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Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Clinton Sandstone, Located in Perry, Fairfield, and Vinton Counties

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Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Clinton Sandstone, Located in Perry, Fairfield, and Vinton Counties SUBSURFACE FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE CLINTON SANDSTONE, LOCATED IN PERRY, FAIRFIELD, AND VINTON COUNTIES Craig Allen Stouten A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2014 Committee: James Evans, Advisor Charles Onasch Jeff Snyder ii ABSTRACT James Evans, Advisor This paper focuses on the depositional environment of the “Clinton Sandstone” located in Perry, Fairfield, and Vinton Counties in central and southeastern Ohio. Core from wells numbered 2866, 2941, 2942, 2943, 2965, and 2980 were accessed from the Ohio Geological Survey, H.R. Collins Core Laboratory. Each core was described, photographed, and sampled for thin sections and lithofacies analysis. In addition, gamma-ray and neutron density logs were acquired for each well. The geophysical logs were used for litho-correlation and to examine 3-D architecture. This new data was used to re-evaluate the depositional interpretations. The “Clinton Sandstone” is an informal name given to the Lower Silurian sandstone unit that stratigraphically lies between the Cabot Head Shale and the Neagha Shale in southeastern Ohio. The “Clinton Sandstone” correlates with the Tuscarora Sandstone in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Confusingly, the “Clinton Sandstone” is not related to the Upper Silurian Clinton Group located in western New York. Previous workers have interpreted the “Clinton Sandstone” to be part of a wide range of environments, from fluvial-deltaic to a strand plain, and incorporating tidal channels, delta plains, crevasse-splays, and offshore marine deposits. This study confirms some, but not all of the previous interpretations, finding the “Clinton Sandstone” to be part of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta environment. There are a total of 16 lithofacies observed from the six cores studied. The dominant lithofacies are composed of sandstone, and include massive bedding, cross-bedding, planar lamination, shale partings (mud drapes), and mud intraclasts. There are also heterolithic sandstone-mudstone or siltstone-mudstone intervals with lenticular bedding, wavy bedding, and flaser bedding. Secondary features include ball-and-pillow structures. Mudstone is readily iii available and most of it is represented as mud drapes or thin intervals separating sandstone packages, or as mud intraclasts in sandstone. However, there are several large sections within the cores studied that contain around 1 m or more continuous mudstone. There are also thin 3 - 6 cm limestone intervals. These only appear toward the bottom in wells 2942 and 2943. These limestone packages are massive, and contain brachiopod fragments and bryozoans. These well samples show a strong tidal influence. Mud chips, mud drapes, and various shale partings are all negative factors that can lead to reservoir compartmentalization. Other features found that may contribute to poor reservoir quality are the tight nature of the grains, which contribute to low porosity and permeability. Quartz overgrowths are also present in these samples and have the potential to further hinder fluid flow as well as decrease the size and amount of pore space present. iv This thesis is dedicated to my mother and father who have supported me throughout all of my endeavors. I would not be half the person I am today without their countless sacrifices. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to my late friend Dustin Cole Knapp. You will never be forgotten. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking my mother, Toni, and my father, Bruce, for all their support, encouragement, and help financially throughout my entire college career. I would also like to thank my advisor, Dr. James Evans, for all his guidance, insight, and willingness to help with all aspects of this thesis. I would also like to thank the remainder of my committee, Dr. Charles Onasch and Dr. Jeffery Snyder for their assistance and taking time out of their busy schedules to be on my committee. I want to thank the Ohio Geological Survey, especially Gregory Schumacher and Aaron Evelsizor, for access to the core facility, retrieving specified samples from the cores, and assisting me with finding the appropriate geophysical logs. I would also like to thank Bob Taylor Engineering, Inc., including Bob Taylor and Linda Taylor for the opportunity to work for such a reputable company and for being very flexible with my limited availability to work only during summer months and occasional winter breaks. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 1 “Clinton Sandstone”………………………………………………………. 1 Depositional Environments………………………………………………. 2 Deltas……………………………………………………………... 2 Barrier Islands……………………………………………………. 7 Offshore Environment…………………………………………… 7 Offshore Transition Zone……………………………………….. 8 Shoreface Zone…………………………………………………. 8 Foreshore (Beachface) Zone…………………………………… 13 Lagoons…………………………………………………………... 13 Estuaries………………………………………………………….. 14 Tidal Flats………………………………………………………… 17 Purpose and Goals………………………………………………………. 21 GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND…………………………………………………… 23 Geological Setting…………….…………………………………………. 23 Regional Stratigraphy…………………………………………………….. 27 Cabot Head Shale………………………………………………… 27 Neagha Shale…………………………………………………….. 29 Packer Shell Limestone or Brassfield Limestone………………… 30 “Clinton Sandstone”……………………………………………………… 30 Stratigraphy and Age ……………………………………………. 30 vii Lithology…………………………………………………………. 33 Depositional Environment ………………………………………. 34 Petroleum Geology………………………………………………. 37 METHODS…………………………………………………………………… 40 Field Methods……………………………………………………………. 40 Diamond Drill Cores…………………………………………….. 40 Geophysical Log Analysis……………………………………….. 43 Laboratory Methods……………………………………………………… 44 Thin Section Analysis……………………………………………. 44 Analytical Methods……………………………………………………….. 44 Isopach Map………………………………………………………. 44 RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………. 48 Well Stratigraphy………………………………………………………….. 48 Well 2866…………………………………………………………. 48 Well 2941…………………………………………………………. 48 Well 2942…………………………………………………………. 49 Well 2943…………………………………………………………. 49 Well 2980…………………………………………………………. 50 Well 2965…………………………………………………………. 50 Lithology…………………………………………………………………… 63 Sandstone…………………………………………………………. 63 Siltstone…………………………………………………………… 63 Limestone…………………………………………………………. 63 viii Mudstone………………………………………………………….. 66 Lithofacies Analysis………………………………………………………. 66 Planar-Tabular Cross-bedded Sandstone (Lithofacies Sc)…….… 71 Trough Cross-bedded Sandstone With Shale Partings (Lithofacies Sth)……………………………………………………. 71 Massive Sandstone With Mudstone (Lithofacies Smi)……………. 73 Massive Sandstone (Lithofacies Sm)……………………………. 73 Laminated Sandstone (Lithofacies Sl)…………………………… 75 Laminated Siltston (Lithofacies SSl)……………………………. 75 Heterolithic Lenticular Bedded Sandstone-Mudstone (Lithofacies SMk)………………………………………………… 77 Heterolithic Flaser Bedded Sandstone-Mudstone (Lithofacies SMf)………………………………………………… 77 Heterolithic Bedding With Wavy Bedding (Lithofacies SMw)… 79 Heterolithic Bedding With Ball-And-Pillow Structure (Lithofacies SMd)………………………………………………… 79 Heterolithic Laminated Sandstone-Mudstone (Lithofacies SMl).. 81 Heterolithic Laminated Siltstone-Mudstone (SSMl)…………….. 81 Heterolithic Siltstone-Mudstone With Bioturbation (Lithofacies SSMb)……………………………………………….. 83 Massive Mudstone With Bioturbation (Lithofacies Mmb)……… 85 Massive Mudstone (Lithofacies Mm)…………………………… 85 Massive Limestone (Lithofacies Lm)……………………………. 87 Lithofacies Assemblages…………………………………………………. 87 Tidal Inlet Channel……………………………………………….. 88 Tidalites…………………………………………………………… 88 ix Distributary Mouth Bars…………………………………………. 91 Point Bar Sequence………………………………………………. 94 Trace Fossils………………………………………………………………. 94 Core Logs Correlating to Geophysical Logs……………………………… 98 Well 2866………………………………………………………….. 98 Well 2941………………………………………………………….. 98 Well 2943…………………………………………………………. 99 Well 2980…………………………………………………………. 100 Basin Mapping…..………………………………………………………… 105 Litho-correlation Profiles…………………………………………. 105 Northwest-Southeast Profile………………………………………. 105 Northeast-Southwest Profile………………………………………. 106 Isopach Map………………………………………………………. 106 3-D Subsurface Wireframe Map………………………………….. 110 Reservoir Compartmentalization………………………………………….. 115 Micro-Scale………………………………………………………. 115 Meso-Scale……………………………………………………….. 116 Macro-Scale……………………………………………………… 117 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………….. 120 Depositional Environments……………………………………………….. 120 Tide Dominated Deltas…………..………………………………… 120 Meander Point Bar………………………………………………… 121 Interdistributary Bays…………………………………………….. 121 x Distributary Channels…………………………………………….. 122 Distributary Mouth Bars………………………………………….. 122 Prodelta…………………………………………………………… 122 Similarities With Previous Works………………………………………… 123 Petroleum Geology………………………………………………………... 124 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………… 128 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 130 APPENDIX A: GEOPHYSICAL LOGS…………………………………………. 141 APPENDIX B: CORE LOGS…………………………………………………….. 154 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Diagram of a delta complex……………………………………………… 3 2 Stratigraphic section of a barrier island complex………………………. 9 3 Typical tempestite sequence…………………………………..………… 10 4 Diagram of an offshore to a foreshore environment……………………. 11 5 Stratigraphic section of a lagoon within a barrier island complex …….. 15 6 Diagram of a tidal flat environment…………………………………...... 18 7 Diagram showing flaser, wavy, and lenticular bedding………………... 20 8 Geological map of Ohio ………………………………………….…….. 24 9 Paleogeographic map for (how
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