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Improved Power Quality Monitoring Through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 23, 2021 Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation Pertl, Michael; Marinelli, Mattia; Bindner, Henrik W. Published in: Proceedings of Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2015 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Pertl, M., Marinelli, M., & Bindner, H. W. (2015). Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation. In Proceedings of Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2015 IEEE. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Improved Power Quality Monitoring through Phasor Measurement Unit Data Interpretation Michael Pertl, Mattia Marinelli, Henrik Bindner Department of Electrical Engineering (Center for Electric Power and Energy) DTU – Technical University of Denmark Contact: [email protected] Abstract- The observability needs in future power systems will renewable generation units such as photovoltaics (PV) are change radically due to the continuing implementation of connected through power electronic devices which can lead renewable energy sources at all voltage levels. Especially in distribution grids new observables will be needed in order to into power quality issues such as harmonic pollution [4]. monitor the state of the power system sufficiently and to perform Furthermore, single phase loads/generators (e.g. PV inverters) the correct actions for operating the system. In future power negatively impact the voltage and current unbalance in the systems more measuring sensors including phasor measurement power system. Therefore the power quality has to be monitored units will be available distributed all over the power system. They in real time to identify critical issues and resolve them as fast as can and should be utilized to increase the observability of the power system. In this paper the impact of photovoltaic and wind possible. For instance, the VUF could be utilized to derive power production on the voltage unbalance was analyzed. PMU information about the present system state. data and NTP-synchronized data from two different MV networks The aim of the paper is to study the power quality with were used. It has been found that PV production has only a minor emphasis on voltage unbalance and how it is affected by high negative impact on the voltage unbalance whereas the wind power penetration of PV and wind power. Since the voltage unbalance production has a great positive impact. The voltage unbalance factor (VUF) could be a ‘new’ observable for a particular power factor is a very important power quality parameter it should be system condition. Information about the actual injected wind monitored carefully, because great voltage unbalances result in power for a certain grid area could be derived without great unwanted neutral/ground currents or stress for sensitive knowing/measuring the real wind power injection. electrical equipment or even grid disconnection of inverter Index Terms-- Phasor Measurement Unit, Distribution Grid, based devices. Further information about impact of PV and Voltage Unbalance Factor, Photovoltaic, Wind Power wind power on the power quality can be found in [5]–[7]. For the analysis historical data from two different power I. INTRODUCTION systems were used. Firstly, PMU data from the smart grid Phasor measurement units (PMU) are commonly used in project at EPFL [8] in Switzerland was used. One of the transmission grids and rarely in distribution grids. In fact, the peculiarities of the network is the high amount of installed PV observability of transmission grids is much better compared to of 2 MW in their medium voltage network (20 kV). The PMU distribution grids, which means, the observability decreases data from past measurements of the project is provided online with decreasing voltage level of the grid. Considering that at smartgrid.epfl.ch. Secondly, measurement data from the renewable distributed sources are progressively installed at Danish island Bornholm, where a great amount of wind power distribution level, challenges arise when it comes to optimal is integrated into the distribution system was used for the utilization of distribution networks. By 2030, the system will be analysis. The installed wind power adds up to 30 MW, whereas changed from a centralized to a distributed system, with the peak load equals to around 56 MW. Further information generation and demand units distributed all over the electric about the power system from Bornholm can be found in [9]. power system, at all voltage levels. The measurement data from Bornholm is not measured by The EU FP7 project ELECTRA (electrairp.eu) addresses the PMUs, but nevertheless, they got measured synchronized with challenges for the future 2030+ power system with deployment the network time protocol (NTP), which is not as accurate as of RES across all voltage levels. One of the work packages GPS synchronization but sufficient for the analysis carried out. called ‘Increased Observability’ deals with the observability of Differences and/or similarities between the different power the power system and the first findings regarding future systems are pointed out and discussed. observables and observability needs and are published in [1] The voltage unbalance limit for distribution systems is and [2]. The two papers point out the crucial need to evolve and regulated by EN-50160 and is set to one percent for high improve the present monitoring/observing schemes as well as voltage level, measured as 10-minute values [10], [11]. introducing new observables to develop new control schemes The paper is organized as follows. In section II the and improve the existing ones. synchrophasor technology is explained and the calculation for According to the report on Integration of Renewable Energy the complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) and the in Europe in 2050 the share of generation from RES will be in a symmetrical components are set out. Section III gives the two range from 51 to 68 % [3]. A considerable amount of analysed grids and detailed information about their peculiarities. The results are presented in section IV and not change if the frequency of the measured signal matches the concluded in section V. nominal frequency. In the case the frequency of the measured signal deviates from the nominal frequency the angle changes II. METHODOLOGY uniformly at a rate of 2휋(푓 − 푓0) with 푇0 = 1/푓0 [13]. That A. Introduction to Synchrophasor Technology means that the phasor is rotating in the complex plane. This Synchrophasor technology uses the global positioning system kind of phase angle is better known as absolute angle which (GPS) to generate time synchronous measurements of voltage makes the measured angles at different locations comparable and current at different locations in an electrical power system. with each other. Although the angle of the measured signal is The voltage and current is measured as a phasor which consists changing at non nominal frequency the magnitude remains of magnitude and angle. The synchronized measurement at unchanged as long as the amplitude of the measured signal is different locations in the network offers new technical constant. Fortunately, the angle itself is not very much from opportunities compared to conventional local measurements, interest instead the phase angle between two different things is e.g. voltage angle at different locations of the network, so also interesting, e.g. the voltage angle between two different the voltage angle difference between two measuring points. In locations or the angle between voltage and current. A very deep and detailed explanation can be found in the white paper [14] the simplest setup the measurement system consists of a phasor which is provided by the manufacturer of the used PMU model. measurement unit (PMU), a phasor data concentrator (PDC) Fig. 1 shows how a PMU is measuring the phasors. The dashed and an evaluation software to process the measured data, e.g. line represents the GPS-synchronized reference signal whereas for real time monitoring of the power system. The PMU is the the solid line shows the signal being measured. measuring unit which is placed at certain points in the network and actually makes the measurement. The measurement data from several PMUs is then sent to the PDC which stores the data and provides it for the evaluation software or for post ф event analysis (off-line analysis). The requirements for synchronized measurements, such as data formats, Xm communication protocol, synchronization requirements, error limits, etc. are specified by standards. In [12] the development of the IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850 standards are explained. The complete detailed description of the IEEE C37.118 standard is stated in [13]. B. Definition of synchrophasors The synchrophasor representation X of a signal x(t) is given by: time = 0 푋 = 푋 + 푗푋 (1) 푟 푖 Fig. 1 - Synchrophasor angle measurement 푋 = 푚 ∙ 푒푗휙 D. Definition of slack angle √2 As mentioned before, the angle from voltage and current is 푋푚 = ∙ (cos 휙 + 푗 sin 휙) given as absolute angle which changes over time. Since all the √2 signals in the same system have the same frequency it is meaningful to set one angle as a reference (slack) and subtract X푟, 푋푖 real and imaginary part of the signal x(t) this angle from all the others.
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