DOCSLIB.ORG

Synchrophasor Technology Advancement in ARRA Projects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synchrophasor Technology Advancement in ARRA Projects ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) and prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The effort was directed and supported by DOE Senior Advisor Joseph Paladino and DOE Program Managers Philip N. Overholt and Deborah Haught. The authors of this report were Jose R. Gracia (ORNL), Marcus A. Young, II, Ph.D. (ORNL), D. Tom Rizy (SRA International), Lawrence C. Markel (SRA International), and Julia Blackburn (SRA International). Eight of the synchrophasor-related grant recipients and one demonstration recipient voluntarily agreed to provide enhanced reporting of the status and impact of their projects, which significantly contributed to this report. These companies are: • American Transmission Company • Center for Commercialization of Electric Technologies • Duke Energy Carolinas • Idaho Power Company • Independent System Operator New England • Midcontinent Independent System Operator • New York Independent System Operator • Peak Reliability (previously part of Western Electricity Coordinating Council) • PJM Interconnection, LLC The remaining four synchrophasor-related grant recipients provided information in accordance with the requirements of their smart grid investment grants: • Entergy Corporation • Florida Power & Light Company • Lafayette Consolidated Government • Midwest Energy All recipients worked with DOE to respond to requests for additional information and clarifications and to disseminate information on synchrophasor technology – particularly on sharing their experiences, lessons learned, and procedures developed – in order to advance the capabilities and facilitate further deployments of this important technology. The North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI), supported by DOE-OE, provided and continues to provide a forum for joint problem solving and information sharing among all members of the synchrophasor community. The materials posted to the NASPI web site by project participants and others also contributed to this report. Advancement of Synchrophasor Technology in ARRA Projects │ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... V Key Accomplishments for Wide-Area Visibility ................................................................................... vi Key Results from Real-Time and Planning Capabilities ....................................................................... vii Future Opportunities and Technology Outlook ................................................................................. viii Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHROPHASOR PROJECTS UNDER ARRA .................................................... 1 Complementary OE Support of Synchrophasor Development ..................................................... 5 2. SYNCHROPHASOR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION UNDER ARRA ....................................................... 6 Building the Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Major Factors in Design and Deployment of Synchrophasor Systems ......................... 11 2.1.2 Synchrophasor Data Quality ......................................................................................... 12 Evolving the Technical Standards................................................................................................ 14 Capabilities Provided by Synchrophasor Systems ...................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Real Time Capabilities ................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Study Mode/Planning Capabilities ............................................................................... 19 Operational Use of Synchrophasor Systems ............................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Operating and Planning Procedures ............................................................................. 21 2.4.2 Data Sharing Agreements ............................................................................................. 22 Maturing the Technology ............................................................................................................ 25 3. REALIZED BENEFITS TO THE U.S. ELECTRIC GRID .......................................................................... 27 Increased System Reliability ....................................................................................................... 29 Increased Asset Utilization and Power System Efficiency .......................................................... 34 Increased Organizational Efficiency ............................................................................................ 35 4. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 38 Operational Use .......................................................................................................................... 38 Benefits ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Moving Forward .......................................................................................................................... 39 Advancement of Synchrophasor Technology in ARRA Projects │ iii APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF EACH PARTICIPANT PROJECT .................................................................. 40 A1.1. American Transmission Company (ATC) ................................................................................... 41 A1.2. Center for the Commercialization of Electric Technologies (CCET) .......................................... 45 A1.3. Duke Energy Carolinas .............................................................................................................. 49 A1.4. Entergy Services, Inc. ................................................................................................................ 52 A1.5. Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) ...................................................................................... 56 A1.6. Idaho Power Company (IPC) ..................................................................................................... 59 A1.7. Independent System Operator New England (ISO-NE) ........................................................... 63 A1.8. Lafayette Consolidated Government........................................................................................ 67 A1.9. Midwest Energy, Inc. (MWE) .................................................................................................... 69 A1.10. Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. (MISO) .................................................... 71 A1.11. New York Independent System Operator, Inc. (NYISO) .......................................................... 75 A1.12. Peak Reliability (formerly the WECC Project) ......................................................................... 79 A1.13. PJM Interconnection ............................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX 2: SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITIES ............................................................. 89 A2.1. Phase Angle Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 89 A2.2. Oscillation Detection & Monitoring .......................................................................................... 90 A2.3. Voltage Stability Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 94 A2.4. Event Detection, Management and Restoration ...................................................................... 96 A2.5. Islanding Detection, Management and Restoration ................................................................ 97 A2.6. Equipment Problem Detection ................................................................................................. 98 A2.7. Wide Area Situational Awareness .......................................................................................... 101 A2.8. Model Validation & Calibration .............................................................................................. 105 A2.9. Post-Event Analysis ................................................................................................................. 109 A2.10. Renewable Resource Integration ......................................................................................... 113 A2.11. Operator Training ................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX 3: CORE METRICS FOR SYNCHROPHASOR PROJECTS ........................................................ 119 APPENDIX 4: GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fall 2017 Commencement Program
    TE TA UN S E ST TH AT I F E V A O O E L F A DITAT DEUS N A E R R S I O Z T S O A N Z E I A R I T G R Y A 1912 1885 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT AND CONVOCATION PROGRAM Fall 2017 December 11-13, 2017 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER O say can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? ALMA MATER ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Where the bold saguaros Raise their arms on high, Praying strength for brave tomorrows From the western sky; Where eternal mountains Kneel at sunset’s gate, Here we hail thee, Alma Mater, Arizona State. —Hopkins-Dresskell MAROON AND GOLD Fight, Devils down the field Fight with your might and don’t ever yield Long may our colors outshine all others Echo from the buttes, Give em’ hell Devils! Cheer, cheer for A-S-U! Fight for the old Maroon For it’s Hail! Hail! The gang’s all here And it’s onward to victory! Students whose names appear in this program have completed degree requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Coordination of Wind and Hydro Power Plant by Using Optimization Technique
    ISSN (Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization Volume 6, Special Issue 14, August 2017 Two Days National Conference on Modernization in Engineering Science (NCMES 2K17) 23rd-24th March 2017 Organized by Dept. of EEE, Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore 641 008, Tamil Nadu, India Coordination of Wind and Hydro Power Plant by Using Optimization Technique P.Ranjithkumar1, Saravana Prabaakar1 , M.Suganya2, Niranjana B2 UG Scholar, Department of EEE, SKCET, Coimbatore-641008, Tamil Nadu, India1 Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, SKCET, Coimbatore-641008, Tamil Nadu, India2 ABSTRACT: Wind power production experiences new challenges in operation of a power system due to its variability and uncertainty of the wind. The challenges can be met when we introduce a new storage facility which was already available in the existing power system. Existing hydro power plants with larger reservoirs or pumped storage hydro power plants can be used for compensation of this drawback. It is known that wind power is an uncertain energy source compared to hydroelectric generation which is easily scheduled. In this abstract, the method for coordinating wind power plant and hydroelectric power plant is carried out by using Fourier transform technique to measure and control the state of wind and hydro power plants. Hydroelectric generation is employed as a method of energy reserve and compensation for wind power fluctuation in order to provide efficient power supply to benefit wind providers. The Fourier technique, which is generally used for relation of periodic functions like sine and cosine waves, is used here for the purpose of co-ordination.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Application of Phasor Measurement Unit in Smart Grid.Pdf
    PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261 APPLICATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT IN SMART GRID 1Chandarani Sutar, 2Dr. K. S. Verma 1RRSIMT Amethi (U.P.), 2KNIT Sultapur (U.P.) Email: [email protected], 2 [email protected] , Abstract-A smart Grid uses two way digital for intelligent linkages between the elements of the communication with advanced sensors to collect grid while participating in the decision making that and analyze data for transforming the existing delivers value to the utility and supply and demand electric grid into intelligent, dynamic self- entities connected to it. healing, self optimizing transmission and distribution grid . As critical grid events often II. ADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID require real-time recognition and real time i) Enables active participation by of consumers by response .A smart grid uses IP-based ,open providing choices and incentives to modify standard, intelligent communication to electricity purchasing patterns and behavior. measure real-time events such as congestion ii) Autonomous control actions to enhance ,system stability ,equipment performance, reliability by increasing resiliency against outages and demand response events . component failures and natural disasters actions. Synchrophasor measurement technology is iii) Efficiency enhancement by maximizing asset accurate and real-time monitoring with high utilization. resolution of actual system conditions in wide iv) Resiliency against malicious attacks by virtue area . of better physical and IT security protocols. The proposed methods has been verified, v) Integration of renewable resources including compared and studied using PSAT Software solar, wind, and various types of energy storage.
    [Show full text]
  • PMU)-Like Metering for Behind-The-Meter (BTM) Solar Systems Using Blockchain- Assisted Smart Inverters Preprint Abdullah A
    Secure and Cost-Effective Micro Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-Like Metering for Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Solar Systems Using Blockchain- Assisted Smart Inverters Preprint Abdullah A. Hadi,1 Gomanth Bere,1 Taesic Kim,1 Justin J. Ochoa,1 Jianwu Zeng,2 and Gab-Su Seo3 1 Texas A&M University-Kingsville 2 Minnesota State University 3 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Presented at the 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (IEEE APEC) New Orleans, Louisiana March 15–19, 2020 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Conference Paper Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/CP-5D00-75447 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC March 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Secure and Cost-Effective Micro Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-Like Metering for Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Solar Systems Using Blockchain- Assisted Smart Inverters Preprint Abdullah A. Hadi,1 Gomanth Bere,1 Taesic Kim,1 Justin J. Ochoa,1 Jianwu Zeng,2 and Gab-Su Seo3 1 Texas A&M University-Kingsville 2 Minnesota State University 3 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Suggested Citation Hadi, Abdullah A., Gomanth Bere, Taesic Kim, Justin J. Ochoa, Jianwu Zeng, and Gab-Su Seo. 2020. Secure and Cost-Effective Micro Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-Like Metering for Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Solar Systems Using Blockchain-Assisted Smart Inverters: Preprint. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/CP-5D00- 75447. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/75447.pdf. © 2020 IEEE.
    [Show full text]
  • Synchrophasor Based Islanding & Open Phase Fault Protection In
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-24-2020 11:00 AM Synchrophasor Based Islanding & Open phase fault Protection in Distribution Systems Mansour Jalali The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Tarlochan Sidhu The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Mansour Jalali 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Power and Energy Commons, and the Systems and Communications Commons Recommended Citation Jalali, Mansour, "Synchrophasor Based Islanding & Open phase fault Protection in Distribution Systems" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 6947. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6947 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract With the rapid growth of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency initiatives, electric vehicles, energy storage, etc., distribution systems are becoming more complex such that conventional protection, control, and measurement infrastructure – typically concentrated at the main substation, with little to no access to information along the feeder – cannot maintain the reliability of the system without some sort of additional protection, control and measurement functionalities. As an example, a dedicated communication channel for carrying the transfer trip signal from the substation to the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to prevent islanding operation of alternative resources, has been a requirement for many utilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Improved Power Quality Monitoring Through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 23, 2021 Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation Pertl, Michael; Marinelli, Mattia; Bindner, Henrik W. Published in: Proceedings of Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2015 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Pertl, M., Marinelli, M., & Bindner, H. W. (2015). Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation. In Proceedings of Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2015 IEEE. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation Michael Pertl, Mattia Marinelli, Henrik Bindner Department of Electrical Engineering (Center for Electric Power and Energy) DTU – Technical University of Denmark Contact: [email protected] Abstract- The observability needs in future power systems will renewable generation units such as photovoltaics (PV) are change radically due to the continuing implementation of connected through power electronic devices which can lead renewable energy sources at all voltage levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Application of a Distribution Network Phasor Data Concentrator
    applied sciences Article Design and Application of a Distribution Network Phasor Data Concentrator Weiqing Tao 1 , Mengyu Ma 1,*, Chen Fang 2, Wei Xie 2, Ming Ding 1, Dachao Xu 3 and Yangqing Shi 3 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; [email protected] (W.T.); [email protected] (M.D.) 2 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200437, China; [email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (W.X.) 3 CSG Smart Grid Electrical Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230080, China; [email protected] (D.X.); [email protected] (Y.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 January 2020; Accepted: 20 April 2020; Published: 24 April 2020 Abstract: The wide area measurement system (WAMS) based on synchronous phasor measurement technology has been widely used in power transmission grids to achieve dynamic monitoring and control of the power grid. At present, to better realize real-time situational awareness and control of the distribution network, synchronous phasor measurement technology has been gradually applied to the distribution network, such as the application of micro multifunctional phasor measurement units (µMPMUs). The distribution network phasor data concentrator (DPDC), as a connection node between the µMPMUs and the main station, is also gaining more attraction. This paper first analyzes the communication network structure of DPDCs and µMPMUs and compares and analyzes the differences in the installation locations, functions, communication access methods and communication protocols of the phasor technology devices of the distribution network and the transmission network. It is pointed out that DPDCs not only need the functions of data collection, storage, and forwarding like transmission network PDCs, but also should be able to access more µMPMUs, and can aggregate the phasor data of the same time scale from µMPMUs by different communication methods.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Survey on Phasor Measurement Unit Applications in Distribution Systems
    energies Review A Comprehensive Survey on Phasor Measurement Unit Applications in Distribution Systems Mojgan Hojabri 1,*, Ulrich Dersch 2, Antonios Papaemmanouil 1 and Peter Bosshart 1 1 Competence Center of Electronics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Horw 6048, Switzerland; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (P.B.) 2 Competence Center of Intelligent Sensors and Networks, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Horw 6048, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 October 2019; Accepted: 28 November 2019; Published: 29 November 2019 Abstract: Synchrophasor technology opens a new window for power system observability. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are able to provide synchronized and accurate data such as frequency, voltage and current phasors, vibration, and temperature for power systems. Thus, the utilization of PMUs has become quite important in the fast monitoring, protection, and even the control of new and complicated distribution systems. However, data quality and communication are the main concerns for synchrophasor applications. This study presents a comprehensive survey on wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs), PMUs, data quality, and communication requirements for the main applications of PMUs in a modern and smart distribution system with a variety of energy resources and loads. In addition, the main challenges for PMU applications as well as opportunities for the future use of this intelligent device in distribution systems will be presented in this paper. Keywords: synchrophasor technology; phasor measurement unit (PMU); communication technologies; intelligent electronic device (IED); data quality; PMU applications; wide area monitoring system (WAMS); smart grids; distribution system 1.
    [Show full text]
  • EEI's 'Transmission Projects
    Transmission Projects: At A Glance Prepared by: Edison Electric Institute MARCH 2012 © 2012 by the Edison Electric Institute (EEI). All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system or method, now known or hereinafter invented or adopted, without the express prior written permission of the Edison Electric Institute. Attribution Notice and Disclaimer This work was prepared by the Edison Electric Institute (EEI). When used as a reference, attribution to EEI is requested. EEI, any member of EEI, and any person acting on their behalf (a) does not make any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information, advice or recommendations contained in this work, and (b) does not assume and expressly disclaims any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, advice or recommendations contained in this work. The views and opinions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of EEI or any member of EEI. This material and its production, reproduction and distribution by EEI does not imply endorsement of the material. Note: The status of the projects listed in this report was current when submitted to EEI but may have since changed between the time information was initially submitted and date this report was published. Published by: Edison Electric Institute 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for Power System Applications
    Construction of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for Power System Applications By Onisokonikumen Valiant Sampson A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Copyright © 2015 by Onisokonikumen Valiant Sampson Abstract The role played by phasor measurement units (PMU) in power grid monitoring systems today showcases the importance and usefulness of this device. There is a significant challenge regarding the design and implementation of PMUs today. This challenge stems from the closed source philosophy employed by commercial PMU vendors who strongly protect their hardware and software designs keeping it away from researchers. This philosophy has motivated a number of researchers to develop their own PMU devices. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a PMU device utilizing off-the- shelf components to estimate power system parameters such as voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency with key design information extracted from the OpenPMU group and the IEEE C37.118-2011 standard. The functionality of the PMU was tested by performing important power system experiments which compared measured result of voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency of a balanced three phase signal from a rapid prototyping system with estimated results from PMU. The conducted experiments confirmed that the PMU could estimate voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency approximately equivalent to the measured quantities of the input signal. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my heart felt gratitude to Prof. Aniruddha Gole, for his immense contribution and guidance throughout this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasor Measurement Unit (Pmu) Datasheet
    PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMU) DATASHEET (Panel mount configuration shown here) PMU010000 2017-09-18 ©2017 VIZIMAX Inc. All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENT DATASHEET 2017-09-18 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................. 2 PRODUCT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 3 VIZIMAX PMU - MAJOR FEATURES .........................................................................................................................................4 HARDWARE HIGHLIGHTS ..........................................................................................................................................................4 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................................................5 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION .........................................................................................................................................................6 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION SERVER MODE ......................................................................................................................................6 COMMUNICATION LINKS ..........................................................................................................................................................7 DATA: ACQUISITION AND REPORTING
    [Show full text]
  • Phasor Measurement Unit
    www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962 Volume-6, Issue-2, March-April 2016 International Journal of Engineering and Management Research Page Number: 221-224 Phasor Measurement Unit Abhishek Gupta1, Smriti Jain2, Vishal Kumar Agrawal3, Sohail Ahamed4, Saksham Aggrawal5, Rishabh Kumar6 1Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan, Jaipur, INDIA 2Reader, Department of Electrical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan, Jaipur, INDIA 3,4,5,6Student (B.Tech. 4th year), Department of Electrical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan, Jaipur, INDIA ABSTRACT PMU function can be incorporated into a protective relay Phasor is an electrical complex value containing of or other device. PMU measurements are often taken at 30 magnitude root mean square value and phase angle in polar observations per second (compared to one every 4 seconds form represents instantaneous electrical sinusoidal waveform. using conventional technology). Time stamping Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a device that is used to each measurement to a common time reference (provided collect and provide instantaneous phasors from desire places by very high precision clocks) allows synchrophasors from of applications, attached with an instantaneous time and date of measuring called time-stamped data. Estimated phasors different locations and utilities to be synchronized. When sometimes are called synchrophasor, defined as a phasor that data from multiple PMUs are combined together, the is estimated from samples using a standard time as the information provides a precise and comprehensive view of reference for a measurement, and has common phase the entire interconnection. Synchrophasors enable a relationship as remote sites, is a synchrophasor.
    [Show full text]