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Eui Working Papers Repository. Research Institute University UR P 20 European Institute. Cadmus, % European University Institute, Florence on University Access European EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/16 Open Another Revolution The PDS inItaly’s Transition SOCIALSCIENCES WORKING IN POLITICALIN AND PAPERS EUI Author(s). Available M artin 1989-1994 The 2020. © in J. B ull Manqué Library EUI ? ? the by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European Institute. Cadmus, on University Access European Open Author(s). Available The 2020. © in Library EUI the by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European Institute. EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE Cadmus, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND AND DEPARTMENTSOCIAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCES on BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) University Access EUI EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/16 The PDS in Italy’s Transition Departmentof Politics A Contemporary History Another Revolution European Open Department ofPolitical and Social Sciences European University Institute (1992-93) rodEuropean Studies Research Institute M Universityof Salford Author(s). Available artin 1989-1994 The and 2020. © J. J. in bull M anquil Library EUI the by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European Institute. Cadmus, on University Access No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form European Open Printed in Italy in December 1994 without permission of the author. I I - 50016 San Domenico (FI) European University Institute Author(s). Available The All rights reserved. 2020. © © Martin J. Bull Badia Fiesolana in Italy Library EUI the by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European paper will appear in a book edited by Stephen Gundle and Simon Parker, published by Routledge, and which will focus on the changes which Italianpolitics underwent in the period during the author’s period as a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute, Florence. A shorter, amended version of the Society and the Japan Political Studies Group. organisedThe bulk by ofRichard the Katzresearch and sponsoredwas carriedby the out Conference Group on Italian Politics & Reform in Italy and Japan" at the This paper was presented to the "International Comparative Workshop on Scandal and Preface 1989-1994. Institute. Cadmus, on University Access European Open Japanisch Author(s). Available The -Deutsches Zentrum, 2020. © in Library EUI the Berlin 19-20 August 1994, by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European Institute. Cadmus, on University --- - ---- Access European Open Author(s). Available — The 2020. © in Library EUI the by produced version Digitised Introduction In his more cynical moments, Achille Occhetto, the ex-leader of the Democratic Party of the Repository. Left (PDS), in reviewing the current wreckage of left-wing politics in Italy, might identify Research the cause of the destruction as resting with himself, and specifically his highly individualistic initiative in October 1989 when he took the communist and non-communist world by surprise po Institute in proposing the dissolution of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and its transformation into ca^S. a non-communist patty of the left. After all, the declared objectives of this course of action University were not limited to the party itself. On the contrary, in keeping with the most commonly- accepted analysis of the Italian party system, the transformation of the PCI into the PDS (and European thus the resolution of the ‘communist question’) was seen as a prerequisite to two further Institute. 1 objectives: unblocking the party system by making alternation in power possible, and the Cadmus, subsequent victory of a left-wing coalition. The causal links between the three objectives, on University then, were clear-cut from the beginning, and were based on an assumption that, since the Access power-base of the ruling Christian Democrats (DC) was anti-communism, the removal of European Open communism would render their continued maintenance of power untenable. What was not envisaged, however, was that the successful achievement of the first two objectives would Author(s). Available result, four and a half years later, in a crushing defeat of the left and the victory of the most The 2020. © right-wing governing coalition in Italy’s post-war history, containing, as it does (for the first in time since the fall of Mussolini), Fascist ministers, and based - rhetorically, at least, - on Library virulent anti-communism. EUI the by Seen from this perspective, the events of the five years 1989-94 amounted to a great personal failure for the leader of the PDS and his resignation after the European elections in produced June 1994 (which saw a further decline in the PDS’s vote in relation to the April elections) version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European Institute. constantly undergoing change. The constraints under which he made his choices were such historical context and from the deep undercurrents at work in HisItalian politicsown in thisrole period. - and indeed that ofmanner the oftheir party own choosingitself and rare - is itcannot that changes beto the bodydivorced politic are mono-causal.from the PDS’s post-war Italy than the failure of a single leader of the thatlargest the partybitter ofoutcome the Italianshould beleft. seen more as a general failure of the forces of progress in time, completely uncharted waters, the tides Viewedof from thiswhich perspective, were Occhettonot can be onlyseen as a partydifficult leader navigating,to see for the butfirst as a good - although some would doubt this - Marxist, thatis fullymen understandable. do not makeIn his historyless cynical moments,in the however, Occhetto probably recognises, perspective of its relationship both to the traditional parties,of the to PDS the inemerging the forcesperiod ofbetween the its birth and the 1994 elections, viewed in the broader passing of the electoral reform bill for the Chamber of Deputies in July 1993, which The paper is divided into four parts. The first part analyses the birth ofthe PDS progressivein the period left, and in the context ofthe deep changes at work in Italian politics and society. effectively set in motion the long campaign for the national elections in 1994. The third part second part evaluates the PDS's role in the period between its official birth in 1991 and the elections. The final part analyses the causes, consequences and analysessignificance the ofPDS’s the defeat.attempt to realign the left and reassure its skeptics in the run-up to the 1989-91 and the damaging legacy of the internally-contested PCI-PDS transformation. The Cadmus, on This paper documents and explains the changing nature, strategy, tactics and fortunes University Access European Open Author(s). Available The 2020. © in 2 Library EUI the by produced version Digitised Repository. Research Institute University European dissolved as an organisational principle and the party’s teleological nature finally eradicated, possible that he was not sure himself), but certainly the Eighteenth Congress, held in March the new leader into carrying through fundamental changes to the party (Bull do anything1989). Whether about reversing a deep political, social and organisational decline, had prompted apparent shortly after. The congress’s new voting procedure a had huge resulted personalin an increasesuccess in for Occhetto, thethe PCIdifficulties adoptingof democracycompleting as the an eternalreforms value became (Bull 1991a). Although the Congress was his intentions at that stage were to lead the PCI ‘across the ford’ is not clear (and it is (unprecedentedly) resigned the leadership over poor local election since resultshe tookand overhis fromfailure Alessandro to Natta a little over a year before. withThe factthe thatpast, Natta had it was not completely out of keeping withwhile Occhetto’sit was leadershipan evidentof responsethe party to the revolutions and while often it clearlybeen representedinterpreted a break as a knee-jerk reaction Occhetto’sto the decisionrevolutions to in dissolve Easternthe Europe.PCI and createYet, The Damaging a Legacy non-communistof the PCI-PDS Transformation (1989-1991) party of the left has uneasy compromise which could not hide the deep divisions of over1989. Thethe fierceextent debateof whichthe ensuedreform resulted in a hasty retreat by the leadership and an representation of the left, and it was precisely these forces which subsequently opposed the programme. leadership’s proposals on the party’s heritage and its international alignment in the Summer caused the revolutions in eastern Europe to have such an impact on the party. Until then, 1989, made major inroads into the communist identity: democratic centralism was effectively Institute. It was this situation - of incomplete reforms and deep divisions over them - which Cadmus, on University Access European Open Author(s). Available The 2020. © 3 in Library EUI the by produced version Digitised 4 Occhetto and the leadership had been praised by outsiders for the progress they had made Repository. on changing the party. They now found themselves derided for their conservatism and lack of conviction as communist parties in eastern Europe began to shed their names and symbols. Research Occhetto’s cautious renewal - a product of the PCI’s traditional slowness to change and the Institute divisions inside the party - now counted
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