About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of CTBUH Journal Technology in Chicago, is an international International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat not-for-profi t organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on Tall buildings: design, construction, and operation | 2013 Issue III tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest Case Study: The Bow, Calgary knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. Debating Tall: Do Trees Belong on Skyscrapers?

The CTBUH disseminates its fi ndings, and Imagining the Tall Building of the Future facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, The Use of Stainless Steel in Second-Skin Façades proceedings, and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional, and Politics, History, and Height in Warsaw specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall Using CFD to Optimize Tall Buildings building databases of built, under construction, and proposed buildings; the distribution of a Tall Building in Numbers: Vanity Height monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an Talking Tall: Tall Timber Building international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction Special Report: CTBUH 2013 London Conference excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/ working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars, and practicing professionals.

The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of “The World’s Tallest Building” determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the fi eld of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fi elds.

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org

ISSN: 1946 - 1186 Inside

News and Events Features 20 Sustainability/Green/Energy Can You Imagine the Tall Building of the Future? Predicting the future is an impossible task. One will never get it absolutely In the high-rise of 2050, materials will right. However, that does not make it a pointless exercise. Instead, such a discussion is a tool to enable conversations about the possible, and to inspire “feature intelligent design and will be formulated 02 This Issue 44 Tall Buildings in Numbers people to think beyond today and look at some of the trends that will shape as high-performance composites made from our future. recycled and renewable elements, providing Josef Hargrave Ralph Wilson The below text and corresponding illustration “internet of things.” These expectations set the functions such as self-repair or purification of (see Figure 1) do not aim to depict what all tone for an environment that invites Cathy Yang, Vanity Height: The Empty Authors buildings, or even all tall buildings, will look adaptation with ease; a place where hard Josef Hargrave, Senior Consultant, Foresight + the surrounding air. Innovation like in the future. Instead, we want to create a infrastructure, communication and social Ralph Wilson, Mechanical Engineer Arup vehicle for conversation. We present a tool to systems are seamlessly intertwined with a ”

13 Fitzroy Street highlight some of the functions and conscious necessity to integrate and engage functioning as a living organism in its own physical limits, and to shape a new type of London W1T 4BQ characteristics we may expect from cities and in sustainable design practices. right – reacting to the local environment and urban experience. CTBUH Trustee Space in Today’s Tallest United Kingdom buildings in the future, and to explore what engaging the users within. A dynamic t: +44 20 7755 4357 e: [email protected] / [email protected] that may entail and for the sector as a whole. network of feedback loops, characterized by www.driversofchange.com / www.arup.com smart materials, sensors, data exchange, and Can You Imagine a Building that Has a Figure 2. Flight Assembled Tower. © Francois Lauginie automated systems merge together, virtually Flexible Components Designed for Josef Hargrave Can You Imagine? functioning as a synthetic and highly sensitive Continuous Adaptability? Josef Hargrave is a senior Foresight and Innovation consultant at Arup. He is responsible for the firm’s Future technology will be far more focused on nervous system. In this sense, the building’s foresight activities and consulting services across By 2050, the human population will have producing unique solutions for individual structure is highly adaptive and characterized In this emerging age, significant develop- the Europe Region. Josef works for clients spanning a wide variety of sectors and markets. His projects reached nine billion; of this, 75% will be living people. The necessity for our surrounding by indeterminate functions – a scheme in ments in construction will advance current combine corporate foresight with Arup’s global in cities. Until then, climate change, resource environment to inherently understand an which space and form are manipulated practices – prefabricated and modular engineering and consulting expertise, providing scarcities, rising energy costs and a individual’s preferences and personal needs depending on the time of day or the user structural systems will be moved and 04 CTBUH Latest 46 Talking Tall: Finding the clients with unique insights on the future of the built environment. Josef’s passion is the future of cities: the preoccupation with preventing and means all facets of the building network could group currently activating the structure. The assembled by robots that work seamlessly structures, spaces, technologies and experiences that will make life in the city sustainable in the long-term. minimizing the effects of the next natural or respond to the specifics of each unique user, system presents a spatial and formal condition together to install, detect, repair, and upgrade man-made disaster will undoubtedly shape down to an individual’s genetic composition. that changes constantly. The structure’s components of the building system. Ralph Wilson our vision of the built environment. As major components are designed to be dynamic, Technology, spaces and facades will be rapidly Antony Wood, Forest Through the Trees – Ralph Wilson is a mechanical engineer and cities reach their boundary limits, extending In 2050, the urban dweller and the city are in a intelligent and reactive – it is a living structure modifiable, dictated by factors such as the sustainability specialist based in Arup’s Building Engineering London group. He is an innovation transit networks and patterns of urban sprawl state of constant flux – changing and evolving activated by interaction with the users and its addition or subtraction of program, density of enthusiast with a curiosity for the novel, and a particular interest in design that supports will no longer provide an effective solution. in reaction to emerging contexts and surrounding environment. Structural systems dwellers, or other context-based and environmental awareness and behavioral change. Instead, demographic and lifestyle changes conditions. The urban tall building of the merge with energy, lighting and facade environmental cues. will serve as major catalysts in the shift toward future fosters this innate quality, essentially systems to extend beyond the confines of CTBUH Executive Director Building Tall with Timber increasingly dense and vertical urban environments.

As the future of cities takes center stage, what Michael Green will we come to expect from the design and functions of the buildings within them?

The year 2050 will mark a generation of net-native adults who will have lived all their 05 Debating Tall: lives engaging with smart devices and materials. They will have experienced technological breakthroughs that will redefine how human beings interact – not only with each other, but with their surrounding Do Trees Belong on environment. We will live in cities where everything can be manipulated in real-time and where all components of the urban fabric are part of a single smart system and an Figure 1. Arup foresight future urban building. © Rob Skyscrapers? House Figure 3. Torre de Especialidades, Mexico City. © Alejandro Cartegena CTBUH 20 | Sustainability/Green/Energy CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Sustainability/Green/Energy | 21 06 Global News 50 Special Report: Highlights from the CTBUH CTBUH 2013 International Global News archive Façades Conference – London 26 The Use of Stainless Steel in Second-Skin Façades no maintenance and there is an expectation building security and safety by providing of at least 50 years of service. visual barriers. Exterior walls are being transformed from relatively simple climate-defensive Bioclimatic second- Bioclimatic Second-Skin Façades In fixed, woven meshes, perforated panels, or mechanisms to more active membranes that screen weather to reduce Rachel Coleman, Sian Disson, louvers, several factors influence the solar “skin façades are energy requirements. Innovative designs are being used on award-winning Bioclimatic second-skin façades are typically shading benefit and natural interior lighting projects around the world, and these concepts could be applied to a much between 0.2 and 4.5 meters away from the levels, the opening size, solar reflectance and typically between 0.2 broader range of buildings. Bioclimatic architecture refers to designing environmental barrier. The intermediate space transmittance influence the solar shading and 4.5 meters away buildings to improve thermal and visual comfort. These designs incorporate can be used to moderate heat, light, wind, benefit and natural interior lighting levels. Robert Lau & Daniel Safarik noise, pollution, and other environmental Therefore, seasonal daylight modeling is Catherine Houska systems that provide protection from summer sun, reduce winter heat loss, from the stresses. This space can provide shading, light necessary for design optimization. In climates and make use of the environment for heating, cooling, and lighting buildings. Author and air redirection, thermal load balancing, where the sun angle significantly changes environmental barrier. Catherine Houska, Senior Development Manager and resistance to heat loss and gain. with each season, fixed louvers may allow TMR Consulting Long before central heat or air-conditioning, second skin to achieve the building’s energy sunlight to enter in the winter, while reducing The intermediate 3209 McKnight E Dr. mankind modified building designs to suit reduction goals. European and US research The building inhabitants’ connections with heat gain in the summer. Pittsburgh, PA 15237, United States the climate and achieve natural cooling or has improved the ability to model the screens’ their surroundings are improved by these space can be used to Case Study t: +1 412 369 0377 e: [email protected] improved heat retention. The practice of potential benefits. This article will discuss new designs. The inner environmental barrier wall www.tmrstainless.com moderate heat, light, screening exterior façades from sun or winter modeling developments and illustrate how frequently has operable windows or provides Active Second-Skin Façades storms is an old concept that has regained several types of exterior stainless-steel other provisions for ventilation. The second CTBUH Report: Catherine Houska wind, noise, pollution, 56 Catherine Houska is an internationally recognized skin at least partially shades the inner wall, There are many variations on active second- popularity with growing international interest weather screens are being used on award- expert on the architectural applications and atmospheric corrosion of stainless steel. She consults in bioclimatic design concepts that better winning and innovative hybrid bioclimatic reducing summer cooling requirements while skin façades, but they are typically operable and other on new projects, provides forensic evaluations, and harmonize buildings with their environments. façade projects around the world and still allowing daylight to enter the building. metal louvers, wooden slats, or perforated consultants for numerous international industry associations. These concepts can be important tools in explores the potential for application of During the winter, these outer second skins panels supported by stainless-steel tension environmental achieving energy-consumption reduction bioclimatic façades in high-rise buildings. can shelter the inner wall from winter storms, systems or frames. All have integrated Modular on the Rise Houska is the author of over 150 articles and papers, 12 The Bow, Calgary and speaks regularly at conferences and workshops goals, while transforming exterior walls from while allowing the sunlight to enter and warm computer-controlled mechanical systems that stresses. around the world. She is active in standards relatively simple “climate-defensive” The emergence of whole-building life cycle up the building, lowering heating loads. work with the building’s heating and cooling development (ASTM A01 steel and E60 sustainability, ” CRSI and ACI) and represents the Nickel Institute at mechanisms into more active membranes. assessments (LCAs) as a sustainable design systems to respond dynamically to varying the USGBC. These screens are increasingly being used on tool is increasing awareness of the high Bioclimatic second-skin weather screens can conditions (Gonchar 2007, RMI 2008). was awarded a Gold-level German Certificate She holds a BS, Metallurgical Engineering & Materials larger structures. environmental impact of repeated material either be active, computer-controlled systems for Sustainable Buildings. Energy requirements James Barnes & Jonathan Science, Carnegie Mellon University and an MBA, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western replacement and encourages specification of that constantly adjust to the environment or Sections of the shading system open or close are expected to be 20 to 30% below statutory Reserve University. Bioclimatic façade systems can consist of durable products that will remain in place low-tech, fixed passive systems. Here, we with changes in the sun’s trajectory or the requirements. The integrated computer- traditional overhangs and setbacks, but over the project’s service life. Stainless steel is focus on four screen types and provide both weather. This allows active second-skin façade controlled environmental systems adjust the increasingly a layer of screens is being placed a logical material for corrosive environments active and passive screen examples: systems to maximize the benefits of solar natural ventilation and sun-shading levels to Hendricks 58 CTBUH on the Road outside of the primary environmental barrier. with industrial pollution or salt exposure, radiation or lighting, minimize heat gain, or respond to changing weather conditions. These screens serve as a double envelope or particularly when there would be minimal to ƒ fixed and operable louvers; shield the inner wall during winter storms, When used with geothermal heating and ƒ woven mesh; reducing heat loss. Natural ventilation is cooling, the need for air-conditioning was ƒ perforated panels; and maximized to improve occupant health and eliminated, and winter heating requirements ƒ green (i.e., vegetated) façade screens. control building temperature levels. were greatly reduced (see Figure 1). CTBUH events around the Tension-supported systems, such green Energy is necessary to operate these systems, All the buildings are simple, glazed shapes screens and louvers, parallel the inner wall, and maintenance of the mechanical and made more interesting by their Type 316 while lightweight framing can be used to vary sensing systems is required. Active second- sunshade systems. Building Q2, the corporate the distance between the inner insulated skin skin façades have been particularly popular in conference and training center, has custom, world. and second skin, making seamless curving, Europe, Asia, and Australia, although some of perforated, passive sunscreens. Active geometric, and other shapes possible by the earliest examples are in North America motorized horizontal slat sunshades were using woven mesh or perforated panels. (e.g., Occidental Chemical Center, Niagara used on Building Q1. Motorized triangular, Falls, New York, completed in 1980). square, and trapezoidal fins were employed These second weather-screening skins can on Buildings Q5 and Q7. A dull abrasive cost-effectively reduce energy consumption ThyssenKrupp Campus blasted finish was applied to the outside, while improving the building’s appearance, at The TKQ architect consortium, consisting of while a highly polished finish was applied to a much lower cost than is possible through JSWD Architekten and Chaix & Morel, the inside of the slats and fins. Adjustment of Research modifying load-bearing walls (Murray 2009 & designed a seven-building corporate campus the slats’ angles determines interior light and Figure 1. Type 316 stainless steel exterior sunscreens in varying styles were used on the ThyssenKrupp corporate campus to actively adjust to seasonal and weather conditions to 2011). These façades can also enhance in Essen, Germany for ThyssenKrupp, which temperature levels. 58 Diary reduce energy requirements. © ThyssenKrupp AG Upcoming tall building events 26 | Façades CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Façades | 27 20 Imagining the Tall Building of the Future 60 Reviews Josef Hargrave & Ralph Wilson Review of new books in 32 History, Theory & Criticism Existing 100 the CTBUH Library Politics, History, and Height in Warsaw Under Tallest building height in 2013 height limits (in the background of the City m+ tall Planned Tallest building planned construction (rank in Europe) buildings UNESCO complex) and defining the maximum This paper describes the present high-rise boom in Warsaw, which is related to number and size of tall buildings in the city 360 m 339 m (1) 26 The Use of Stainless Steel in unprecedented development of the capital of Poland in the last 15 years and Moscow 93 23 8 Federation Towers – Vostok center. This is related to the so-called “visual Mercury City the spatial expansion of a high-rise zone created 40 years ago on the western Tower absorption capacity” (VAC) in relation to the 261 m (5) side of the city center. Today, Warsaw is ranked fifth in Europe in terms of the Istanbul**** 42 21 23 – cityscape. In a climate where the scale of tall Sapphire Tower number of high-rises and is considered the second-most preferred city in buildings is increasing every year, this analysis 306 m (2) London 38 6 44 – helps drive discussion about the future shape Second-Skin Façades Europe (after London) for high-rise investment (see Table 1). The contemporary The Shard of city panoramas, and the possible limits of Ryszard Kowalczyk Jerzy Skrzypczak Frankfurt 259 m (6) 369 m skyline of Warsaw combines the historic panorama of the Old Town complex (a 30 2 23 Warsaw landscape transformation. Comments UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980) with a large cluster of modern sky- am Main Commerzbank Millennium Tower 61 231 m (16) 320 m Paris*** 27 1 6 scrapers around the centrally located Palace of Culture and Science. For the Tour First Hermitage Plaza Tall Buildings as a Main Feature past five years, by using 3-D computer simulations, it has been possible for 237 m (18) 282 m Catherine Houska Warsaw 17 4 20*+30** urban planners to design a future city skyline with new skyscrapers while Palace of Culture & Science Kulczyk Investment Tower Of the Expanding City Center Feedback on past maintaining visual protection of the Old Town silhouette. * Projects approved by City Hall (with land use conditions or in local development plans) ** Projects waiting for the decision of City Hall Throughout the history of the spatial *** Includes Courbevoie, the location of La Défense development of Warsaw, the city center was **** Considered to be part of Europe Wojciech Olenski Introduction will occur in the near future (see Table 2), as the always marked by the highest buildings and Table 1. European cities with the greatest number of buildings taller than 100 meters. Source: City of Warsaw next ten high-rises are planned here, half of towers visible in the panorama. In medieval documentation and CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Journal issues Authors The contemporary skyline of Warsaw, as seen which will exceed 200 meters in height. In total, times, the most important landmark of Warsaw Ryszard Kowalczyk, Structural Engineer from the waterfront of the Vistula River, is in the last seven years, developers submitted skyline was a Gothic cathedral with an University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw Name Architects Height Status Function Comments ul.Wawelska 14, Warszawa 02-061, Poland composed of two independent landmark plans for nearly 70 tall buildings. enormous 80-meter tower, which was captured t: +48 604 212 829 Kulczyk Silverstein clusters (see Figure 1): one is visible on the A. Wyszynski 282 m proposed mixed-use – on many historical drawings of the city skyline. 32 Politics, History, and Height e: [email protected] Properties Tower escarpment in the form of a historical The tower was a great engineering on the site of Intraco II Jerzy Skrzypczak, Architect silhouette of the Old Town, defined by church Digital Model of Warsaw Trade Tower Center J. Skrzypczak J. Jańczak 235 m proposed offices achievement, not only because of the height Biuro Projektów Architektury J&J Spółka z o.o. Tower ul. Zygmunta Glogera 3 lok.17 and palace towers; the other, located in the Cityscape Transformation but also due to very difficult foundation Palace of Culture Warszawa 02-051, Poland distant background is the New City with L. Rudniew 231 m 1955 office protected monument conditions. Unfortunately, after 100 years it was t: +48 22 823 10 38 and Science In Warsaw's Skyline e: [email protected] skyscrapers. The coexistence of two different For the evaluation of the city skyline, a destroyed by a hurricane in 1602. conflict with UNESCO Warsaw Spire Jaspers-Eyers Architects 220 m 2015 offices concentrations of building types, extending comprehensive urban elaboration was skyline Wojciech Olenski, Urban Planner 62 Meet the CTBUH Municipal Office of Town Planning and Development parallel to the river, is the defining characteristic developed in the Municipal Office of Town The first real high-rise that served as an office Strategy of the City of Warsaw feature of the Warsaw cityscape. Planning and Development Strategy of the Złota 44 Tower D. Libeskind 192 m 2013 apartments – building was the headquarters of the Swedish Pl.Defilad 1, pok.1319, p.13, Warszawa 00-901, Poland t: +48 22 656 65 19 City of Warsaw based on precise Warsaw Trade Majewski, Wyszynski, conflict with UNESCO telephone company Cedergren, also known as 208 m 1999 offices Ryszard Kowalczyk, Jerzy e: [email protected] Presently, the city skyline is changing its scale methodology, the consideration of different Tower Hermanowicz Architekci/RTKL skyline PASTa, completed in 1910 in the “Chicago and shape. This is most visible in the Western scales of perception of tall buildings and the InterContinental School” style. With its height doubling the T. Spychala 164 m 2003 hotel – Ryszard Kowalczyk is a professor at the University Hotel David Malott, Kohn Pedersen Fox for Ecology and Management in Warsaw. He has Center District (so called “Warsaw Manhattan”) use of a digital 3-D model of the city as a tool. width of the street frontage, the 55-meter compiled more than 60 years of research, consulting, – a special area with skyscrapers designed over 40 The virtual 3-D model of Warsaw was made in tower had an interesting quasi-historical façade and teaching in various universities and research Rondo 1 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 159 m 2006 offices – institutes in Poland and overseas. He has also been years ago as a counterpoint to the domination of 2007–2008 by two specialized geodetics and and an observation terrace on the top. Skrzypczak & Wojciech Olenski a UNESCO expert for vocational and technical the controversial Palace of Culture and Science. In geoinformatics companies, using data from Cosmopolitan H. Jahn 159 m 2013 apartments – education in the Middle East (1983–1989). His main fields of research are: structures, dynamics of the last 10 years, the number of high-rises erected aerial photos and field measurements. The The first modern skyscraper in Warsaw was Warsaw Financial J.Skrzypczak J.Jańczak / KPF/ 2008: winner of Trane structures, and structural systems of tall buildings. in this area has doubled, and the height of towers digital model is compatible with the GIS 144 m 1999 offices built between 1931 and 1933 for the Prudential Center Epstein & Sons Showcase Building Award Jerzy Skrzypczak was an academic teacher and has increased by 50%. But the biggest changes software used by urban planners. Insurance Company and quickly became the supervisor of theses at the Technical University Prudential M. Weinfeld 69 m 1936 offices protected monument highest building in the city, and a symbol of of Warsaw from 1955 to 2002. Skrzypczak has won numerous awards and distinctions in urban modern Warsaw. At the time it was the planning and architectural competitions, including Cedergren / PASTA B. Brochowicz-Rogoyski 55 m 1908 offices protected monument second-highest building in Europe. Its elegant CTBUH Organizational Members the Distinguished Honor Award of the Association 63 of Polish Architects in 2005. Since 1998 he has been 66-meter tower was accented by stone façades. the general designer and partner of Biuro Projektów Table 2. The highest buildings in central Warsaw (including the oldest). It was built on a welded steel frame, one of the Architektury J&J Spółka z o.o. first such solutions in the world and was 38 Using Computational Fluid Wojciech Olenski is an urban planner for the The two main objectives of the analysis are tall buildings, enabling a decision process designed by Stefan Bryła, one of the pioneers City of Warsaw. Since 2007, he has specialized in protection of the historical cityscape and with regard to the buildings’ siting and height. of welded structures. Current reconstruction Structure & Member Listings city landscape modeling, with special reference to simulation of high-rise buildings in the spatial creation of a modern city center. Tall buildings plans calls for restoring the 1936 television structure and panorama of the city, and the are studied, both as architectural objects and Practical objectives of the analysis concern the station mast built on the roof of the skyscraper preservation of the UNESCO registered historical Dynamics to Optimize complex. He has elaborated a methodology for urban structures. The analysis allows limitation of existing and new skyscraper and destroyed in World War II. Both high-rises, evaluating the location and form of tall buildings. visualization and review of all newly proposed zones, subjecting some areas to mandatory PASTa and Prudential, have been preserved in Figure 1. Structure of the left-side panorama of Warsaw seen from the Vistula River. © Wojciech Olenski Tall Building Design 32 | History, Theory & Criticism CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III History, Theory & Criticism | 33 Ahsan Kareem, Seymour Spence, Enrica Bernardini, Sarah Bobby & Daniel Wei We have a ‘wood first’ policy in British Columbia, “where public buildings have to consider the use of wood first and effectively prove why they can't use wood in the building design in order to proceed.

Michael Green, page” 46

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Inside | 3 Visit the daily-updated online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development Global News and sustainable construction from around the world at: http://news.ctbuh.org

Ideal Executive Chairman Datuk Alex Ooi showing the scale model of the Tree Sparina, The Astaka, Johor Baru. © GDP Architects Penang. © The Star/Gary Chen

Asia and Oceania completed by April 2014. However, at press According to BROAD Group, 90% of the Asia and Oceania continues to be a hotbed of time, reports circulated that Sky City did not building will be pre-fabricated in the tall-building activity. have proper planning permission and no company's factories, by up to 20,000 workers work had progressed since the in four months. It will take three months for China BROAD Group, the company hoping to groundbreaking. 30,000 workers to finish fabricating the units build the world's tallest skyscraper in record and construct the building on site. time, held a groundbreaking ceremony on The tower, designed to be taller than Dubai's July 20, in Changsha, China. The group is Burj Khalifa by 10 meters, will contain a hotel “Land use is a top concern in China,” Zhang planning to build the 838-meter Sky City for 1,000 guests and housing for up to 31,400 told the audience at the CTBUH 2013 London using its prefabricated modular construction people, ranging from penthouses to Conference. “Occupation of the land has method, which has won the 2013 CTBUH high-density units for low-income tenants. It caused a lot of social and environmental Innovation Award (see page 59). will also contain a hospital, schools, shops, issues. It has created huge demand for restaurants, and offices, creating an entire city transportation and energy consumption. In The founder of BROAD Group, Chairman within the building. the end, energy conservation is the focus of Zhang Yue, announced the tower will be everything.”

THEY SAID

We have learnt how to make money out of tall buildings,“ and the value of tall buildings in the world has become really important commercially. ” Emaar Properties' Chairman Mohamed Alabbar, who is considering building a skyscraper taller than Kingdom Tower. From “Burj Khalifa Developer Considers New World's Tallest Tower for Dubai to Beat Saudi.” The National. May 1, 2013.

Marina Bay Financial Centre, Singapore. © Raffles Quay Asset Management Pte.

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III THEY SAID

I don’t worry about making a bad project anymore,“ because I can just clad it with plants. ” Winy Maas, MVRDV, tongue-in-cheek, during an address to Otis College of Design, Los Angeles, February 20, 2013.

At the time of the competition, Barangaroo was Sydney's biggest regeneration project since the 2000 Olympics. However, a new project in the city center could potentially double that record. The New South Wales government is recruiting international companies to help redevelop the space over Sydney's Central Station inner-city rail lines and adjacent land. The project intends to Crown Hotel Barangaroo, Sydney. © Wilkinson Eyre Australia 108, Melbourne. © Febder Katsalidis/Dave create a new heart for the city and would Simmons become the largest urban renewal project in The combination of land use and social issues Sydney as part of a larger US$6 billion Australia. are driving other projects in the region also. In Barangaroo Redevelopment Master Plan. The Malaysia, Penang-based developer Ideal firm's organic design is an abstraction of three Not all tall building projects are progressing as Property Group is set to launch its Tree stems growing out of the ground and twisting well Down Under. Plans to build what may Sparina high-rise condo development next as they reach the top of the structure. have been the Southern Hemisphere's tallest month. The tower is the centerpiece of the skyscraper in Melbourne have been first phase of the 10-hectare Ideal Vision Park abandoned. Designers abandoned plans for mixed-use development project, which will Australia 108 after a series of code ultimately be the largest affordable housing requirements rendered the proposal project on the island. “impossible.” New plans for the site are expected to be shorter than 100 stories. Malaysia's tallest residential building, a 301-meter luxury tower, may be built in the city of Johor Baru. The Astaka is the first Middle East tower in a US$1.2 billion development that A few years of economic decline slowed will ultimately include three office towers, two construction in the United Arab Emirates, but residential towers, and a major shopping mall. a series of new projects have rolled out, indicating that commercial property The Marina Bay Financial Centre celebrated developers are finding renewed confidence in its official opening May 15 in Singapore's the market. The Dubai Multi Commodities central business district. The four-tower Centre (DMCC) is planning to build what mixed-use development has been under could ultimately be the world's tallest construction since 2006 and is almost 100% commercial tower. Ahmed Bin Sulayem, occupied. Executive Chairman of DMCC, has selected a plot of land located on the southern side of Further south, Wilkinson Eyre Architects won the Jumeirah Lake Towers master-planned the bid to design the new Crown Hotel in Sydney Central Station redevelopment plan. © Urban community. The company is still in the Growth NSW / Architectus

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Global News | 7 Case Study: The Bow, Calgary Rising Above and Bending Aside To Make Space and Place The Bow, which opened officially in June, is the latest and most ambitious high-rise development in the Canadian city of Calgary, designed for the energy companies Encana and Cenovus. The client’s aim was to create a world-class building that would be a defining landmark on the city’s skyline. Today, with its distinctive curved diagrid steel structure visible from far away, its “sky gardens” and dramatic full-height atrium, the scheme has delivered on James Barnes Jonathan Hendricks those goals. Not only has this 237-meter giant set records as Canada’s largest steel-framed building, Calgary’s tallest tower, and the highest Canadian tower Authors outside Toronto; Calgarians have already adopted it as a symbol of their city. James Barnes, Partner Foster + Partners Riverside 22 Hester Road In these pages we explore the origins of the of office accommodation, along with London SW11 4AN Bow, and how the design met the challenges abundant retail and public space. United Kingdom t: +44 20 7738 0455 of the brief. We look at its complex f: +44 20 7738 1107 engineering and construction, and consider The client and local planning authorities e: [email protected] www.fosterandpartners.com its contribution to the city that surrounds it. envisaged the building as a major presence: The first spectacular marker in a masterplan to Jonathan Hendricks, Senior Principal develop a new zone of the city, it was also Yolles A Tall Order expected to meet city policy goals for Queen's Quay Terminal Suite 550–207 Queen's Quay West sustainable development. Toronto, ON M5J 1A7 In 2005, Foster + Partners were selected to Canada t: +1 416 561 5245 design new headquarters for Encana Above all, the building would be a commer- e: [email protected] Corporation, a North American energy giant cial headquarters for several thousand staff. As www.ch2mhill.com/yolles based in Calgary. With its employees formerly well as requiring space for a great many housed in a number of buildings around the people, Encana had a particular way of James Barnes James Barnes is a partner at Foster + Partners and city, Encana needed a landmark building that dividing up their teams which would need to was project architect for The Bow, a major new high- would bring its staff together and, in be reflected very precisely in the design of the rise landmark for Calgary and an environmentally sustainable headquarters for one of Canada's leading providing a superb working environment, building. The budget was strict, the schedule energy corporations. He joined Foster + Partners help the company to attract and retain the was demanding and there were real obstacles in 2001 and became a partner in 2008. His current role extends to the procurement and management most talented people. Their vision translated to overcome, including planning restrictions of work across North America and the Middle East, into a brief for almost 186,000 square meters affecting the height of the building. But for where he is involved in a range of projects, including the competition-winning design for a new skyscraper at 425 Park Avenue, New York, and a new develop- ment within the King Abdullah Financial District, Saudi Arabia.

Jonathan Hendricks Jonathan Hendricks is a Senior Principal at Yolles, having worked with the firm for 20 years from bases in Toronto and London. He has been privileged to have had the opportunity to collaborate with some of the world’s most renowned architects such as Foster + Partners, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (formerly Richard Rogers Partnership), Raphael Viñoly Architects, Pelli Clarke Pelli (formerly Cesar Pelli Ar- chitects), and others, on a full range of project types in Europe, North America, and Asia. Jonathan acted as the Structural Design Principal on The Bow, and contributed to the structural design concepts that define the building.

12 | The| The Bow, Bow, Calgary Calgary CTBUHCTBUH Journal Journal | | 20132012 Issue III Figure 1. The Bow, Calgary. Figure 2. View to the city. the design team, this was an opportunity to leader among Canadian cities for energy provided the most perimeter accommodation design a new star in the world’s high-rise efficiency, it has set out a sustainable develop- and created a well protected outside public firmament. ment plan for a whole century, and was the first space within the arc’s south-facing embrace Canadian city to impose a Leadership in Energy (see Figure 3). It also shed wind load far better and Environmental Design (LEED) certification than an equivalent-sized rectangular building, The City policy on all public buildings. reducing stress on the structure.

The province of Alberta, where Calgary is The team explored six alternative themes for located, is epic in the scale of its landscape, The Site the main structural configuration for the agriculture, and mineral reserves. From its first tower. Along with internal diagrams, they settlement in 1875 and its history of pre- The Bow is an important catalyst for renewal, looked at a perimeter tube system and at a eminence in the cattle trade, Calgary has and forms the first phase of a masterplan number of different diagrid patterns. The most grown into one of Canada’s largest cities and is covering two city blocks on the east side of efficient diagram was provided by a hybrid a magnet for big business, particularly the Centre Street, a major axis through downtown solution, which is described in the section on global energy industry. It is “an optimistic city, a Calgary, south of the Bow River. A new quarter, structure. city on the rise,” as Mayor Naheed Nenshi the East Village, will be developed nearby, described it during the Bow’s opening extending from the downtown district into a ceremony – an exciting place into which to neglected area that was once, before its introduce an iconic tower. decline, the center of Calgary.

The city is surrounded by wide-open spaces, so that The Bow announces itself dramatically, Design Process from far away, and from many vantage points (see Figure 1). It sits at the confluence of the Early in the design process, the client visited rivers Bow and Elbow. The great prairies roll London for a two-week workshop. During this eastwards and, stretching out toward the time, the design team created a shared snowy caps of the Rockies to the west, is Banff ”working studio” dedicated to the project, with National Park. The views from within the daily design reviews from Lord Foster, the building are magnificent on every side (see architects’ design board, and the client team. By Figure 2). the end of the period, the team had worked through hundreds of potential layouts and had The climate is dry, with the highest number of agreed a concept to take forward. The sunny days in Canada. The summers are collaborative approach continued throughout, pleasant, while winter temperatures plummet with regular meetings held in Toronto, Calgary, far below freezing, occasionally rocketing and London. upwards when the warm Chinook wind arrives. Alberta is a place of strong winds, and Calgary The curved shape of the building was chosen boasts a wind-powered rapid transit system. A because it made best use of the site area, Figure 3. Diagrid structure.

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III The Bow, Calgary | 13 Architecture/Design Imagining the Tall Building of the Future Predicting the future is an impossible task. One will never get it absolutely right. However, that does not make it a pointless exercise. Instead, such a discussion is a tool to enable conversations about the possible, and to inspire people to think beyond today and look at some of the trends that will shape our future.

Josef Hargrave Ralph Wilson The below text and corresponding illustration tone for an environment that invites (see Figure 1) do not aim to depict what all adaptation with ease; a place where hard Authors buildings, or even all tall buildings, will look like infrastructure, communication, and social Josef Hargrave, Senior Consultant, Foresight + Innovation in the future. Instead, we want to create a systems are seamlessly intertwined with a Ralph Wilson, Mechanical Engineer vehicle for conversation. We present a tool to conscious necessity to integrate and engage Arup highlight some of the functions and in sustainable design practices. 13 Fitzroy Street London W1T 4BQ characteristics we may expect from cities and United Kingdom buildings in the future, and to explore what Future technology will be far more focused on t: +44 20 7755 4357 that may entail for the sector as a whole. producing unique solutions for individual e: [email protected] / [email protected] www.driversofchange.com / www.arup.com

Josef Hargrave Can you imagine? Josef Hargrave is a senior Foresight and Innovation consultant at Arup. He is responsible for the firm’s foresight activities and consulting services across By 2050, the human population will have the Europe Region. Josef works for clients spanning reached nine billion; of this, 75% will be living in a wide variety of sectors and markets. His projects combine corporate foresight with Arup’s global cities. Until then, climate change, resource engineering and consulting expertise, providing scarcities, rising energy costs, and a clients with unique insights on the future of the built environment. Josef’s passion is the future of cities: the preoccupation with preventing and minimizing structures, spaces, technologies, and experiences that the effects of the next natural or man-made will make life in the city sustainable in the long-term. disaster will undoubtedly shape our vision of the built environment. As major cities reach Ralph Wilson Ralph Wilson is a mechanical engineer and their boundary limits, extending transit sustainability specialist based in Arup’s Building networks and patterns of urban sprawl will no Engineering London group. He is an innovation enthusiast with a curiosity for the novel, and longer provide an effective solution. Instead, a particular interest in design that supports demographic and lifestyle changes will serve as environmental awareness and behavioral change. major catalysts in the shift toward increasingly dense and vertical urban environments.

As the future of cities takes center stage, what will we come to expect from the design and functions of the buildings within them?

The year 2050 will mark a generation of internet-native adults who will have lived all their lives engaging with smart devices and materials. They will have experienced technological breakthroughs that will redefine how human beings interact – not only with each other, but with their surrounding environment. We will live in cities where everything can be manipulated in real-time and where all components of the urban fabric are part of a single smart system and an “internet of things.” These expectations set the Figure 1. Arup Foresight: future urban building. © Rob House / Arup

20 | Architecture/Design CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III right – reacting to the local environment and components of the building system. engaging the users within. A dynamic Technology, spaces, and façades will be network of feedback loops, characterized by rapidly modifiable, dictated by factors such as smart materials, sensors, data exchange, and the addition or subtraction of program, automated systems merge together, virtually density of dwellers, or other context-based functioning as a synthetic and highly sensitive and environmental cues. nervous system. In this sense, the building’s structure is highly adaptive and characterized There are already clues to this emergent by indeterminate functions – a scheme in future, albeit at a smaller scale. The installation which space and form are manipulated “Flight Assembled Architecture” (see Figure 2) for depending on the time of day or the user example – a collaboration between architects group currently activating the structure. The Gramazio & Kohler and roboticists at ETH system presents a spatial and formal Zurich’s Institute for Dynamic Systems and condition that changes constantly. The Control – features flying “quadcopters” that structure’s components are designed to be construct a six-meter-high twisting tower out dynamic, intelligent, and reactive – it is a living of foam bricks. The tower itself is a 1,500-brick, structure activated by interaction with the 1:100 model of a “vertical village” conceived by users and its surrounding environment. the architectural team. Four flying robots work Structural systems merge with energy, collaboratively to build it at a rate of 100 bricks Figure 2. Flight Assembled Tower. © Francois Lauginie lighting, and façade systems to extend per hour, with their movements dictated by beyond the confines of physical limits, and to digital design data that is translated into people. The necessity for our surrounding shape a new type of urban experience. mathematical algorithms. environment to inherently understand an individual’s preferences and personal needs In the high-rise of 2050, materials will feature means all facets of the building network could Can you imagine a building that has intelligent design and will be formulated as respond to the specifics of each unique user, flexible components designed for continu- high-performance composites made from down to an individual’s genetic composition. ous adaptability? recycled and renewable elements, providing functions such as self-repair or purification of In 2050, the urban dweller and the city are in a In this emerging age, significant develop- the surrounding air. Already in Mexico City, state of constant flux – changing and evolving ments in construction will advance current this idea is becoming a reality. At the Hospital in reaction to emerging contexts and practices – prefabricated and modular Manuel Gea Gonzalez, the design firm Elegant conditions. The urban tall building of the structural systems will be moved and Embellishments has installed a tiled façade future fosters this innate quality, essentially assembled by robots that work seamlessly over-cladding on the hospital’s Torre de functioning as a living organism in its own together to install, detect, repair, and upgrade Especialidades (see Figure 3) that utilizes a

Figure 3. Torre de Especialidades, Mexico City. © Alejandro Cartegena

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Architecture/Design | 21 Façades

The Use of Stainless Steel in Second-Skin Façades

Exterior walls are being transformed from relatively simple climate-defensive mechanisms to more active membranes that screen weather to reduce energy requirements. Innovative designs are being used on award-winning projects around the world, and these concepts could be applied to a much broader range of buildings. Bioclimatic architecture refers to designing buildings to improve thermal and visual comfort. These designs incorporate Catherine Houska systems that provide protection from summer sun, reduce winter heat loss, and make use of the environment for heating, cooling, and lighting buildings. Author Catherine Houska, Senior Development Manager TMR Consulting Long before central heat or air-conditioning, second skin to achieve the building’s energy 3209 McKnight E Dr. mankind modified building designs to suit reduction goals. European and US research Pittsburgh, PA 15237, United States t: +1 412 369 0377 the climate and achieve natural cooling or has improved the ability to model the screens’ e: [email protected] improved heat retention. The practice of potential benefits. This article will discuss new www.tmrstainless.com screening exterior façades from sun or winter modeling developments and illustrate how

Catherine Houska storms is an old concept that has regained several types of exterior stainless-steel Catherine Houska is an internationally recognized popularity with growing international interest weather screens are being used on award- expert on the architectural applications and atmospheric corrosion of stainless steel. She consults in bioclimatic design concepts that better winning and innovative hybrid bioclimatic on new projects, provides forensic evaluations, and harmonize buildings with their environments. façade projects around the world and consultants for numerous international industry associations. These concepts can be important tools in explores the potential for application of achieving energy-consumption reduction bioclimatic façades in high-rise buildings. Houska is the author of over 150 articles and papers, and speaks regularly at conferences and workshops goals, while transforming exterior walls from around the world. She is active in standards relatively simple “climate-defensive” The emergence of whole-building life cycle development (ASTM A01 steel and E60 sustainability, CRSI and ACI) and represents the Nickel Institute at mechanisms into more active membranes. assessments (LCAs) as a sustainable design the USGBC. These screens are increasingly being used on tool is increasing awareness of the high She holds a BS, Metallurgical Engineering & Materials larger structures. environmental impact of repeated material Science, Carnegie Mellon University and an MBA, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western replacement and encourages specification of Reserve University. Bioclimatic façade systems can consist of durable products that will remain in place traditional overhangs and setbacks, but over the project’s service life. Stainless steel is increasingly a layer of screens is being placed a logical material for corrosive environments outside of the primary environmental barrier. with industrial pollution or salt exposure, These screens serve as a double envelope or particularly when there would be minimal to

Figure 1. Type 316 stainless steel exterior sunscreens in varying styles were used on the ThyssenKrupp corporate campus to actively adjust to seasonal and weather conditions to reduce energy requirements. © ThyssenKrupp AG

26 | Façades CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III no maintenance and there is an expectation building security and safety by providing of at least 50 years of service. visual barriers. Bioclimatic second- Bioclimatic Second-Skin Façades In fixed, woven meshes, perforated panels, or louvers, several factors influence the solar “skin façades are Bioclimatic second-skin façades are typically shading benefit and natural interior lighting between 0.2 and 4.5 meters away from the levels, the opening size, solar reflectance and typically between 0.2 environmental barrier. The intermediate space transmittance influence the solar shading and 4.5 meters away can be used to moderate heat, light, wind, benefit and natural interior lighting levels. noise, pollution, and other environmental Therefore, seasonal daylight modeling is from the stresses. This space can provide shading, light necessary for design optimization. In climates and air redirection, thermal load balancing, where the sun angle significantly changes environmental barrier. and resistance to heat loss and gain. with each season, fixed louvers may allow sunlight to enter in the winter, while reducing The intermediate The building inhabitants’ connections with heat gain in the summer. their surroundings are improved by these space can be used to designs. The inner environmental barrier wall moderate heat, light, frequently has operable windows or provides Active Second-Skin Façades other provisions for ventilation. The second wind, noise, pollution, skin at least partially shades the inner wall, There are many variations on active second- reducing summer cooling requirements while skin façades, but they are typically operable and other still allowing daylight to enter the building. metal louvers, wooden slats, or perforated During the winter, these outer second skins panels supported by stainless-steel tension environmental can shelter the inner wall from winter storms, systems or frames. All have integrated while allowing the sunlight to enter and warm computer-controlled mechanical systems that stresses. up the building, lowering heating loads. work with the building’s heating and cooling ” systems to respond dynamically to varying Bioclimatic second-skin weather screens can conditions (Gonchar 2007, RMI 2008). was awarded a Gold-level German Certificate either be active, computer-controlled systems for Sustainable Buildings. Energy requirements that constantly adjust to the environment or Sections of the shading system open or close are expected to be 20 to 30% below statutory low-tech, fixed passive systems. Here, we with changes in the sun’s trajectory or the requirements. The integrated computer- focus on four screen types and provide both weather. This allows active second-skin façade controlled environmental systems adjust the active and passive screen examples: systems to maximize the benefits of solar natural ventilation and sun-shading levels to radiation or lighting, minimize heat gain, or respond to changing weather conditions. ƒƒ fixed and operable louvers; shield the inner wall during winter storms, When used with geothermal heating and ƒƒ woven mesh; reducing heat loss. Natural ventilation is cooling, the need for air-conditioning was ƒƒ perforated panels; and maximized to improve occupant health and eliminated, and winter heating requirements ƒƒ green (i.e., vegetated) façade screens. control building temperature levels. were greatly reduced (see Figure 1).

Tension-supported systems, such green Energy is necessary to operate these systems, All the buildings are simple, glazed shapes screens and louvers, parallel the inner wall, and maintenance of the mechanical and made more interesting by their Type 316 while lightweight framing can be used to vary sensing systems is required. Active second- sunshade systems. Building Q2, the corporate the distance between the inner insulated skin skin façades have been particularly popular in conference and training center, has custom, and second skin, making seamless curving, Europe, Asia, and Australia, although some of perforated, passive sunscreens. Active geometric, and other shapes possible by the earliest examples are in North America motorized horizontal slat sunshades were using woven mesh or perforated panels. (e.g., Occidental Chemical Center, Niagara used on Building Q1. Motorized triangular, Falls, New York, completed in 1980). square, and trapezoidal fins were employed These second weather-screening skins can on Buildings Q5 and Q7. A dull abrasive cost-effectively reduce energy consumption ThyssenKrupp Campus blasted finish was applied to the outside, while improving the building’s appearance, at The TKQ architect consortium, consisting of while a highly polished finish was applied to a much lower cost than is possible through JSWD Architekten and Chaix & Morel, the inside of the slats and fins. Adjustment of modifying load-bearing walls (Murray 2009 & designed a seven-building corporate campus the slats’ angles determines interior light and 2011). These façades can also enhance in Essen, Germany for ThyssenKrupp, which temperature levels.

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Façades | 27 History, Theory & Criticism Politics, History, and Height in Warsaw This paper describes the present high-rise boom in Warsaw, which is related to unprecedented development of the capital of Poland in the last 15 years and the spatial expansion of a high-rise zone created 40 years ago on the western side of the city center. Today, Warsaw is ranked fifth in Europe in terms of the number of high-rises and is considered the second-most preferred city in Europe (after London) for high-rise investment (see Table 1). The contemporary Ryszard Kowalczyk Jerzy Skrzypczak skyline of Warsaw combines the historic panorama of the Old Town complex (a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980) with a large cluster of modern sky- scrapers around the centrally located Palace of Culture and Science. For the past five years, by using 3-D computer simulations, it has been possible for urban planners to design a future city skyline with new skyscrapers while maintaining visual protection of the Old Town silhouette.

Wojciech Olenski Introduction will occur in the near future (see Table 2), as the next ten high-rises are planned here, half of Authors The contemporary skyline of Warsaw, as seen which will exceed 200 meters in height. In total, Ryszard Kowalczyk, Structural Engineer from the waterfront of the Vistula River, is in the last seven years, developers submitted University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw ul.Wawelska 14, Warszawa 02-061, Poland composed of two independent landmark plans for nearly 70 tall buildings. t: +48 604 212 829 clusters (see Figure 1): one is visible on the e: [email protected] escarpment in the form of a historical Jerzy Skrzypczak, Architect silhouette of the Old Town, defined by church Digital Model of Warsaw Biuro Projektów Architektury J&J Spółka z o.o. ul. Zygmunta Glogera 3 lok.17 and palace towers; the other, located in the Cityscape Transformation Warszawa 02-051, Poland distant background is the New City with t: +48 22 823 10 38 e: [email protected] skyscrapers. The coexistence of two different For the evaluation of the city skyline, a concentrations of building types, extending comprehensive urban elaboration was Wojciech Olenski, Urban Planner Municipal Office of Town Planning and Development parallel to the river, is the defining characteristic developed in the Municipal Office of Town Strategy of the City of Warsaw feature of the Warsaw cityscape. Planning and Development Strategy of the Pl.Defilad 1, pok.1319, p.13, Warszawa 00-901, Poland t: +48 22 656 65 19 City of Warsaw based on precise e: [email protected] Presently, the city skyline is changing its scale methodology, the consideration of different and shape. This is most visible in the Western scales of perception of tall buildings and the Ryszard Kowalczyk is a professor at the University for Ecology and Management in Warsaw. He has Center District (so called “Warsaw Manhattan”) use of a digital 3-D model of the city as a tool. compiled more than 60 years of research, consulting, – a special area with skyscrapers designed over 40 The virtual 3-D model of Warsaw was made in and teaching in various universities and research institutes in Poland and overseas. He has also been years ago as a counterpoint to the domination of 2007–2008 by two specialized geodetics and a UNESCO expert for vocational and technical the controversial Palace of Culture and Science. In geoinformatics companies, using data from education in the Middle East (1983–1989). His main fields of research are: structures, dynamics of the last 10 years, the number of high-rises erected aerial photos and field measurements. The structures, and structural systems of tall buildings. in this area has doubled, and the height of towers digital model is compatible with the GIS

Jerzy Skrzypczak was an academic teacher and has increased by 50%. But the biggest changes software used by urban planners. supervisor of theses at the Technical University of Warsaw from 1955 to 2002. Skrzypczak has won numerous awards and distinctions in urban planning and architectural competitions, including the Distinguished Honor Award of the Association of Polish Architects in 2005. Since 1998 he has been the general designer and partner of Biuro Projektów Architektury J&J Spółka z o.o.

Wojciech Olenski is an urban planner for the City of Warsaw. Since 2007, he has specialized in city landscape modeling, with special reference to simulation of high-rise buildings in the spatial structure and panorama of the city, and the preservation of the UNESCO registered historical complex. He has elaborated a methodology for evaluating the location and form of tall buildings. Figure 1. Structure of the left-side panorama of Warsaw seen from the Vistula River. © Wojciech Olenski

32 | History, Theory & Criticism CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Existing 100 Under Tallest building height in 2013 height limits (in the background of the City m+ tall Planned Tallest building planned construction (rank in Europe) buildings UNESCO complex) and defining the maximum number and size of tall buildings in the city 360 m 339 m (1) Moscow 93 23 8 Federation Towers – Vostok center. This is related to the so-called “visual Mercury City Tower absorption capacity” (VAC) in relation to the 261 m (5) Istanbul**** 42 21 23 – cityscape. In a climate where the scale of tall Sapphire Tower buildings is increasing every year, this analysis 306 m (2) London 38 6 44 – helps drive discussion about the future shape The Shard of city panoramas, and the possible limits of Frankfurt 259 m (6) 369 m 30 2 23 Warsaw landscape transformation. am Main Commerzbank Millennium Tower

231 m (16) 320 m Paris*** 27 1 6 Tour First Hermitage Plaza Tall Buildings as a Main Feature 237 m (18) 282 m Warsaw 17 4 20*+30** Palace of Culture & Science Kulczyk Investment Tower Of the Expanding City Center

* Projects approved by City Hall (with land use conditions or in local development plans) ** Projects waiting for the decision of City Hall Throughout the history of the spatial *** Includes Courbevoie, the location of La Défense development of Warsaw, the city center was **** Considered to be part of Europe always marked by the highest buildings and Table 1. European cities with the greatest number of buildings taller than 100 meters. Source: City of Warsaw towers visible in the panorama. In medieval documentation and CTBUH Skyscraper Center. times, the most important landmark of Warsaw

Name Architects Height Status Function Comments skyline was a Gothic cathedral with an enormous 80-meter tower, which was captured Kulczyk Silverstein A. Wyszynski 282 m proposed mixed-use – on many historical drawings of the city skyline. Properties Tower The tower was a great engineering on the site of Intraco II Trade Tower Center J. Skrzypczak J. Jańczak 235 m proposed offices achievement, not only because of the height Tower but also due to very difficult foundation Palace of Culture L. Rudniew 231 m 1955 office protected monument and Science conditions. Unfortunately, after 100 years it was destroyed by a hurricane in 1602. conflict with UNESCO Warsaw Spire Jaspers-Eyers Architects 220 m 2015 offices skyline The first real high-rise that served as an office Złota 44 Tower D. Libeskind 192 m 2013 apartments – building was the headquarters of the Swedish Warsaw Trade Majewski, Wyszynski, conflict with UNESCO telephone company Cedergren, also known as 208 m 1999 offices Tower Hermanowicz Architekci/RTKL skyline PASTa, completed in 1910 in the “Chicago InterContinental School” style. With its height doubling the T. Spychala 164 m 2003 hotel – Hotel width of the street frontage, the 55-meter

Rondo 1 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 159 m 2006 offices – tower had an interesting quasi-historical façade and an observation terrace on the top. Cosmopolitan H. Jahn 159 m 2013 apartments – The first modern skyscraper in Warsaw was Warsaw Financial J.Skrzypczak J.Jańczak / KPF/ 2008: winner of Trane 144 m 1999 offices built between 1931 and 1933 for the Prudential Center Epstein & Sons Showcase Building Award Insurance Company and quickly became the Prudential M. Weinfeld 69 m 1936 offices protected monument highest building in the city, and a symbol of modern Warsaw. At the time it was the Cedergren / PASTA B. Brochowicz-Rogoyski 55 m 1908 offices protected monument second-highest building in Europe. Its elegant 66-meter tower was accented by stone façades. Table 2. The highest buildings in central Warsaw (including the oldest). It was built on a welded steel frame, one of the first such solutions in the world and was The two main objectives of the analysis are tall buildings, enabling a decision process designed by Stefan Bryła, one of the pioneers protection of the historical cityscape and with regard to the buildings’ siting and height. of welded structures. Current reconstruction creation of a modern city center. Tall buildings plans calls for restoring the 1936 television are studied, both as architectural objects and Practical objectives of the analysis concern the station mast built on the roof of the skyscraper urban structures. The analysis allows limitation of existing and new skyscraper and destroyed in World War II. Both high-rises, visualization and review of all newly proposed zones, subjecting some areas to mandatory PASTa and Prudential, have been preserved in

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III History, Theory & Criticism | 33 Wind Engineering Using Computational Fluid Dynamics To Optimize Tall Building Design In recent years, designers of tall and supertall buildings have been challenged Authors Ahsan Kareem to reconcile modern architectural features with new sustainability and Seymour M. J. Spence efficiency requirements. In response to these needs, this paper examines Enrica Bernardini Sarah Bobby innovative tools that can give the designers of tall buildings the possibility of Daniel Wei thoroughly exploring the design space, both in the definition of the external NatHaz Modeling Laboratory University of Notre Dame shape of the building and in the identification of its structural system. These 156 Fitzpatrick Hall Notre Dame, IN 46556 tools are envisaged as fundamental contributions to the development of a United States global integrated framework for the shaping and topological optimization of t: + 1 574 631 5380 f: +1 574 631 9236 tall buildings. e: [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] Definition of the Geometric Form Identification of the Structural System Ahsan Kareem is the Robert M. Moran Professor of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences and the director of the NatHaz Modeling Laboratory at the While designers clearly understand that When dealing with the difficulties associated University of Notre Dame. His research uses computer geometric modifications, such as the with the design of structural systems for models and laboratory and full-scale experiments to study the dynamic effects of environmental loads introduction of chamfered corners, can buildings of extreme height and complicated under winds, waves, and earthquakes in order to significantly reduce the aerodynamic response geometric profiles, the classic approach is understand and predict the impact of natural hazards on the constructed environment and to develop of tall buildings (Miyashita 1993, Kareem 1999, essentially based on adapting traditional mitigation strategies that enhance the performance Gensler 2010, Xia 2010), a systematic approach systems that have been defined based on and safety of structures. for taking full advantage of aerodynamic experience with relatively simple vertical

Seymour M. J. Spence is a Research Assistant building sculpting is still missing. Indeed, in the forms. This hinders the exploration of Professor at the University of Notre Dame, USA. His preliminary phases of the design process, innovative structural solutions, which until main interests are centered on the areas of aleatory dynamics and optimization theory applied to large- several configurations are often considered and now have been available to a select few (e.g., scale and uncertain structural systems. His research is studied in order to identify the one that yields Khan 2004, Katz & Robertson 2008). For this currently focusing on the performance-based topol- ogy/design optimization of structural systems subject the best aerodynamic performance. Such reason, topology optimization techniques – to combined time-variant/-invariant uncertainties, assessments have to be conducted via which aspire to automatically determine the as well as methodologies and procedures for the efficient CFD-based aerodynamic shape optimization wind-tunnel tests, as the relation between the optimum material layout of a structure and of tall buildings. external shape of a structure and the resulting are widely used in the aerospace and intensity of the aerodynamic excitation is not mechanical engineering fields – are now Enrica Bernardini earned her PhD from the University of Perugia, Italy, in 2012. She then joined straightforward, and the beneficial influence gaining attention in structural system design the NatHaz Modeling Laboratory at the University of that specific geometric modifications can have (Sarkisian 2011, Stromberg 2012). Notre Dame, USA, and is currently a Visiting Research Assistant Professor. Her main research interest is on the wind loads is difficult to predict. As an the definition of reliability and performance-based alternative to wind-tunnel tests, computational In particular, recognizing that the numerous methodologies for the design of wind-excited tall buildings. More recently, she has been focusing on fluid dynamics (CFD) has recently gained uncertainties affecting the problem may have the possibility of developing strategies for the shape interest in civil-engineering applications. Due a strong influence on the results, researchers and topology optimization of tall buildings. to the resources and time necessary for have become interested in performing performing each test, geometric form performance-based topology optimization Sarah Bobby is a graduate student at the University of Notre Dame and is currently researching the definition can only be carried out as a (PBTO), in which the inherently uncertain use of performance-based analysis methods and trial-and-error procedure, in which a limited structural environment is explicitly considered. their integration with topology optimization procedures to obtain efficient conceptual designs for number of possible configurations, chosen Additionally, in the traditional design process, aerodynamically sensitive tall buildings. based on experience, can be examined. the structural system definition and the detailed-design stage are seen as distinct and Daniel Wei's expertise is in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). He has been developing various CFD simulations can be used to investigate subsequent. However, the global mechanisms modules with OpenFOAM (an open-source finite feasible shape changes and discover the characterizing the behavior of the structural volume code) since 2005. He has strong skills and experience in various CFD-related fields, including optimal configuration in a large search space, system and the properties of the structural mesh enhancement and moving, turbulence and have thus become the subject of elements are highly interactive and, if an modeling (RANS, LES and hybrid), and high performance computing. increasing interest (Bobby 2013). optimal structural efficiency is desired, topological and detailed design optimization

38 | Wind Engineering CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III should be carried out in an integrated fashion. where equations (3) and This objective is extremely demanding, and is (4) represent R equality here envisaged as a challenge to be constraints and S addressed at a later stage. Having said this, the inequality constraints, aforementioned objective must be kept in respectively, imposed mind during the development of topology on the design variables. optimization procedures, therefore allowing a The presence of the later integration. constraints is particu- larly important, as it allows for control of The Proposed Framework desired features of the

shape, and to avoid Figure 1. Overview of the proposed shape optimization strategy. The development of a framework that guides selecting a final shape the tall building design process through the purely as the result of an automated during each iteration of the optimization various stages and allows the thorough procedure. For every optimization cycle, the process, from a limited number of two- exploration of the design space would be of use of CFD analysis allows the estimation of dimensional CFD simulations, therefore primary interest to designers. This paper the objective function for the current avoiding the need to carry out time- introduces a framework for the CFD-aided configuration, which is subsequently consuming three-dimensional simulations shape optimization and PBTO of tall buildings, modified until convergence is reached. involving the entire structure. The use of this through the presentation of innovative design model is fundamental for the practical strategies, which are presented as part of a This strategy, which couples CFD simulations implementation of the proposed shape future global design process for tall buildings. and optimization, poses many challenges. optimization strategy, because it allows a First of all, a suitable optimization algorithm substantial reduction of the computational should be robust and able to provide a steady burden associated with the CFD simulations The Shape Optimization Strategy and fairly rapid convergence. In addition, the and consequently expedites the optimization, practical implementation of this framework is while at the same time providing a reliable The shape optimization strategy, which highly constrained by the necessity of a estimation of the objective function. represents the first stage of the proposed trade-off between trustworthiness and framework, consists of finding the external time-efficiency of the CFD analysis embedded The low-dimensional model allows the geometry of the building that gives the best in the optimization loop, which requires reconstruction of the entire floor-load spectral aerodynamic performance and fulfills at the multiple evaluations. For the success of the structure from information pertaining to a same time a set of constraints. The initial optimization strategy, choosing the most limited number of two-dimensional geometry is described in terms of a limited appropriate and efficient methodology for simulations carried out on n representative number (N) of parameters, collected in the solving the Navier-Stokes equations within slices, as schematically represented in Figure vector q, representing the design variables of the CFD analysis is of paramount importance. 2. The model is based on defining a vector of the optimization algorithm. The objective parameters q that give a three-dimensional function to be minimized can be chosen as a The proposed shape optimization strategy is parametric representation of the building’s generalized aerodynamic measure, G(q), shown in Figure 1. With the aim of envelope. The choice of the number and related for example to the fundamental overcoming – partially, at least – the position of the slices over the building height generalized forces acting on the building or to aforementioned difficulties, we propose will depend on the complexity of the the base moments. Constraints can include adopting a low-dimensional model of the geometry (typically, in presence of marked limitations on the floor area or a maximum load distribution, whose features will be changes of section over the height, one slice allowable shape change. The optimization described in the following pages. We also can be chosen for each cross-section). The problem can therefore be posed examine mesh-morphing algorithms within adoption of this model will allow the mathematically as: the CFD platform. evaluation of the objective function from the reconstructed floor-load spectral structure, T Find: q =…{}qq1,,N (1) The low-dimensional model considerably reducing the computational The proposed low-dimensional model, which burden associated with the simulations and to minimize G(q) (2) assesses the effect of wind loads acting on the therefore significantly contributing to the subject to: entire structure, is introduced as an essential applicability of the optimization procedure. Crr ()q ==01 …, R (3) component of the aerodynamic optimization strategy. The aim of the model is to allow In a similar fashion to the models developed

Dss ()q ≤= 01 …, S (4) rapid assessment of the objective function, for the assessment of the cross-power spectral

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Wind Engineering | 39 Tall Buildings in Numbers Vanity Height: the Empty Space in Today’s Tallest Vanity Height Non-occupiable Space 39% We noticed in Journal 2013 Issue I’s case study on Kingdom Tower, Jeddah, that a fair non-occupiable amount of the top of the building seemed to be an unoccupied spire. This prompted height us to explore the notion of “vanity height ” in supertall1 buildings, i.e., the distance Highest Occupied between a skyscraper’s highest occupiable fl oor and its architectural top, as Floor: 198 meters determined by CTBUH Height Criteria.2

Note: 1Historically there have been 74 completed supertalls (300+ m) in the world, including the now-demolished 61% One and Two World Trade Center in New York. occupiable 2 For more information on the CTBUH Height Criteria, visit http://criteria.ctbuh.org height Occupiable Space

World’s Ten Tallest Vanity Heights (as of July 2013 data) Top Architectural to Height Below are the ten tallest “Vanity Heights” in today’s completed supertalls. Burj Al Arab With a vanity height of nearly 124 meters within its architectural height of 321 244 m | 29% meters, the Burj Al Arab has the highest non-occupiable * The highest occupied fl oor height as datum line. height ** The highest occupied fl oor height. non-occupiable-to-occupiable height ratio among completed supertalls. 39% of its height is non-occupiable.

133 m | 30% 200 m non-occupiable 131 m | 36% height non-occupiable 124 m | 39% height non-occupiable 113 m | 32% height non-occupiable 99 m | 31% height 150 m non-occupiable height 97 m | 31% 96 m | 29% non-occupiable 95 m | 27% non-occupiable 94 m | 28% height non-occupiable height non-occupiable height height

100 m

50 m

0 m*

1 98765432 10

Burj Khalifa Zifeng Tower Bank of America Tower Burj Al Arab Emirates New York Emirates Rose Rayhaan The Pinnacle Minsheng 828 m | 585 m** 450 m | 317 m** 366 m | 235m** 321 m | 198 m** Tower One Times Tower Tower Two by Rotana 360 m | 265 m** Bank Building Dubai, 2010 Nanjing, 2010 New York, 2009 Dubai, 1999 355 m | 241 m** 319 m | 220 m** 309 m | 213 m** 333 m | 237m** Guangzhou, 2012 331 m | 237 m** Dubai, 2000 New York, 2007 Dubai, 2000 Dubai, 2007 Wuhan, 2008

Without Vanity Height, 44 (61%) According to current CTBUH At 244 meters, the Burj of the world’s 72 supertalls1 would Height Criteria regarding Khalifa’s Vanity Height would measure less than 300 meters, telecommunications towers, be an impressive stand-alone losing their supertall status. The a 50% vanity height would skyscraper. If built in Europe, it tallest of these is Guangzhou’s deem any structure a non- would become the continent’s 390-meter CITIC Plaza. building! 11th-tallest building.

4442 | Tall Building in Numbers CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III History of Vanity Height The graph below charts Vanity Height as a percentage of overall architectural height for some of the world’s 74 completed supertalls.1 China (24) USA (16) UAE (19) Other (15) The Shard, London Vanity Height: 20% Bank of America Tower, New York Vanity Height: 36% 50% New York Times Tower, New York Vanity Height: 31%

Q1, Gold Coast Vanity Height: 27% Burj Al Arab, Dubai Vanity Height: 39% 40%

Taipei 101, Taipei Vanity Height: 14% Emirates Tower One & Two, Dubai Vanity Height: 32 & 31% 30%

CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou Vanity Height: 24% Chrysler Building, New York Vanity Height: 21% Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong Vanity Height: 22% 20%

Two Prudential Plaza, Chicago Vanity Height: 18% John Hancock Center, Chicago Petronas Tower 1 & 2, Kuala Lumpur Vanity Height: 7% Vanity Height: 17% 10%

Vanity height percentage of overall architectural height architectural of overall height percentage Vanity Empire State Building, New York Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung Vanity Height: 2% Vanity Height: 2%

One & Two World Trade Center, New York, Vanity Height: 1%

0 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Vanity Height in Detail The graphs below examine the average Vanity Height of completed supertalls by country, date of completion, and architectural height

China (24 buildings) Pre-1950 (2 buildings) 300–349 m (43 buildings) Average Vanity Height: 14% Average Vanity Height: 11% Average Vanity Height: 15%

UAE (19 buildings) 1950–1974 (5 buildings) 350–400 m (13 buildings) Average Vanity Height: 19% Average Vanity Height: 4% Average Vanity Height: 21%

USA (15 buildings) 1975–1999 (17 buildings) 400–450 m (10 buildings) Average Vanity Height: 13% Average Vanity Height: 16% Average Vanity Height: 8%

Other Countries (15 buildings) 1999–2013 (50 buildings) 450 m+ (8 buildings) Average Vanity Height: 13% Average Vanity Height: 16% Average Vanity Height: 15%

With no spire, The New York City contains The Ukraina Hotel in Index, in Dubai, has a two of the tallest 10 Moscow, Russia (206 m, vanity height of only Vanity Heights – and is set b. 1955) has 42% Vanity 4 meters – just 1% of to gain a third with the Height – the “vainest” the building’s overall completion of One World building overall in the height. Trade Center in 2014. CTBUH database.

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Tall Building in Numbers | 4543 Talking Tall: Michael Green Finding the Forest Through the Trees: Building Tall with Timber

The pursuit of new technologies for building tall has fostered a new perspective on one of mankind’s oldest building materials: wood. Through research such as the recently-published The Case For Tall Wood Buildings, Vancouver architect Michael Green has been singing the praises of using mass timber to build tall structures for years, and has just broken ground on what will be the tallest wood building in North America. Green spoke with CTBUH Michael Green Editor Daniel Safarik about the critical role wood will play as a practical and sustainable building material in a dense urban future. Interviewee Michael Green, Principal How did you develop an interest in The role of tall buildings as icons for their Michael Green Architecture 57 E Cordova Street pushing the limits of building tall in wood? communities is an interesting one. It creates a Vancouver V6A 1K3, Canada It comes from building with my grandfather in competitive spirit between communities, t: +1 604 336 4770 e: [email protected] his shop as a kid. He loved to woodwork. I've allowing us to push the limits. www.mg-architecture.ca been around wood all my life. What made you think about building tall Michael Green Michael Green is dedicated to bringing attention Later, I was working for Cesar Pelli, and we with wood? to several of the overwhelming challenges in were doing things like the Petronas Towers. I I started building more and more with wood, architecture today. The first is climate change and how the built environment is an enormous thought steel and concrete were interesting, realizing that it was an absolute land of contributor to the factors damaging the very but the innovations were just building on opportunity from an innovation point of view. environment designers and architects are seeking to improve. The second is the profound reality that previous engineering breakthroughs. over the next 20 years, 3 billion people, or 40% of About 10 years ago in Central Europe, the the world, will need a new affordable home. Michael believes in championing a shift to new ways of It was informative to see how inspired introduction of cross-laminated timber (CLT) building that will complement the intersection of communities became by building tall. I panels started to change the way buildings man’s greatest building challenges. watched the excitement in Malaysia about could be done at a larger scale. CLT is a great the Petronas Towers, and how that kind of product, but is really just one of many mass transformed the image of the country. timber panels that would allow us to really dramatically change the scale of what we can build with.

CLT is made by taking boards that can be 1x4s, or 2x4s, or 2x6s. These are laid down side by side, pasted with glue, and then another set is laid on top at 90 degrees, creating what is like a jumbo piece of plywood.

It creates a panel that has great inherent strength and allows you to use a wood grade that you would never use for structural material on its own, because it's of poor quality. When you start gluing it together in this way it gets the inherent benefit of this cross-laminated strength. So it allows us to use trees that are of a lower quality.

Why would we want to use lower-quality trees? In North America we are losing huge tracts of Figure 1. North Vancouver City Hall, Canada. © Michael Green Architecture

46 | Talking Tall: Michael Green CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III our boreal forests to the mountain pine beetle. say “that’s the future” is nonsense. Those are column plan for each floor plate, allowing it If you fly over British Columbia, Washington, great, interesting, fun stories, but that's not be an office building or a flexible residential Colorado, and Idaho, there are huge tracts of where the energy is. The energy has to be an building. dead trees. They typically go from being a deep urban environment. Big buildings are the green to red. The mountain pine beetle used to future. There's no question. So we needed to When we tested this theory, what we found is die off every winter because of cold. Now, kind of step back and say, “How can we build in that we got to 30 stories, and we actually just because of climate change, it's not dying off. So the future, using a rapid renewable, carbon stopped even trying to go higher, because we the beetle has just devastated the forest. sequestering material, at a big scale?” And mass knew people were talking about “tall” wood timber panels are what allow us to do it. We still buildings being 10 stories. CLT gives us a chance to use this otherwise are going to use glue-lam beams and columns, dead forest as a building material that but now we have the panels, and that means What is your major proof point? sequesters carbon. Otherwise, the trees just fall our floors can be built out of something Wood is significantly lighter than concrete. back to the forest floor and rot, releasing all the completely different. That means you're not fighting the types of carbon that they've ever sequestered during forces that you have in a seismic event, as you their life back to the atmosphere. Were there any precedents to your concept? would be with a heavier concrete structure. CLT platform construction has been done How do wood buildings “sequester” carbon? before, but that approach requires a whole lot The really rigorous work we put into the tall These are vast tracts of dead forest. And so of load-bearing internal walls and doesn’t do wood study was focused around important when you use them for forestry, that carbon well with lateral loads at height. It doesn't work questions. How is this going to work stays in that product, until we put it in a in an environment where you want lots of structurally? What's the market for it? What building and it burns, or the wood rots. As long planning flexibility. A developer doing a tower kind of flexibility do you need in a plan like I as it's in a protected building, it becomes a wants the freedom to say, “I want the walls just described to make this work in a real great sequestration vehicle. When you clear the here, or I want to grow this suite and shrink this marketplace? What's the cost of one of these trees then you're giving opportunity for new suite.” They don't want to be hemmed in by buildings, and how does that compare to trees to grow back and increase the return of load-bearing structural walls. So that became concrete? What's the carbon footprint, what's an otherwise dead forest. Today, it often ends an important goal for me. the energy footprint? What are the up being shipped to China, and used to make implications for envelope design, what are the formwork for concrete buildings. So, the idea How was your approach different? implications for acoustic design? that somehow we're saving trees by going with I wanted to show that tall office buildings concrete is completely not true. could be made of wood. To do that, we had to So we did The Case for Tall Wood Buildings to develop a whole new structural approach, say, “Here's why this makes sense and here are What was your breakthrough project with which developed into Finding the Forest the parameters for measuring it as a mass timber? Through the Trees (FFTT). successful solution.” The North Vancouver City Hall project is not a tall building, but uses laminated strand lumber I got together with Equilibrium Consulting, Has that led to projects? (LSL) in a really new way (see Figure 1). who are world-class wood engineers, and I said, I have a brand new 12-story residential wood Ironically, it came with the downturn in the “Guys, has anybody done world economy. The wood industry, which something like this before?” It's hadn’t been very focused on innovation, a very simple structure, but it realized they could sell the full panels. is really much more akin to balloon framing, where the Cross-laminated timber gives They lightened up their attitude, and then we walls go all the way through “us a chance to use this otherwise showed them what could be done. I was down and the floors are hung at Weyerhauser talking to their CEO and they're between the walls, rather than dead forest as a building just kind of waking up and going, “Wow, this is stacked on top of the floors. exciting.” material that sequesters carbon. That does two things. It Why did we not identify this opportunity dramatically reduces the Otherwise, the trees just fall earlier? shrinkage. And it allows us to To me, architects have been focused on the have these long vertical walls back to the forest floor and rot, future of sustainable building at a very in the cores, which creates this releasing all the carbon that suburban scale. You see a lot of straw-bale, great lateral bracing, and rammed earth and stacked containers. But to allows us to have an open they've ever sequestered…” CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III Talking Tall: Michael Green | 47 Special Report: CTBUH 2013 International Conference CTBUH London Conference Gathers The Best of Tall Building Industry Reporting by Rachel Coleman, Alinea Consulting; Sian Disson, World Architecture News; Robert Lau, CTBUH & Daniel Safarik, CTBUH

The 2013 CTBUH International Conference, question: is Europe correct in taking its cities fantasy,” but acknowledged that the Prince “Height and Heritage,” was held in London from skywards and, if so, what do building designers, had a point when he pleaded with developers June 11–13, gathering more than 750 of the builders, and operators need to do to create and city planners to place “buildings with their world’s leading tall building owners, their own brand of skyscrapers, appropriate to heads in the clouds” firmly with “their feet on developers, contractors, architects, engineers, both the context and the age? While the ground.” planners, policy-makers, and others. They consensus may not have been reached on this ought to ultimately answer the pressing singular question, the exchange of information “Are tall buildings the answer?” Wood asked. “Is and insight was of an unprecedentedly high Prince Charles’ message then as relevant as it level of quality. is now?” Session Snapshots The Urban and Public Realm Here are some of the highlights: Peter Wynne Rees, City Planning Officer for Sir Stuart Lipton, Lipton Rogers LLP (Chair); the City of London, gave a presentation that Sir Terry Farrell, Farrells; Lee Polisano, PLP could hardly have been engineered to be a Architecture & Graham Stirk, Rogers Stirk Opening Plenary: The Challenges of Building more direct answer to that question. Harbour + Partners Tall in a Historic Urban Fabric Celebrating the diversity and vitality of the Antony Wood, CTBUH (chair); Peter Wynne Rees, 2,000 year-old City, Rees said that, counter- There was no shortage of provoca- City of London; Richard Pilkington, Oxford intuitively, a medieval city, densely settled and tive statements at the conference; this Properties & Carmine Bilardello, Willis Group well-connected, might be the ideal ground panel may have held the record. Sir Terry for skyscrapers – so long as they do not Farrell said he viewed the insistence on The opening plenary made it clear why the impede the very characteristics that make a maintaining view paths to and from St. steering committee chose London as the city appealing in the first place. Paul’s Cathedral as effectively creating venue this year. “Hausmannized boulevards in the air,” Noting that over 90% of 380,000 City workers comparing London’s planning constraints As an introduction, Executive Director Antony commute by public transport, Rees said, “How and heritage preservation laws to Baron Wood quoted one of Britain’s most famous can we make buildings more sustainable? By Georges-Eugene Haussmann’s design for citizens and architectural observers. His Royal building them in a sustainable place. If you Parisian boulevards under Napoleon III. Highness Prince Charles had addressed the last build a “sustainable” building in a place people CTBUH conference in London, in 2001, before reach mostly by car, you are wasting your Turning a similarly critical eye to the the current burst of tower design and time.” interior environment, Sir Stuart Lipton construction. said, “People will protest an animal kept Criticizing edge-of-city developments (towers in a cage all day, but not an office worker Wood regaled the audience with Charles’ notwithstanding) such as Croydon, Canary confined in a limited-exposure cubicle… cutting words for the progenitors of Wharf and La Défense, Rees maintained that We are moving from factory farming of “commercial macho turned into adolescent older districts in city centers are the ideal people in high density-office layouts to free-range digerati,” which could provoke a new line of more sociable skyscrapers, he added.

Sir Stuart Lipton discusses skyscrapers and society. Delegates listen in during the opening plenary session.

50 | CTBUH Report CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III ground where young and enterprising people in the British capital has less to do with the can intersect accidentally while having fun and “look-at-me” iconic ambitions for which they working hard – which is how partnerships and are often pilloried in the press, than it does with ideas form, and money is ultimately made. the need to, first and foremost, be marketable, but also, to meet extremely constrained “If we are going to build beehives that poke regulatory and financial conditions. through the clouds to accommodate people who need space, we have to do it carefully This was not to say that marketing and without messing up the gossip networks, commercial verve are unimportant, or that they because that is the compost where the flowers cannot be a part of context or built heritage. grow,” Rees said. Despite his career as a city This point of view was provided by Carmine planner, Rees seemed to be saying that the Bilardello, senior vice president of Willis Group, best places are those where unplanned the construction insurer responsible for the interactions happen with frequency. Towers are Willis Building at 51 Lime Street, London and fine, as long as they contribute to, rather than occupier of the Willis Tower, renamed from the drain, the energy. Putting a tower in a green Sears Tower, in Chicago. field is like a morbid variation on “Field of Dreams”: build it and they will come, but they Bilardello posited that today’s corporate towers will be the walking dead unless there is a real really are cathedrals, and that they serve as Carmine Bilardello of Willis Group presents during the opening plenary session city that interchanges with its buildings important a role in bringing people together meaningfully. and inspiring them as their ecclesiastical precedents. Session Snapshots “Don’t build tall to change your fortunes,” Rees Building Tall’s Environmental Challenges said. “Build tall because you are already “Publicity is about baptizing the building and Albert Williamson-Taylor, AKT II (chair); successful and have run out of space. And making it a part of the culture,” he said, noting Kamran Moazami, WSP; John Kilpatrick, when you do, do it well.” that Prince Andrew had dedicated the Willis RWDI; Helmut Jahn, Jahn Architects & Building in the company of a priest. To be Werner Sobek, Werner Sobek Group Next, Richard Pilkington, senior vice president successful, tall buildings must engage the of Oxford Properties described how London in public while reinforcing the corporate brand at Werner Sobek presented a series of 2008 was solidifying its role as one of the the same time. hard-hitting facts in this session, providing world’s top financial centers, then found itself delegates with a number of points to mull shaken as the rest of the world by the crash. Bilardello said he believes strongly in the over at the evening's dinner. He explained “Now, having emerged from global crisis and, integrity and importance of central cities, even that our burgeoning population has used we hope, headed to full recovery, it is in an era marked by much discussion of 50% of the available petroleum in the world important for us to discuss what has changed,” technology-enabled distance working. and, should we continue to consume he said. “Banks are no longer a reliable source of it at the same rate, we could run out by funding; only well-capitalized investors can “We did 700 interviews with people under age 2030. “We have an exploding population help. Investing and developing tall buildings in of 35” when planning its consolidation into 51 and an emissions problem,” he explained, today’s economic climate leaves no room for Lime Street, Bilardello said. “ They all said, ‘I don’t concluding, “We do not have an energy error.” As such, the eccentric shapes of buildings want to work from home. I want to be in this problem. We have a consumption problem."

Werner Sobek discusses the need for improved sustainability. Peter Wynne Rees speaks during the opening plenary. Richard Pilkington presents on the London market.

CTBUH Journal | 2013 Issue III CTBUH Report | 51 About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of CTBUH Journal Technology in Chicago, is an international International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat not-for-profi t organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on Tall buildings: design, construction, and operation | 2013 Issue III tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest Case Study: The Bow, Calgary knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. Debating Tall: Do Trees Belong on Skyscrapers?

The CTBUH disseminates its fi ndings, and Imagining the Tall Building of the Future facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, The Use of Stainless Steel in Second-Skin Façades proceedings, and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional, and Politics, History, and Height in Warsaw specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall Using CFD to Optimize Tall Buildings building databases of built, under construction, and proposed buildings; the distribution of a Tall Building in Numbers: Vanity Height monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an Talking Tall: Tall Timber Building international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction Special Report: CTBUH 2013 London Conference excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/ working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars, and practicing professionals.

The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of “The World’s Tallest Building” determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the fi eld of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fi elds.

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org

ISSN: 1946 - 1186