Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: the Role of Open Spaces

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces

Khalid S. Al-Hagla

Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

We are searching for some kind of harmony between two intangibles: a form which we have not yet designed and a context which we cannot properly describe. Christopher Alexander Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. Albert Einstein

PAPER NO. 5

Byblos - Lebanon

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

ABSTRACTS

Paper No. 5 Available online at: http://www.archnet.orgU U

Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces

Khalid S. Al-Hagla Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract

The neighborhood is a basic planning entity in modern residential planning theories. However open spaces as a vital constituent of the neighborhood’s physical structure, have an important role to play. They are the arena of both, neighbors’ outdoor interactions–consequently building the neighborhood’s sense of community- and the micro ecological sphere – setting its parameters and configuring its fundamentals. The paper aims to investigate the roles and responsibilities that open spaces -in neighborhoods- have to take to achieve sustainability goals and objectives. However it follows an approach based on both the social and ecological neighborhood’s ability to tackle sustainability issues. It focuses on the typical open space structure of the neighborhood as the media of different social and ecological interactions. Regarding this concern the paper differentiates between two main categories of the neighborhood’s open space; “greenspace” and “greyspace”. Moreover, the paper develops a three dimension matrix that sets the interrelations between different types of neighborhood open space and sustainability goals and objectives that have to be achieved within the community. It uses this matrix to assess the sustainability performance of different typologies of open space; moreover it determines the priorities of sustainability parameters that have to be applied to an assigned open space. Finally, the paper applies its findings to two different typologies of open spaces in Lebanon; Beirut Pine ‘Horsh Beirut’ as a greenspace, and the historical market, and pedestrian streets in Byblos as a greyspace. The application comes to show the validity of conceptual application of the proposed matrix. © 2008 Archnet. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sustainable development, neighborhood, open space, Beirut Pine, Byblos

1 PAPER NO.5

Available online at: http://www.archnet.org

Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces

ﺇﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ: ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

ﺩ/ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ - ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ – ﻤﺼﺭ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ - ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ - ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ

ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ

   א א J א   Jא א אאא،אאאJאא אא Jא א א א   א א   א א                  א     א؛אאFא אאאא،Eא אאאאאאK  א א א א א א  אא א א א אאאאאא،אאא אאאאאאאאאK אאאאאאאאא א א K א  א     אא א א ?אאאא‘Greenspaces’??אאאK‘Greyspaces’?א אאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאא אאאאאאא אא אאאאאKאאא  א    אא א ? ?      אאאאאאאאאאא KאאאאאאK

1 البحث ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces

Khalid S. Al-Hagla

Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

PAPER NO. 5

Byblos - Lebanon

Available online at: http://www.archnet.org

Archnet, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces Khalid S. Al-Hagla *

Department of Architecture, Alexandria University, Egypt - Faculty of Architecture, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon

Abstract

The neighborhood is a basic planning entity in modern residential planning theories. However open spaces as a vital constituent of the neighborhood’s physical structure, have an important role to play. They are the arena of both, neighbors’ outdoor interactions–consequently building the neighborhood’s sense of community- and the micro ecological sphere – setting its parameters and configuring its fundamentals. The paper aims to investigate the roles and responsibilities that open spaces -in neighborhoods- have to take to achieve sustainability goals and objectives. However it follows an approach based on both the social and ecological neighborhood’s ability to tackle sustainability issues. It focuses on the typical open space structure of the neighborhood as the media of different social and ecological interactions. Regarding this concern the paper differentiates between two main categories of the neighborhood’s open space; “greenspace” and “greyspace”. Moreover, the paper develops a three dimension matrix that sets the interrelations between different types of neighborhood open space and sustainability goals and objectives that have to be achieved within the community. It uses this matrix to assess the sustainability performance of different typologies of open space; moreover it determines the priorities of sustainability parameters that have to be applied to an assigned open space. Finally, the paper applies its findings to two different typologies of open spaces in Lebanon; Beirut Pine ‘Horsh Beirut’ as a greenspace, and the historical market, and pedestrian streets in Byblos as a greyspace. The application comes to show the validity of conceptual application of the proposed matrix.

Keywords: Sustainable development, neighborhood, open space, Beirut Pine, Byblos

1. Introduction

The rapid growth of towns and cities in the nine- Nowadays, open spaces take up more than one teenth century led to calls for parks to be provided for third of total neighborhood areas. They are playing a the health of factory workers and consequently it be- dual role in the structure of neighborhoods. The first is nefited society as well. This could be seen as an early ‘social’: that come out of understanding the neighbor- precedent to highlight the role of open spaces in sup- hood as a ‘community’. Meanwhile, the second is porting what we now call sustainable development. ‘ecological’: that see the ‘ecological perspective’ is This achieved a wide range of benefits to the economy much more appropriate to be applied to a neighbor- (healthier, happier, and therefore more productive hood regarding its unique site qualities. Each of these workers), social life (people relaxing and meeting in two approaches covers a different perspective of sus- the parks) and the environment (as open spaces were tainability application to neighborhood scale. Howev- created amongst the streets, mines and factories). er, the paper develops an integrated approach that ap- (Shirley, 2005). preciates the fact that social and environmental goals are often mutually reinforcing, thus providing a broad constituency of support for policy. Moreover, they come to the heart of the role that open spaces play. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 2

2. Sustainable Neighborhood. tainability dimensions applied to the neighborhoods (Figure 2) There are different approaches that tackle the application of sustainability to neighborhoods. Among - Social Provision - Global Ecology these approaches, stands both social and ecological as Access to facilities Climate Stability two different but integrated perspectives. Regarding Built space Energy in transport the social perspective, the overlapping area of both the Open space Energy in buildings terms ‘neighborhood’ and ‘community’ could be used Infrastructure Biodiversity to understand the definition that the Egan Review - Economic Sustainability - Natural Resources (2004) report ‘Skills for Sustainable Communities’, Job opportunities Air quality develops. It highlights sustainable communities as Economic buoyancy Water those which “meet the diverse needs of existing and - Social Sustainability Land and soils Minerals future residents, their children and other users, contri- Health Community safety bute to a high quality of life and provide opportunity Equity and choice and choice. They achieve this in ways that make effective use of natural resources, enhance the environment, promote social cohesion and inclusion and strengthen economic prosperity”. (Review, 2004:1) It Community Ecological concludes that there are seven components of sustain- Perspective Perspective able communities drawn from this definition; gover- nance; transport and connectivity; services; environment; economy; housing and the built environment; Neighborhood sociology and culture. From another stand point, Hugh Barton (1996) -Local Environment gives a different approach based on the ‘Ecological Aesthetic quality Image and heritage Perspective’. He asserts that “One way of approaching the problem of sustainable design is to see each development as an organism or a mini ecosystem in its own Figure 2: Sustainability dimensions, applied to neighbor- right”. (Barton et al, 1996) Regarding this point of hoods. Source: Author based on (Shirley, 2005). view, a neighborhood is an ecosystem in the sense that it provides the essential local habitat for humans, Dim. Goals Objectives creating its own microclimatic conditions, and should Cutting green- - Reduce the need to travel provide as far as possible for their comfort and susten- house gas - Reduce car reliance emissions and - Increase energy efficiency in buildings ance. energy Closing local - Reduce demand for non-renewable resources

Global resource loops - Reuse and recycling of resources locally Ecology Ecology - Local water sourcing, treatment and aquifer recharge - Local low-input food production Enhancing - Promote local distinctiveness and heritage local environ- - Create an attractive public realm mental quality - Enhance local habitat diversity Natural Resources Creating a - Improve local air quality healthy envi- - Promote an active life-style (especially walking) ronment - Encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vege-

ronment tables Local Envi- Increasing - Reduce the chance of vehicle/pedestrian acci- street safety dents Equity and - Reduce the fear of violence social inclu- - Choice of facilities within easy walking distance sion Figure 1: Neighborhood as an Eco-system. Source: (Barton Social - Viability of public transport Increasing

et. al, 1996) Sustainability local self- - Increase user/citizen control determination - Management of decentralized systems 2.1. Sustainability dimensions, goals, and objectives Increasing - Choice of transport mode for trips applied to neighborhoods accessibility - More facilities accessible locally and freedom - Facilitate accessible social networks Social Provision Provision The application of wide-scope conceptual sustai- of choice - Promote mental health nability dimensions to neighborhoods needs them to Local work - Accessible jobs for those tied to the locality Sus. Eco. opportunities - Reduce transport emissions be interpreted practically into goals and objectives. However, the following table (table 1) sets the sustai- Table 1: Sustainability Dimensions, Goals and Objectives. nability goals and objectives that have to be achieved Source: the Author based on Shirley, 2005), and (Barton, at neighborhood level. They are driven from the sus- 2002a) K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 3

3. Open Space Morphology of Neighborhoods movement within urban areas. Moreover, they support wildlife colonization and therefore habitat creation. Open spaces in neighborhoods are defined as ‘any ■ Natural/ semi- naturalgreenspaces: undeveloped unbuilt land within the boundary or designated land with little or only limited maintenance which envelope of a neighborhood which provides, or has have been planted with wild flowers or colonized by the potential to provide, environmental, social and/or vegetation and wildlife. They also include woodland, economic benefits to communities, whether direct or railway embankments, river and canal banks and dere- indirect.’ (Campbell, 2001) They could be classified lict land, which may in some cases be thought of as according to a number of criteria, however this paper temporary natural greenspace. The primary function of differentiates vegetated from nonvegetated areas and natural greenspaces is to promote biodiversity and this leads to the following typological classification: nature conservation. - Greenspace: a sub-set of open space, consisting of any vegetated land or structure, water or geological ■ Other functional greenspaces: Essentially allot- feature within urban areas. ments, the yards of religious buildings and cemeteries. - Greyspace (sometimes referred to as “civic Some classifications may wish to add an eighth type space”): a sub-set of open space, consisting of urban of greenspace – school grounds. However, regarding squares, market places and other paved or hard the approach of this paper, they could be included landscaped areas with a civic function. Moreover; within the above typology, even if they normally in- seven distinct sub-sets of publicly accessible green- clude more than one type of greenspace. There are space, could be realized each with a specific and dis- also various types of Greyspace (civic space), includ- tinct primary function (Campbell, 2001): ing: ■ Parks and gardens: areas of land, normally en- ■ Civic squares and plazas: often containing sta- closed, designed, constructed, managed and main- tues or fountains and primarily paved, sometimes pro- tained as a public park or garden. They can be either viding a setting for important public buildings. urban parks or country parks depending primarily on ■ Market places: usually with historic connota- their location. They often incorporate other types of tions. greenspace, such as children’s play areas and sports ■ Pedestrian streets: usually former roads which facilities, but their primary function is for informal have been paved over and provided with seats and activity or relaxation, social and community purposes, planters. and horticultural or arboricultural displays. Some ■ Promenades and sea fronts: usually used for re- parks and gardens may also be designed landscapes of historical importance, where they are of national signi- creational activities. They have special value when ficance. located at historical areas.

■ Amenity greenspace: Managed and maintained landscaped areas with no designated specific use by 4. The Role of Open Space in Achieving Sustaina- people, but providing visual amenity or separating ble Neighborhood different buildings or land uses for environmental, visual or safety reasons. They may also be used, inci- The role that is assigned to open spaces to play dentally, as wildlife habitats. within the neighborhood structure, to achieve sustainability goals and objectives, is formulated in three ■ Children’s play areas: Designated and main- key issues; space management, space function (circu- tained areas providing safe and accessible opportuni- lation of people and permeability), and the role of ob- ties for children’s play, usually linked to housing areas jects within space (sustainable landscape). (Campbell, and therefore normally set within a wider green envi- 2001, Ironside, 1999, Birkeland 2004) The detailed ronment of amenity open space. The primary function study for these issues sets the sustainability checklist of these areas is to provide safe facilities for children applied to open spaces. These details are as follows: to play, usually close to home and under informal su- pervision from nearby houses. ■ First: Space Management is a key issue to be ■ Sports facilities: Designed, constructed, ma- taken into consideration. As in open space terms, sus- naged and maintained large and generally (although tainability is a function of the interrelationship be- not always) flat areas of grassland or specially- tween design and management. This includes: (Camp- designed artificial surfaces, used primarily for desig- bell, 2001) (Ironside, 1999) nated sports. The primary function of these areas is to - encouraging sustainable lifestyles, for example by accommodate practice, training and competition for providing paths and cycle routes recognized outdoor sports. - making maximum use of existing features and assets - strengthening the sense of place ■ Green corridors: Routes linking different areas - incorporating local or recycled materials within a town or city as part of a designated and ma- - encouraging community participation and involve- naged network and used for walking, cycling or horse ment riding or linking towns and cities to their surrounding - reducing inputs of non-renewable resources during countryside or country parks. The primary function of construction and subsequent maintenance green corridors is to allow safe, environment-friendly K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 4

- eliminating or reducing the use of herbicides and several functions and each function is undertaken resources that affect other ecosystems by several elements. - encouraging habitat creation and native planting • maximizing the diversity of landscape elements - managing resources carefully and the diversity of relationships between elements; ■ Second: space function (circulation of people • creating opportunities for the emergence of self- and permeability), while most modern development sustaining and self-regulating systems in the land- planning uses the road network as the key structural scape. element, a sustainable design takes the circulation of - Create ‘place’ as distinct from merely manipulating people on foot and bike and the effectiveness of public space, in such a way that the design maximizes the transport as starting points (Barton, 1996). However, potential for user interaction with the environment. creating neighborhoods where walking is the natural - Make systems visible, which means making envi- and pleasurable means of access between activities ronmental processes apparent and celebrating achieves much of sustainability goals and objectives them. (quality of life-health economics of communities, and - Minimize maintenance and maintain to enable full community participation) (National Neighborhood expression of design, acknowledging that ongoing Coalition, 2005). Moreover, it becomes a social activi- management is itself an aspect of design, to ensure ty in its own right. Thus the number of people on the the continuity of sustainable outcomes. streets and paths itself provides security. On the other On the other hand, Ironside (2005) gives a detailed hand, Smart Growth, New Urbanism and Neotradi- definition to sustainable residential greenspace as: tional Development trends highlight the importance of “Greenspace fit for its purpose, responsive to evolving developing ‘mixed land use’ strategies to promote needs and changes over an extended period of time, walking activities. They assert that “Communities can not requiring an excessive input of resources.” In addi- support walking and cycling if they are developed tion to the previously mentioned key issues, this defi- with meaningful destinations in close proximity to nition dictates that; for a Greenspace –as a division of each other, such as shopping, school and employ- open space- to be sustainable it should: ment”. (National Neighborhood Coalition, 2005) These movements strive for well-designed communi- - meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users ties that provide safe and abundant opportunities for and routine physical activity. The objectives are to: - involve local communities - reduce the level of car reliance, - reduce the need to travel - with the social benefits of 5. Open space's sustainability parameters increasing transport choice for all groups in the population, - enhancing local security and community Sustainability Goals ■ Third: the role of objects within space (sustainable landscape). Landscaping elements are the basic constituent of any open space’s structure. They have Greyspace to be utilized to achieve sustainability goals at the Community micro level. Janis Birkeland (2004) draws a frame- Perspective work for sustainable landscaping elements as they should: - Return to original sources of inspiration, whether nature or culture. (Papnek, 1984). Greenspace - Respond to the site, designing in harmony with its Ecological distinctive character to enable the unfolding of the Perspective landscape’s ecological potential over time. This involves: • creating connections and themes (functional and perceptual as well as spatial) within and across Controlling Open-space sites while defining and delineating boundaries; Configurations • transforming site constraints into environmental [Management, Circulation, Sus- opportunities; tainable Landscape]

• minimizing negative environmental impacts (in-

cluding sensory as well as physical pollution); Sustainability Open space's typologies in

• maximizing positive impacts, off-site as well as Perspectives applied to neighborhood internally. neighborhood - Minimize inputs of materials and energy and maximize outputs of renewable and reusable resources. - Maximize resilience and dynamic stability in the Figure 3: Neighborhood's Sustainability Mechanism. landscape in such a way that each element fulfils Source: Author. K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 5

Based on the above-mentioned discussion, this paper proposes a three dimensional matrix that consists of two main parts. The first is a two dimensional matrix that investigates the relationship between the sustainability goals and objectives, and the different types of open spaces in a neighborhood. This matrix indi- cates the roles and responsibilities that each of these types has to play –divided mainly into categories of ‘greenspaces’ and ‘greyspaces’. The second, is a two dimensional matrix that correlates the assigned sustainability parameters (checklist) –driven out of three main sustainability issues, management, circulation, and sustainable landscape– with the open spaces categories of neighborhoods, ‘greenspaces’ and ‘greyspaces’. Figure 4: Three dimension matrixes correlates types of open space to sustainability attributes. However, it draws space responsibilities that have Source: Author. to be achieved to support sustainability practices in neighborhoods. That clearly depends on spaces’ integrated dimensions: physical and non-physical. Moreo- This could be achieved in three consequent steps ver, it shows the overlapping area of practices that as follows [numerically indicated in figure 4]. these types have to play all together to fulfill their ■ The first, is to determine which type of open space sustainability responsibilities. the study wants to investigate The first two-dimensional matrix answers the ■ The second, is to determine the sustainability goals question about ‘What’ are the goals and objectives and objectives that are assigned to this type of that the open spaces in a neighborhood have to open space and have to be achieved in the neigh- achieve. And the second is about ‘How’ these goals borhood. [table 1] and objectives could be achieved. The overlapping answers of these two questions draw the dimensions ■ The third, is to develop a checklist of the sustaina- of the developed three dimensional matrix. However bility parameters assigned to this type of open this matrix could be used to develop a further check- space. [table 2] list for evaluating the open spaces performance in neighborhoods.

Table 2: Sustainability Matrix (correlating sustainable development with open spaces typologies  Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author.

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 6

Table 3. Sustainability Matrix (correlating sustainable development 'Parameters' with open spaces typologies  Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author.

6. Using the matrix in evaluating open spaces sustainability performance

The paper applies its findings to two different types of open spaces. The first is the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' that is located at the southern portion of the city, at the heart of a number of residential neighborhoods. It is classified as a 'Greenspace' serving number of functions –parks and gardens, children playgrounds, and sports facilities. The second is the pedestrian open spaces at Byblos. They are classified as 'Greyspaces', however they function as: market places and pedestrian streets.

children's play area

sports facilities

'Horsh Beirut', park and gardens

Figure 5: Different activities practiced in the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut', [park and gardens, children's play area, and sports facilities] Source: Author. K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 7

6.1. Evaluating the sustainability performance of Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' However, to determine the priorities of sustainabil- Using the proposed matrixes (tables 2 and3), the ity goals and objectives that have to be achieved paper builds up the following tables that focus on the through this multi functional greenspace, the paper functions that the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' serves. assigns a relative weight equivalent to the type of influence that each space typology affects sustainability The application of the proposed matrix to Beirut Pine performance (2 to direct influence, 1 to indirect influ- 'Horsh Beirut' is divided into two succession stages; ence, and 0 to no influence). Reading table (4), and the first is to determine the sustainability objectives - according to the shown relative scale, sustainability and their priorities- that have to be achieved while goals and objectives, could be re-arranged regarding using this greenspace and the second is to define the their importance (indicated at the last column). parameters used to evaluate its sustainability performance. Table (4) shows that: for Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' –in its composite greenspace typology-, the sustaina- The sustainability performance of Beirut Pine bility goals that have the first priority to be achieved 'Horsh Beirut' is seen as complex as the multi func- are to: enhance local environmental quality and to tions that this greenspace is utilized for. Table (4) increase the value of local community. Moreover, the shows 'Horsh Beirut' as a composite of three different sustainability objectives are to: Create an attractive greenspace typologies; parks and gardens, children's public realm, to Promote mental health, and to Facili- play areas, and sports facilities. tate accessible social networks.

Beirut Pine 'Horsh

Beirut'

Sustainability Goals Sustainability Objectives ties areas

Weight gardens Assigned Parks and Sports facili-

Children’s play Cutting greenhouse gas • Reduce the need to travel   2 emissions Energy • Reduce car reliance 0 • Increase energy efficiency in buildings 0 Closing local resource loops • Reduce demand for non-renewable resources   3 • Reuse and recycling of resources locally  1 • Local water sourcing, treatment and aquifer recharge  1 • Local low-input food production  1 Enhancing local environ- • Promote local distinctiveness and heritage   3 mental quality • Create an attractive public realm    6 • Enhance local habitat diversity  2 Creating a healthy envi- • Improve local air quality   3 ronment • Promote an active life-style (especially walking)    4 • Encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables 0 Increasing street safety • Reduce the chance of vehicle/pedestrian accidents 0 • Reduce the fear of violence   3 Increasing accessibility and • Choice of transport mode for trips 0

freedom of choice • More facilities accessible locally   4

Equity and social inclusion • Choice of facilities within easy walking distance   3

• Viability of public transport 0

Local work opportunities • Accessible jobs for those tied to the locality  1

• Reduce transport emissions  2

Value of local community • Facilitate accessible social networks    5

• Promote mental health    6

Increasing local self- •  1 Increase user/citizen control • determination Management of decentralized systems 0

Table 4: Applying Sustainability Matrix to the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' greenspace. [section A] The matrix correlates different sustainability goals and obj ectives to the composite typology of the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' greenspace. ( Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author.

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 8

Moreover, Table (5) shows that: the most important sustainability indicators are as follows: ■ Does the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' ...... ? - Strengthening the sense of place? - Encourage community participation and involvement? - Meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users? Comes to the second priority the following ■ Does the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' ...... ?

- Reduce the need to travel?

- Enhance local security and community?

- Return to original sources of inspiration? - Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating space? The sustainability performance of Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' is tightly linked to the answer of the previously mentioned questions.

Grey Space

Sustainability Parameters

Sports Weight gardens

facilities Assigned Parks and

Children’s play areas

•   encouraging sustainable lifestyles, for example by providing paths and cycle routes 2 • making maximum use of existing features and assets   2 • strengthening the sense of place   4 • incorporating local or recycled materials  1 • encouraging community participation and involvement   4 • reducing inputs of non-renewable resources during construction and maintenance   2

• eliminating or reducing the use of resources that affect other ecosystems   2

Space Management • encouraging habitat creation and native planting  2

• managing resources carefully  1

• reduce the level of car reliance 0

• 0 the effectiveness of public transport • reduce the need to travel    3 • social benefits of increasing transport choice for all groups population 0

Circulation • enhancing local security and community   3 • Return to original sources of inspiration   3 • creating connections and themes within and across sites  1 • transforming site constraints into environmental opportunities   2

• minimizing negative environmental impacts  1

Respond to the site •   2 maximizing positive impacts, off-site as well as internally • Minimize inputs of materials and energy and maximize outputs of renewable and  1 reusable resources

e • maximizing the diversity [landscape elements and the diversity of relation-  2 ships]

• creating opportunities for the emergence of self- sustaining and self-  1 Maximize r silience regulating systems Quality Greenspace • Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating space   3

• Make systems visible, which means making environmental processes apparent and  1 celebrating them

• Minimize maintenance   2

• meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users   4

• involve local communities   4

Table 5: Applying Sustainability Matrix to the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beir ut' greenspace. [section B] The matrix correlates different sustainability 'Parameters' to the composite typology of the Beirut Pine 'Horsh Beirut' greenspace. ( Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author.

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 9

encouraging sustainable lifestyles, for example by providing paths and 4 cycle routes involve local communities 4 making maximum4 use of existing features and assets meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users strengthening the sense of place 3.5 4 Minimize maintenance incorporating local or recycled materials 3 Make systems visible, which means making environmental processes 4 2.5 encouraging community participation and involvement apparent and celebrating them 2 2 2 2 reducing inputs of non-renewable resources during construction and Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating space 1.5 maintenance 1 3 1 2 creating opportunities for the emergence of self- sustaining and self- 1 eliminating or reducing the use of resources that affect other regulating systems ecosystems 0.5 2 1 maximizing the diversity [landscape elements and the diversity of 0 2 2 encouraging habitat creation and native planting relationships] 1 00 1 0

Minimize inputs of materials and energy and maximize outputs of 1 managing resources carefully renewable and reusable resources 2 1 maximizing positive impacts, off-site as well as internally 2 reduce the level of car reliance

minimizing negative environmental impacts the effectiveness of public transport 3 3 transforming site constraints into environmental opportunities 3 reduce the need to travel creating connections and themes within and across sites social benefits of increasing transport choice for all groups population Return to original sources of inspiration enhancing local security and community

Figure 6: The priorities of sustainability parameters that have to be applied to Beirut Pine. Source: Author.

6.2.Evaluating the sustainability performance of pedestrian streets and historical marketplace at Byblos

Historical market place and

pedestrian streets at Byblos

Figure 7: Aerial view and different architectural and urban features of Byblos spatial expression. [the open spaces function as; historical market place and pedestrian streets] Source: Author.

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 10

The sustainability performance of the pedestrian Comes to the second priority the following open spaces at Byblos is seen as complex as the multi Do the greyspaces at Byblos ...... ? functions that these greyspace are used for. The table - Return to original sources of inspiration? (6) shows streets of Byblos as a composite of two dif- - Strengthening the sense of place? ferent greyspace typologies; historical market spaces, - Reducing inputs of non-renewable resources dur- and pedestrian streets. ing construction and maintenance? - Reduce the level of car reliance? However, reading table (6), -according to the - Reduce the need to travel? shown relative scale-, sustainability goals and objec- The sustainability performance of historical market tives, could be re-arranged regarding their importance place and the pedestrian streets at Byblos is tightly (indicated at the last column). linked to the answer of the previously mentioned Table (7) shows that: for the pedestrian open spac- questions. Management of decentralized systems es at Byblos, the sustainability goals that have the first Increase user/citizen control priority to be achieved are to: Enhancing local envi- Promote mental health Facilitate accessible social networks ronmental quality, Increasing both the value of local Reduce transport emissions Accessible jobs for those tied to the locality community and street safety. Moreover, the sustaina- Viability of public transport Choice of facilities within easy walking distance bility objectives are to: Promote local distinctiveness More facilities accessible locally and heritage, Facilitate accessible social networks, Choice of transport mode for trips Reduce the fear of violence Reduce car reliance, Create an attractive public realm, Reduce the chance of vehicle/pedestrian accidents Encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables Reduce the fear of violence, and to Promote an active Promote an active life-style (especially walking) life-style (especially walking) Improve local air quality Enhance local habitat diversity Create an attractive public realm Moreover, Table (7) shows that: the most important Promote local distinctiveness and heritage Local low-input food production sustainability indicators are as follows: Local water sourcing, treatment and aquifer recharge Do the greyspaces at Byblos ...... ? Reuse and recycling of resources locally Reduce demand for non-renewable resources - Enhancing local security and community? Increase energy efficiency in buildings Reduce car reliance - Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating Reduce the need to travel space? 012345

Market spaces

at Byblos

Sustainability Goals Sustainability Objectives Pede- strian places streets Weight Weight Market Assigned

• Cutting greenhouse gas Reduce the need to travel   2 • emissions Energy Reduce car reliance   3 • Increase energy efficiency in buildings 0 • Closing local resource loops Reduce demand for non-renewable resources  1 • 0 Reuse and recycling of resources locally • 0 Local water sourcing, treatm ent and aquifer recharge • Local low-input food production 0

Enhancing local environ- • Promote local distinctiveness and heritage   4

mental quality • Create an attractive public realm   3

• Enhance local habitat diversity  1

Creating a healthy envi- • Improve local air quality  1

ronment • Promote an active life-style (especially walking)   3

• Encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables 0

Increasing street safety • Reduce the chance of vehicle/pedestrian accidents  2 • Reduce the fear of violence   2 Increasing accessibility and • Choice of transport mode for trips 0 freedom of choice • More facilities accessible locally  1

Equity and social inclusion • Choice of facilities within easy walking distance   2

• Viability of public transport 0

Local work opportunities • Accessible jobs for those tied to the locality  1

• Reduce transport emissions  2

Value of local community • Facilitate accessible social networks   4 • Promote mental health  1 Increasing local self- • Increase user/citizen control  2

determination • Management of decentralized systems  1

Table 6: Applying Sustainability Matrix to Byblos greenspace. [section A] The matrix correlates different sustainability goals and objectives to the composite typology of Byblos greenspace. ( Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author. K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 11

Market spaces

at Byblos Sustainability Strategies

places streets Weight Weight Market Assigned Pedestrian • encouraging sustainable lifestyles, for example by providing paths and cycle  2 routes • making maximum use of existing features and assets  1 • strengthening the sense of place   3 • incorporating local or recycled materials   2 • encouraging community participation and involvement  1 • reducing inputs of non-renewable resources during construction and maintenance   3 • eliminating or reducing the use of resources that affect other ecosystems 0 Space Management • encouraging habitat creation and native planting  1 • managing resources carefully 0 • reduce the level of car reliance   3 • the effectiveness of public transport 0 • reduce the need to travel   3 • social benefits of increasing transport choice for all groups population  1 Circulation • enhancing local security and community   4 • Return to original sources of inspiration   3 • creating connections and themes within and across sites 0 • transforming site constraints into environmental opportunities   2

• minimizing negative environmental impacts 0

Respond to the site • maximizing positive impacts, off-site as well as internally  0

• Minimize inputs of materials and energy and maximize outputs of renewable and   2 reusable resources r • maximizing the diversity [landscape elements and the diversity of relation-  1 ships] • creating opportunities for the emergence of self- sustaining and self- 0 Maximize silience regulating systems

Greenspace Quality • Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating space   4 • Make systems visible, which means making environmental processes apparent 0 and celebrating them • Minimize maintenance   4 • meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users 0 • involve local communities 0

Table 7: Applying Sustainability Matrix to Byblos greyspaces. [section B] The matrix correlates different sustainability 'Parameters' to the composite typology of Byblos greyspaces. ( Direct influence  Indirect influence). Source: Author.

encouraging sustainable lifestyles, for example by providing paths and cycle routes involve local communities 4 making maximum use of existing features and assets meet the varied recreation and leisure needs of users strengthening the sense of place 4 3.5 Minimize maintenance incorporating local or recycled materials 3 3 Make systems visible, which means making environmental processes 2.5 encouraging community participation and involvement apparent and celebrating them 2 2 2 reducing inputs of non-renewable resources during construction and Create 'place' as distinct from merely manipulating space 1.5 4 1 3 maintenance 1 creating opportunities for the emergence of self- sustaining and self- 1 eliminating or reducing the use of resources that affect other regulating systems 0.5 0 ecosystems 0 0 0 maximizing the diversity [landscape elements and the diversity of 1 0 1 00 0 0 encouraging habitat creation and native planting relationships] 0 2 Minimize inputs of materials and energy and maximize outputs of managing resources carefully renewable and reusable resources 1 3 maximizing positive impacts, off-site as well as internally 2 reduce the level of car reliance

minimizing negative environmental impacts the effectiveness of public transport 3 3 transforming site constraints into environmental opportunities reduce the need to travel

creating connections and themes within and across sites social benefits of increasing transport choice for all groups population Return to original sources of inspiration enhancing local security and community 4 Figure 8: The priorities of sustainability parameters that have to be applied to Byblos. Source: Author. K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177 12

7. Conclusion an active life-style (especially walking) are the main sustainability objectives. This paper proposed an approach based on the in- References tersecting area of both social and ecological approach- Barton H., Daniels I., Davis G., & Guise R. (1996) Going es to investigate the potential of open space to achieve Green by Design. Sustainable Urban Design, 1(57). sustainability goals and objectives in neighborhoods. Barton H., (2002). (Ed.). "Do Neighborhoods Matter," In Such an approach is chiefly based on the dual role that Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco- open spaces play in articulating the character of neighborhoods, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, neighborhoods. They are the domain for different so- UK, (Chapter 2) pp. 49-65. cial interactions and shared community activities, and Birkeland J. (2004). Design for Sustainability, a Sourcebook the field of micro-ecological features to express their of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions, Earthscan Publica- tions Ltd: London, UK. personality. Campbell K. (2001). "Rethinking Open Space, Open space In its review of literature on neighborhood open Provision and Management: A Way Forward". Report spaces, the paper utilized a classification that would be presented by Scottish Executive Central Research Unit. appropriate to its approach. It differentiated between Edinburgh, Scotland. Ironside F. (1999). Quality Greenspace for Residential ‘greenspace’ and ‘greyspace’ as the main categories Areas, Perth: SNH. involved in open spaces. It placed special emphasis on National Neighborhood Coalition. (2005). Neighborhoods, ‘greenspace’ as more relevant to achieving sustaina- Regions and Smart Growth Toolkit: The Smart Growth, bility prospects at the neighborhood level. Better Neighborhoods Action Guide, National Neigh- borhood Coalition: Washington DC. On web As well, the paper discussed different types of www.neighborhoodcoalition.org ‘greenspace’ and their role in the neighborhood; parks Papnek, V. (1984). Design for the Real World, Thames and and gardens, amenity greenspace, children play areas, Hudson: London, 1984. sports facilities, green corridors, natural/semi-natural Review E. (2004). Skills for Sustainable Communities: The greenspaces, and other functional greenspaces. More- Office of The Deputy Prime Minister in Sustainable over, the paper highlighted different types of ‘greys- communities: Quality with quantity, RIBA, London, pace’; civic squares and plazas, market places, pede- Great Britain, On web www.architecture.com strian streets, and promenades and sea fronts. Shirley P. (2005). "The Urban Park" In Moughtin Cliff (Ed.), Urban Design: Green Dimensions, Elsevier, Arc- Three main sustainability attributes of neighbor- hitectural Press, Oxford, UK, (Chapter 5), pp. 77-92. hood’s open spaces were discussed; space management, space function (circulation of people and per- Other references that were useful for the development of meability), and the role of objects within space (sus- this paper Ahern J. (1995). "Greenways as a Planning Strategy", In tainable landscape). Consequently, the paper con- Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, pp. cluded a set of parameters that could be used as an Barton H., Davis G. and Guise R. (1995), Sustainable set- indicator of sustainability performance at the neigh- tlements – A guide for Planners, Designers, and Devel- borhood level. These parameters were utilized to de- opers, University of the West of England and Local velop a three dimensional matrix correlating: different Government Management Board: Luton. typologies of open spaces, sustainability goals and Barton H. (Ed.) (2002). "Setting the Scene: Conflicting Per- objectives, and sustainability parameters. Such a ma- ception of Neighborhood," In Sustainable Communi- trix was applied to two different space typologies in ties: The Potential for Eco-neighborhoods, Earthscan Lebanon; Beirut Pine ‘Horsh Beirut’ as a greenspace, Publications Ltd, London, UK, (Chapter1)pp. 4-18. Barton H. (Ed.) (2002). "Rethinking of Neighborhood Op- and the historical market, and pedestrian streets in tion: The Design of Neighborhood," In Sustainable Byblos as a greyspace. The application comes to de- Communities: The Potential for Eco-neighborhoods, termine the priorities of both sustainability goals and Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, UK, (Chapter 8). objectives, and sustainability parameters that have to pp. 123-143, 2002. be evaluated at each area. Regarding the Beirut Pine Fabos, J., & Ahern, J., (eds). (1995). Greenways: The be- ‘Horsh Beirut’, the paper concludes that: to enhance ginning of an international movement, Elsevier: New local environmental quality and to increase the value York. of local community are the main goals. Meanwhile, to Gobster, P.H. (1995). "Perception and use of a metropolitan create an attractive public realm, to promote mental greenway system for recreation," In Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, pp. 401-413. health, and to facilitate accessible social networks are Llewellyn D. (1998). Sustainable Residential Quality: New the main sustainability objectives. Approaches to Urban Living, LPAC: London. Regarding the historical market, and pedestrian Philadelphia City Planning Commission. (2005). Neighbor- streets in Byblos, the paper concludes that: to enhance hood Design Guidelines: for all of Philadelphia's Neighborhoods, Philadelphia. USA. local environmental quality, to increase both the value Searns, R.M. (1995). "The evolution of greenways as an of local community and street safety are the main adaptive urban landscape form," In Landscape and Ur- goals. Meanwhile, to promote local distinctiveness ban Planning, 33, pp. 65-80. and heritage, facilitate accessible social networks, reduce vehicular movements, create an attractive public realm, reduce the fear of violence, and to promote

K. Al-Hagla / Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 (2008) 162-177

PUBLICATION DOCUMENTS

Paper No. 5 ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies An International Fully Refereed Journal Published three times a year http://www.archnet.org

In this issue: Abdul Rahim, Z.; Al-Hagla, K.; Al-Naim, M.; Barrette, R.; Başal, M.; Ben-Hamouche, M.; Benliay, A.; Brimah, M.A.; Eissa, H.T.; Forsyth, A.; Gay, W.; Grasso-Gay, A.; Hadjiyanni, T.; Hashim, A.H.; Kashef, M.; Lee, J-H.; Linza, N.G.; Özdemir, A.; Preiser, W.FE.; Salama, A.M.; Schein, E.; Thierstein, A.

Editor The Old City of Shibam, Yemen (Source: Aga Khan Award for Architecture) Ashraf M. Salama Volume (2) - Issue July 2008

Archnet-IJAR is published and archived by ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these ﬁelds, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. 1

ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama

Advisory Board Attilio Petruccioli Architecture Besim S. Hakim Hashim Sarkis Planning Henry Sanoff Jamel Akbar Built Environment Studies Michael J. Crosbie Mohamad Al-Asad Nasser Rabbat An International Fully Refereed Journal Nicholas Wilkinson Published three times a year Nikos A. Salingaros Peter Rowe Suha Ozkan Volume (2) - Issue (2) - July 2008 William Mitchell Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Editorial Board All contributors granted Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”) worldwide Akhtar Chauhan rights and permission to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, and publicly Aleya Abel-Hadi perform the following Work in electronic format on the ArchNet Internet web site Ali Cengizkan at URL http://archnet.org. Amer Moustafa Anne Beamish Views, opinions, and research results are the responsibility of the contributors. Budi Sukada Images and ﬁgures are provided by the contributors. Dalila Al-Kerdani Donatella Mazzoleni Eman El-Nachar Fuad Mallick Hulya Turgut Ihab Elzeyadi M. Alaa Mandour Malika Bose Magda Sibley Archnet-IJAR is edited by Ashraf M. Salama and is published and archived by Mashary Al-Naim ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, Peter Kellett urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working Rabee Reffat in these ﬁelds, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in Yasser El-Shehstawy close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Yasser Mahgoub Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network.

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 5

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR Volume (2) - Issue (2) - July 2008

Contents

Editorial: Multiple Voices in Architecture and Urbanism 07/10 Ashraf M. Salama

Great Programs in Architecture: Rankings, Performance Assessments, 11/22 and Diverse Paths to Prominence Ann Forsyth

Dynamic Adaptive Web-based Model for Architectural Design Education (DAAD): 23/40 An e-Learning Environment for An Architectural Design Course Hesham T. Eissa and Ji-Hyun Lee

Beyond Concepts-A Studio Pedagogy for Preparing Tomorrow’s Designers 41/56 Tasoulla Hadjiyanni

When Good Design Intentions Do Not Meet Users Expectations: 57/77 Exploring Qatar University Campus Outdoor Spaces Ashraf M. Salama

Universal Design: From Policy to Assessment Research and Practice 78/93 Wolfgang F. E. Preiser

The Inﬂuence of Privacy Regulation on Urban Malay Families Living 94/102 in Terrace Housing Ahmad Hariza Hashim and Zaiton Abdul Rahim

Natural Lighting of Deep Architectural Space: 103/124 The Perception of New Zealand Architects Richard Barrett

Identity in Transitional Context: 125/146 Open-Ended Local Architecture in Saudi Arabia Mashary A. Al-Naim

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 6

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR Volume (2) - Issue (2) - July 2008

Landscaping an Ofﬁce Park in Amman, Jordan: 147/161 Incorporating Sustainable Site Design Principles Aydin Özdemir, Metin Başal, Ahmet Benliay

Towards a Sustainable Neighborhood: The Role of Open Spaces 162/177 Khalid Al-Hagla

Emerging Cities on the Arabian Peninsula: 178/195 Urban Space in the Knowledge Economy Context Alain Thierstein and Elisabeth Schein

Climate, Cities, and Sustainability in the Arabian Region: 196/208 Compactness as a New Paradigm in Urban Design and Planning Mustapha Ben-Hamouche

Reviews and Trigger Articles

The Future of African Cities 209/219 Muhammad al Najib Brimah

Skyscraper Future Visions 220/230 Mohamad Kashef

“Algorithmic Sustainable Design: The Future of Architectural Theory,” 231/233 A Series of 12 Lectures by Nikos A. Salingaros Nicola Giacomo A.G. Linza, William Gay and Anna Grasso-Gay

A Call for Translation: After Amnesia: Learning from the Islamic 234/235 Mediterranean Urban Fabric by Attilio Pettruccioli Ashraf M. Salama

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies An International Fully Refereed Journal Published three times a year http://www.archnet.org

Editor The Old City of Shibam, Yemen (Source: Aga Khan Award for Architecture) Ashraf M. Salama Volume (2) - Issue July 2008

ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806

OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research

Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 1

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet- IJAR

ArchNet International Journal of Architectural interested in developing their understanding Research – Archnet-IJAR is the ﬁrst of its kind; and enhancing their knowledge about how an interdisciplinary comprehensive scholarly environments are designed, created, and used in journal of architecture, planning, and built physical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic environment studies, that is blind reviewed and terms. Archnet-IJAR content keeps readers published on the World Wide Web three times up-to-date on the latest ideas, designs, and a year. developments in built environment related ﬁelds.

Objectives Archnet-JAR publishes research studies, criticisms Archnet-IJAR objective is to establish a bridge and evaluation studies, and critical analyses between theory and practice in the fields about the creation, use, and evaluation of of architectural and design research, and different types of environments at the macro urban planning and built environment studies. and micro scales. The journal includes original It reports on the latest research findings and empirical research papers, analytical case innovative approaches for creating responsive studies, and high quality position papers. Three environments, with special focus on architecture major areas are covered by Archnet-IJAR: and planning in developing countries. Architectural and Design Research: Archnet-IJAR is truly international and aims Topics include –but not limited to: architectural at strengthening ties between scholars from pedagogy and design studio teaching practices; different parts of the world with contributors architectural technology and sustainable design; and readers reaching across geography, design methods and architectural theories; boundaries, and cultures. design and project programming; environment- behavior studies; information technology; Archnet-IJAR articles come from architects, Islamic architecture; computer applications interior designers, planners, and landscape and virtual environments; post occupancy and architects, and from those working in these fields facility performance evaluation; and social and in academic institutions, universities, research cultural factors in design. centers, government agencies, and private practice. Urban and Built Environment Studies: Topics include --but not limited to: administrative Reader and political factors contributing to the shaping Archnet-IJAR addresses academics, practitioners, of communities, cities and urban regions, and students of archi-tecture, planning and community planning; sustainable urban interior design. It addresses those who are conservation; environmental planning and eco

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 2

development; housing policy, planning, and Interested contributors contact the chief editor design; new urbanism; sustainable development; expressing interest, and submitting a summary of space syntax and GIS applications; and way- their paper. One page will do. ﬁnding and signage systems. The chief editor consults with the advisory and editorial board members according to their Critical Essays on Architectural and relevant expertise. Planning Projects: Essays that cover the above topics; critically Soon after receiving feedback from the referees, discussing projects in use; after they have been author(s) are contacted to submit their full designed, built and occupied. Articles are papers. preferred to utilize the case study approach as a When full papers are received, they will be critical method in built environment research. forwarded to two editorial board members for blind review, according to the referee form. Advisory and Editorial Boards The Chief Editor is in charge of developing The chief editor contacts the author(s) with the journal issues, seeking out resources and articles, referee form ﬁlled by the reviewers. While papers establishing publishing strategies, coordinating will be blind reviewed, in exceptional cases the review process, and posting each issue author(s) will be asked to communicate directly and its articles online. Archnet-IJAR has two with the reviewers. boards; advisory and editorial. The range of Author(s) revise their papers as noted by the expertise of the boards that include the panel reviewers and re-submit their work to the chief of referees –academics and professionals- editor. - ensures high quality scholarly papers and allows for a comprehensive academic review Author(s) should make sure that their submissions of contributions that span wide spectrum of should be free of jargon, clear, simple and to the issues, methods, theoretical approaches, and point. professional practice. Papers will be published in the next issue according to the following schedule: Submission Process March 30th (publishing date): December 15th Unlike other printed Journals where contributors (deadline to receive papers after reviews) wait for periods that reach two or three years July 30th (publishing date): April 15th for their work to get published, the value of (deadline to receive papers after reviews) Archnet-IJAR as an online journal is that it November 30th (publishing date): August 15th eliminates the large lead time needed for (deadline to receive papers after reviews) publication. However, submission, referee, and publishing processes are strict and adhere to Interested reviewers and members of the the following procedures: advisory board may submit their work for publication in Archnet-IJAR. Their work will go

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 3

through the same blind review process and will the readers’ search on Archnet Website, and follow the preceding procedures. should not exceed 5 key words. Articles Notes to Contributors Articles should not exceed 6000 words, including references. 1. Submission of Manuscripts The language of the journal is English. All Notes submissions will be online. One copy of the Avoid the use of footnotes and endnotes, if manuscript (in word document format) together unavoidable, label as (1), (2) and list all together with original figures and tables must be submitted at the end of the paper. to the editor: Ashraf Salama [email protected] The name, mailing address, position, affiliation, References telephone, fax, and email of each author must References in the text should give the surname be supplied in a cover letter attached to an of the author and the year of publication in email. All papers will be blind reviewed and brackets, for example, Rowe (1985) or (Rowe, assessed by at least two referees. 1985), followed by a, b,...when two or more references to work by one author are given 2. Preparation of Manuscripts for the same year. Page numbers should be Layout given for quotes (Mitchell, 2003:33). At the Manuscripts should be typed in double spacing end of the text the references should be on one side of A4 (21x29.7 cm) paper with listed in alphabetical order of authors’ names reasonable margins (2.5 cm). All pages should and in chronological order for each author. be numbered consecutively. Initial and final page numbers of articles and Title page (page 1) papers should be given. The names of books The first page of the manuscript must contain a and periodicals should be given in full, and concise and informative title; names, affiliations the publisher and the city of publication should and addresses (including e-mail) of all authors, be given for books, conference proceedings, and identify the corresponding author (who etc. Details of availability should be given for will be responsible for correspondence and unpublished conference papers. Full references reviewing proofs). An abbreviated title of less should also be given for legal judgments, bylaws than 50 characters (including letters and spaces) and regulations, and government publications, should also be suggested. etc. Examples of reference citation are given below. Title of paper, abstract and keywords (page 2) Title of the paper should be witten at the top Dutton, T.A. (Ed.). (1991). Voices in Architectural of abstract without authors’ name. A concise Education: Cultural Politics and Pedagogy, Bergin & and informative abstract must not exceed 300 Garvey, New York, NY, USA. words in length, should summarize the objective, Hegvold, L. (1999). “Seeking an Effective Cross- methods and major findings of the paper. Cultural Design Pedagogy.” In William O'Reilly (Ed.), Keywords must be carefully selected to facilitate Architectural Knowledge and Cultural Diversity,

Archnet-IJAR, International Journal of Architectural Research 4

Comportments, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 93-100. 3. Submission Process, Copyright, and Salama, A. (1998). “Integrating Environment-Behavior Originality of Work Studies into Architectural Education Teaching Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author Practices,” In J. Teklenburg, J. Van Andel, J. Smeets, for checking. Proofs should be returned within & A. Seidel (Eds.), Shifting Balances: Changing Roles one week of receipt. Authors should correct in Policy, Research, and Design, EIRSS Publishers, typesetting errors only; they should not add any Eindhoven, Netherlands, pp.128-139. new material to the paper at proof stage. Salama, A. (2006). “Learning from the Environment: Evaluation Research and Experience Based Please read the submission process and Architectural Pedagogy,” Transactions, CEBE-Center procedures, and copyright notes under the for Education in the Built Environment, Cardiff, UK, 3 general outline of the ARCHNET-IJAR. (1), pp. 64-83. Salama, A., O’Reilly, W. & Nochis, K. (Eds.). (2002). Architectural Education Today: Cross Cultural Perspectives, Comportments, Lausanne, Switzerland. Sanoff, H. (1992). Integrating Programming, Evaluation, and Participation in Design, Avery, London, UK.

Tables Each table must be typed, and con-secutively numbered. They should have a brief informative title placed as a heading. Tables should be understand-able without reference to the text, but they should be referred to in the text. Explanatory captions should be brief and placed beneath the table. Figures Figures should be numbered consecuti- - vely throughout the paper and identified with the authors’ name and the figure number outside the reproduction area. Figures should be referred to in the text and should be placed within the body of the paper. However, all figures should be supplied in separate files as JPEG file format. All correspondence should be addressed to Figure dimensions should not exceed 21x30 cm. the chief editor. Photographs should be used with restraint and must be of high quality. Explanatory captions Ashraf Salama should be brief, placed beneath the figure. [email protected]