domed octagon (Fig. 5). ева. Дослідження і матеріали Old Klov. The Archeology of Kiev. охрана архитектурного наследия Украины Architecture of the 61 ., под ред. С.И. Коткова ( The church of Saint George in the Mangana monastery Research and materials church on Research and protection of architectural heritage 62 Under the editorship of S. I. Kot- (1042-1055) and the north church of Theotokos Pamma- of Ukraine kov), Moscow 1971, 134. karistos in Constantinople (middle of the 11th century) , op.cit. (n. 44), 6604, 6616. 64 Archaeology Tolochko, (1979), 37-46: Y. S. Aseev, “ ” “ ), Kiev 1972, 152-157. ”), Kiev 1982, 108-110. 63 I. Movchan ‒ V. A. Kharlamov, Logvin, “Архитектура храма наΔΧΑΕ Клове”, ( 65 (“ ), Kiev 1979, 70-84. Klov”, Y. S. Aseev ‒ V.A. Kharlamov ‒ I. I. Movchan, “Досліджен- ), Kiev 1980, 72-76. ня архітектури Кловського собору в Києві” (“Research of the Vysotsky, “Church of Our Lady of Vlaherna in Constantinople”, DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.inddarchitecture 146 of Clovsky Cathedral in Kiev”), 30 op.cit. (n. 9), 211-224. 30/4/2018 4:40:46 μμ

ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 146 ONCE MORE ON THE BLACHERNAE TRADITION IN OLD RUSSIA

through

the common tradition of the Marian churches . the ages. A significant number of Dormition churches followed the cross-in-square type with narthex, known as the “six-pillar structure”. As for the imitation of the Blachernae basilica, from the very beginning it was 66 based mainly on the sacred topography. The Blachernae cult of the Virgin was developed in Vladimir under Andrew Bogoliubsky. Vladimir, like Kiev, received the protection of the Robe of the Virgin The location of the Dormition Cathedral (1158-1161) and of the church of the Deposition of the Robe above 67 the Golden Gates (1164) reflected the sacred topogra- phy of the basilica and the Hagia Soros chapel in Blach- ernae, although in Vladimir they were separated in Fig. 5. Klov. The church of the Blachernae Virgin, plan-recon­ struction (after A. M. Vysotsky). space . The placement of the church of the Deposition of the Robe over the Gates could reflect the location of the Blachernae shrine near. It cannotthe walls be in ruled Constantinople out that its (Fig. 6). From the point of view of its structure, we do not have data to speak about direct continuity from the ConstantinopolitanThe pattern: the Dormition Cathedral once again followed the plan of the cross-in-square type 68 with narthex known as the “six-pillar” type. The church of the Deposition of the Robe has not been preserved in its original form. However, it is known that it was Blachernae shrine. covered by a hip roof were proposed as analogous cases by the author. A. typology was descended from centrally-planned build- The 69 M. Vysotsky emphasized that the composition with a ings like the chapel of the Hagia Soros. simple domed octagon in the center (which was rare in Laurentian Chronicle mentions the luxurious Russia) could mean that the model used was not only decoration of the Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir the Blachernae basilica, but also the chapel of the Hagia with gold and silver . This abundance of precious met- Soros. In any case, the sacred pattern was adhered to, als must have followed the decoration of the churches in but there was no exact repetition of any structure of the Constantinople N. N. Зодчество and might Северо-Восточной be related to theРуси restoration XII-XV ве­ ofков, the BlachernaeXII столетие shrine (Architecture in the 11th of North century.-Eastern Russia of andThe the mainlegend source of the of Paterikon Byzantine created influence a lasting on Russian tradi the 12th-15thprincely centuries palace with12th the century church of the Nativity churches dedicated to the Virgin was not the church in of the Virgin was erected in Bogolyubovo between 1158- the Klov monastery, but the Dormition church of the 1165.66 The princely residence with a Marian church re- История русского искусства History of Russian Art Caves Monastery, created in accordance with the tradi- flected the topography of the Blachernae palace and tion of the architecture of Old Russia already formed in 67 Laurentian Chronicle the 11th century. This was the monument that became Voronin, т. 1: a model of architectural iconography for subsequent 68 ΔΧΑΕ , vol. 1: ), Moscow 1961, 121. Russian building. The prestige of the Caves Monastery Voronin, ”From the history of Russian-byzantine church fight”, - op.cit.69 (n. 41), 193. tion. Cathedrals and churches, both typologically and in ( ), vol. 2, terms of dedication, repeated the Caves church. Howev- Moscow 1953, 352. DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 147 30/4/2018 4:41:04 μμ er, considering the continuity between the plan of the , op.cit. (n. 57), 1160-1161, 1175, 1177. church of the Tithes and the Caves church, one can see ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 147 OLGA ETINHOF

Fig. 6. Vladimir. The church of the Deposition of the Robe above the Golden Gates.

ered in gold the church choirs the shrine. It is important to note that Andrew Bogoly- In the Story of the Murder of Andrew Bogolyubsky, . 72 ubsky’s project was undertaken shortly after the build- which was included in the Ipatiev Chronicle under the ing of the palace in Blachernae by Manuel Komnenos, entry for the year 1175, there is a description of the Na- 73 where the Emperor moved, partly using it as a coun- tivity Church: it is said that it had been decorated from 70 try residence. According to the reconstruction of N. N. top to bottom with gold . The data of excavations by 71 Voronin, the galleries, supported by the stone pillars, N. N. Voronin confirmed that the capitals had been cov- communicated with the palace in Bogolyubovo through . As in the case of the Dormition Cathedral Architecture (Fig.of North 7).- Eastern C. Mango Russia compared this in Hypatian Vladimir, Chronicle its decoration could have been inspired by complex with the Great Palace in Constantinople the interiorArchitecture of the Blachernae of North-Eastern basilica. Russia But the most im- 74 However, theThe descriptionBrazen Hause: of A thestudy Blachernae of the Vestibule Palace of theof portant thing is that, in addition to the palace and the ConstantineImperial Palace Porphyrogenitus of Constantinople, indicates that there must Nativity Church, the Bogolyubovo complex included have70 been similar transitions, connecting the triclinium the72 octagonal ciborium, towering above the stone bowl 73 with the choirs of the basilica and with the Hagia Soros. for the holy water (1165) . ThusΔΧΑΕ it resembled a chapel 71

Voronin, , op.cit. (n. 66), 74 , op.cit. (n. 44), 6683. 201-258. Voronin, , op.cit. (n. 66), C. Mango, 223-228. DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 148 Kopenhagen 1959, 87-88. Ibid., 258. 30/4/2018 4:41:07 μμ

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Fig. 8. Nerl. The church of the Intercession of the Virgin, reconstruction (after N. N. Voronin).

Fig. 7. Bogolyubovo. The palace with the church of the Nativity of the Virgin, reconstruction (after N. N. Voronin).

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Fig. 9. Moscow Kremlin. The Dormition Cathedral with the adjacent church of the Deposition of the Robe.

ner of the church

Hagia 77

Skepe 75

. Blach of a spring. It was located in front of the south-west cor- Bogoliubovo (Fig. 8). Such a location close to water . Such a location corresponds to the may have echoed the topography of the Blachernae reconstructions of the Blachernae shrine and may have shrine near the Golden Horn. Most likely, the entire followed its layout. complex comprising the Nativity church with the cibo- 76 The veneration of the Pokrov of the Virgin ( rium over the bowl in Bogolyubovo and the church of had ), based on the cult of the Robe in Blachernae and the Intercession of the Virgin on Nerl were a variation the vision of Andrew the FoolCahArch at the Hagia Soros chapelL. of the sacred topography in Blachernae. (Fig. 2), began to spread under Andrew Bogoliubsky The traditionArchitecture of the of Northworship-Eastern of the Russia Virgin in -

Prince75 AndrewAnalecta Bollandianabuilt the church of the Intercession of ernae and her Robe was not lost in Moscow. The Dormi- the76 Virgin on Nerl (1165) in the Pokrovsky monaste­ tion cathedral with an adjacent church of the Deposition

ry located near the Klyazma River one kilometer from of the Robe to the west was built ΔΧΑΕin the Moscow Krem- Ibid., 251-258. lin77 in the late 15th century, when the Blachernae shrine A. Grabar, “Une source de l’iconographie byzantine: Les cé- already been destroyed (Fig. 9). This composition rémonies du culte de la Vierge”, 25 (1976) 153-154. Ryden, “The Vision of the Virgin at Blachernae and the Feast of Voronin, , op.cit. (n. 66), DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.inddPokrov”, 150 94 (1976), 63-82. 258. 30/4/2018 4:41:16 μμ

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78 A. L. also reproduced the planning of the Blachernae basilica location of the churches in Vladimir, Kiev and Constan- with the adjacentI Древнерусское chapel of искусство:the Hagia Византия, Soros, the Южные mod- tinople and, through these centers, in Jerusalem. славяне, Древняя Русь, Западная Европа. К столетию со дня el already used in Vladimir . The explanation for this IllustrationMany aspects credits of the Blachernae shrine had an im- рождения В.Н. Лазарева configuration78 in the Moscow Kremlin should be sought pact on the medieval culture in Russia both on the level in the tradition of the sacred topography andOld the Russian actual of the ideas, the dedications, the toponymy, and on the art: Byzantium, Southern Slavs, Old Russsia, Western Europe. level of concrete realities of the sacred topography, as Batalov, “Строительство московского Успенского собо- On the centenary of the birth of V. N. Lazarev well as some details of architectural structures. ра и самоидентификация Руси: к истории замысла митрополи- та Филиппа ”,

(“The construction of the Moscow Dor- Fig. 1: Mango, op.cit. (n. 5), fig. 1 p. 76. Fig. 2: Photo of the State mition Cathedral and the self-identification of Old Russsia: to the Tretiakov Gallery. Fig. 3: Rappoport, op.cit. (n. 49), 36. Fig. 4: history of the conception of Metropolitan Philip I”, Aseev, op.cit. (n. 63), 101. Fig. 5: Vysotsky, op.cit. (n. 65), fig. IIb p. 221. Fig. 6: Photo of the Vladimir Museum. Figs 7, 8: Voronin, ), Saint-Petersburg op.cit. (n. 70), fig. 122 p.253, fig. 150 p. 300. Fig. 9: Photo of the 2002, 353-361. Kremlin Museum.

Olga Etinhof

Τ

ΣΧΕΤΙΚΑ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΒΛΑΧΕΡΝΩΝ ο κτηριακό συγκρότημα των Βλαχερνών υπήρξεΣΤΗ το ΡΩΣΙΑτων Βλαχερνών και στη συνέχεια τους έστειλε στο Κίε­ κύριο κέντρο της λατρείας της Θεοτόκου στην Κωνστα- βο. Την ίδια εποχή (1069-1077), το συγκρότημα των ντινούπολη (Εικ. 1). Η ιδέα της προστασίας που πα- Βλαχερνών επισκευάστηκε μετά από πυρκαγιά. Οι ρείχανΠατερικόν στην πόλη η Θεοτόκος και το μαφόριό της, είχε αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στον ναό της μονής των Σπη- απήχηση και εκτός της αυτοκρατορίας. Αυτή η ιδέα, λαίων στο Κίεβο απέδειξαν τη συμμετοχή Κωνσταντι- να αφιερώνονται ναοί στην Παναγία, και η αποτύπω- νουπολιτών αρχιτεκτόνων στην ανέγερσή του (Εικ. 3). ση της ιερής τοπογραφίας της περιοχής των Βλαχερνών Είναι πιθανό να πρόκειται για μέλη της ομάδας που είχαν πολύ μεγάλη σημασία στη μεσαιωνική Ρωσία. εργάστηκε στις Βλαχέρνες, τα οποία κλήθηκαν στο Κίε­ Στο Κίεβο η Θεοτόκος λατρευόταν ως προστάτιδα βο. Η σχέση της μονής των Σπηλαίων με τις Βλαχέρνες ΔΧΑΕ της πόλης. Η τιμή που αποδιδόταν στη Θεοτόκο των τονίζεται και στη διήγηση για τον ηγούμενο Στέφανο, Βλαχερνών, μαρτυρείται στον θρύλο που παραδίδει ο οποίος ίδρυσε τον ναό της Θεοτόκου των Βλαχερ- το της Μονής των Σπηλαίων (1222-1226), ο νών στο Κλοβ (Εικ. 4, 5). οποίος ανάγει την ανοικοδόμηση του ναού της Κοίμη- Η λατρεία της Θεοτόκου των Βλαχερνών αναπτύ- DChAE_39_6_Etinhof.indd 151 30/4/2018 4:41:16 μμ σης (1073-1077) στην άμεση παρέμβαση της Παναγίας, χθηκε στο Βλαδιμήρ την εποχή του Ανδρέα Bogoliub­ η οποία κάλεσε αρχιτέκτονες για την ανοικοδόμηση sky. Η θέση των ναών της Κοίμησης (1158-1161) και ΛΘ΄ (2018), 139-152 151 OLGA ETINHOF

της Κατάθεσης της Εσθήτος της Παναγίας πάνω από με την αποκατάσταση του Nikolay Voronin, υπερώα που τις Χρυσές Πύλες (1164) απηχούσε την ιερή τοπογρα- στηρίζονταν σε λίθινους πεσσούς συνέδεαν το ανά­ φία της βασιλικής και του παρεκκλησίου της Αγίας κτο­ρο με τους χορούς της εκκλησίας. Σύμφωνα με την Σορού στις Βλαχέρνες, αν και στην περίπτωση του πε­­ριγραφή του ανακτόρου των Βλαχερνών από τον Βλαδιμήρ τα δύο μνημεία ήταν χωριστά (Εικ. 6). Η Κων­­σταντίνο Πορφυρογέννητο, παρόμοιοι χώροι συ­ θέση του ναού της Κατάθεσης της Εσθήτος πάνω Poαπόk­­ νέ­δεαν το Τρίκλινο με τους χορούς της βασιλικής και rovτις Χρυσές Πύλες θα μπορούσε να απηχεί την τοποθε­ με το παρεκκλήσι της Αγίας Σορού. Το συγκρότημα σία του συγκροτήματος των Βλαχερνών κοντά στα τεί­ στο Bogolyubovo περιλάμβανε και οκταγωνικό κιβώ- χη της Κωνσταντινούπολης. ριο πάνω από τη φιάλη αγιασμού, αντιγράφοντας το Την εποχή του Ανδρέα Bogoliubsky άρχισε να δια­ πα­ρεκκλήσιο του αγιάσματος των Βλαχερνών. δίδεται η τιμή της αγίας Σκέπης, βασισμένη στη λα­ Ο καθεδρικός ναός της Κοίμησης και ο παραπλή- Μετάφραση από τα αγγλικά: Νικόλαος Μελβάνι τρεία της Εσθήτος στις Βλαχέρνες και στο όραμα του σιος ναός της Κατάθεσης της Εσθήτος ανεγέρθηκαν Ανδρέα Σαλού στο παρεκκλήσι της Αγίας Σορού (Εικ. στο Κρεμλίνο τηςΙνστιτούτο Μόσχας για στα τη Θεωρίατέλη του και 15ου την Ιστορία αιώνα 2). Ο πρίγκιπας Ανδρέας έκτισε την Αγία Σκέπη ( (Εικ. 9). Αυτήτων Καλών η διάταξη Τεχνών αποτελούσε ‒ Ρωσική Ακαδημία αναπαραγωγή Τεχνών ) στο Νερλ, στο μοναστήρι που βρισκόταν κοντά της ιερής τοπογραφίαςRussian της Stateβασιλικής University των of Βλαχερνών Humanities στον ποταμό Klyazma (Εικ. 8). Αυτή η θέση, κοντά με το παρεκκλήσι της Αγίας Σορού, σύμφωνα[email protected] και με στο νερό, ενδεχομένως αναπαρήγε την τοπογραφία το πρότυπο που είχε ήδη εφαρμοστεί στο Βλαδιμήρ. του συγκροτήματος των Βλαχερνών κοντά στον Κε- ράτιο κόλπο. Το ηγεμονικό ανάκτορο με τον ναό του Γενεσίου της Θεοτόκου κτίστηκε στο Bogolyubovo, σε απόσταση ενός χιλιομέτρου από τη μονή της Αγί- ας Σκέπης (1158-1165) (Εικ. 7). Το ανάκτορο με τον αφιερωμένο στη Θεοτόκο ναό αντανακλούσε την το- πογραφία του ανακτόρου των Βλαχερνών. Σύμφωνα

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