The Euclid Bluestone of Northeastern Ohio: Quarrying History, Petrology, and Sedimentology Joseph T

Home , Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, Bluestone, Euclid Creek

70 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

The Euclid Bluestone of Northeastern Ohio: Quarrying History, Petrology, and Sedimentology Joseph T. Hannibal, Benjamin A. Scherzer, and David B. Saja The Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Abstract Ohio. Euclid bluestone was also crushed for use as a com- ponent of concrete, but recently it has been used mainly for Euclid bluestone (the Euclid Member of the Upper De- riprap along the Lake Erie shore and along stream banks, and vonian Bedford Formation) is a dense, well-indurated, very as decorative landscape stone. fine grained sandstone that crops out in northeastern Ohio This paper provides a comprehensive review of the in and near Cleveland. The unit was quarried early in the quarrying history of the Euclid bluestone, documents the nineteenth century, even earlier than documented quarry- last producing quarry, and comments on the petrology and ing of the more famous bluestones of New York State. Eu- sedimentology of the unit on the basis of samples from this clid bluestone was most famous for its use as flagstone for quarry. Brief comparisons also are made to the classic blue- sidewalks. It was used extensively in the Cleveland area, and stones of New York and Pennsylvania. In this paper, the ini- was shipped outside of northeastern Ohio to towns and cit- tial letters of both parts of the name of formal rock units, for ies between Milwaukee and New York and southward as far instance, “Berea Sandstone,” are capitalized, but only the first as Washington, D.C. Most Euclid bluestone quarries were part of informal rock units, for instance, “Euclid bluestone,” closed in the first decades of the twentieth century because are capitalized. of the lessening demand for sidewalk stone. Only one quarry, located on the eastern edge of the Cuyahoga Valley in south- What is the Euclid Bluestone? ern Cuyahoga County, has produced stone in recent decades. The Euclid bluestone is a very fine grained sandstone The stone quarried there has been broken to produce blocks that crops out on the east side of Cleveland, and in areas east suitable for riprap and landscaping. The Euclid at this quarry and south of Cleveland, and is mainly exposed east of the is quartz-rich, with minor albite (±microcline), muscovite, Cuyahoga River. The Euclid crops out in several Cleveland chlorite (±biotite), and accessory minerals (zircon, apatite, area parks, including the Euclid Creek and Brecksville reser- and magnetite), all enclosed in a ferroan-dolomite matrix. vations of the Cleveland Metroparks, and along Doan Brook Euclid bluestone is a distal Catskill wedge deposit composed at the Cleveland/Cleveland Heights border. The lip of one of finer material than that of the more proximal New York of the largest waterfalls in Cuyahoga County, on Mill Creek and Pennsylvania bluestones. in southeast Cleveland, is composed of the Euclid bluestone. Introduction Prosser (in Morse and Foerste, 1909, p. 166; see also Prosser, 1912, p. 373) formally named the Euclid bluestone for Eu- Euclid bluestone is a very fine grained sandstone that clid Creek, where the unit is 26.25 ft (8 m) thick, and was has been quarried in northeastern Ohio for most of the last long quarried. two centuries. It is considered to be an informal unit by the The word “bluestone” refers to its reputed color. Mat- Ohio Geological Survey. The Euclid is the densest of the ma- thew Read (1879, p. 215), an early Ohio Geological Survey jor northeastern Ohio sandstones; it was known for its com- geologist, called it a blue quarry-rock. John Strong Newberry pact nature and strength (Bownocker, 1915, p. 69–70; Van (1873, p. 188), Ohio’s most prominent nineteenth-century Horn, 1931, p. 107–111). Euclid bluestone was especially geologist, noted that it was the “blue stone” of the Cleveland recommended for use as flagstone. The Euclid historically has market. George Merrill (1891, p. 278), the great nineteenth- been used for elegant sandstone sidewalks that once graced century building stone expert, called it a “deep blue-gray most of the streets of Cleveland and other northeastern Ohio color.” Prosser (1912, p. 367) described it as a bluish-gray cities (Hannibal and Palermo, 1980). Sidewalks in other cit- sandstone at its type locality, and Bownocker (1915, p. 68) ies and towns in the region between New York and Chicago called it a blue sandstone. However, only one of the samples were also paved with Euclid bluestone flagging (Bownocker, noted by Van Horn (1931, p. 108) was light bluish gray; an- 1915, p. 70). In addition, the Euclid bluestone was used for other was light yellow. The rock’s name is perhaps more col- exterior steps, foundations for homes and other structures, orful than the rock itself, as the stone has a bluish cast only tombstones, windowsills, capstones and other cut-stone when it is freshly exposed. To complicate things, the term building trim, fences, laundry tubs, and even billiard tables, “bluestone” has long been used for types of rock other than as well as for aggregate and crushed stone (Bownocker, 1915, sandstone. “Sandusky blue stone,” for example, is a limestone p. 70; Van Horn, 1931, p. 107–111; personal observations of (Bownocker, 1915, p. 61). Thus the name “bluestone” was, the authors). It has occasionally been used for exterior walls and remains, more of a commercial appellation than an accu- of buildings, including the old Euclid City Hall in Euclid, rate descriptive term (Dickinson, 1903, p. 5; Bowles, 1917, Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 40t h Fo r u m o n t h e Ge o l o g y o f In d u s t r i a l Mi n e r a l s 71

p. 94; Albanese and Kelly, 1991, p. 191). One of the best classic definitions of eastern U.S. bluestone is that of Berkey

(1908, p. 156), reiterated by Bowles (1939, p. 97–101), who Euclid defined the stone as “an indurated arkose sandstone.” Creek The Ohio Geological Survey now considers the Euclid 7 bluestone to be an informal unit, as did Van Horn (1931), 81 45’ N 6 BLUESTONE 41 30’ W 5 but others have considered it to be the Euclid Member of 4 the Bedford Formation (for example, Pashin and Ettensohn, Cleveland 1995). It has also been called the Euclid sandstone lentil 3 (Morse and Foerste, 1909, p. 166); the Euclid lentil (Prosser, 1912, p. 373); the Euclid Siltstone Member (for example, de Witt, 1951; Pepper and others, 1954, p. 12); and the Euclid 2 sandstone (Prosser, 1912, p. 370). The unit is Upper Devoni- 1

Cuyahoga 0 5 Miles an (Famennian) in age (Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995), but has N River been considered to be Mississippian by a number of authors 0 5 Kilometers (for example, Pepper and others, 1954). The Euclid is a discontinuous, lens-shaped layer. When seen at any particular locality, the unit appears to consist of Figure 1. Sketch map of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, showing rep- thick horizontal layers, but these layers thin out laterally and resentative localities where Euclid bluestone has been quarried. become discontinuous. Thus the Euclid is found only in part The Cuyahoga River and Euclid Creek are shown, as is the pres- of the outcrop area of the Bedford Formation. ent outline of the city of Cleveland. More than a dozen quarries once dotted Cuyahoga County. Locations shown: 1) Indepen- History of Quarrying dence quarry, Independence Township; 2) Boyas quarry, Valley View, Independence Township; 3) Caine quarry, southeast Cleve- Historically, the three most important rock units quar- land (once part of Newburgh Township); 4) Lake View Cemetery ried for building stone in northeastern Ohio were the Euclid quarry, Cleveland Heights; 5) Rockefeller quarry, Forest Hill Park, Cleveland Heights; 6) Maxwell/Malone quarry, South Euclid (once bluestone, the Berea Sandstone, and the Sharon Formation. part of Euclid); 7) Forest City (McFarland) quarry, South Euclid The Berea (Hannibal, 1985; Hannibal and others, 2006), (once part of Euclid). The star indicates the site of the quarry still quarried for dimension stone, is the best known of these. town of Bluestone, South Euclid (once part of Euclid). The Sharon was used for dimension stone in the nineteenth century and is used for crushed stone today (Hannibal and Foos, 2003; Hannibal, 2006). Although it was an important Several quarries in the early 1800s were opened just east dimension stone quarried for most of the nineteenth and and south of what was then the little town of Cleveland. This twentieth centuries in the Cleveland area, the Euclid is the predates the documented beginnings of the famous bluestone least studied of these rock units. quarries of the state of New York, which began production Euclid bluestone has been quarried along a northeast- in the mid-1800s, according to Bowles (1939, p. 97) and southwest–trending, arcuate outcrop area in and east of Albanese and Kelly (1991, p. 196). The quarries may have Cleveland (fig. 1) (Cushing and others, 1931, pl. 20; opened slightly earlier, however, as Merrill, writing in 1886, Lewis, 1988, fig. 5). It was one of the first stones quarried in the Cleveland region, as the Euclid was the closest available dimension stone both stratigraphically and geographically to the growing town of Cleveland in the early 1800s. Portions of the Euclid are composed of or weather to thin, flaggy beds (fig. 2) utilized early in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Slabs pried from rock outcrops along streams and elsewhere could be directly used for sidewalk stone after trimming. Indeed, Van Horn (1931, p. 107) noted that thin beds were used without sawing into the twentieth century, although to a limited extent. Beds a few inches thick could also be trimmed for use as tablet-style gravestones, in vogue during the early 1800s (Bauer and others, 2002), and as capstones for field- or rough-stone walls. As water power and then steam power were harnessed for cutting stone in the nineteenth century, thicker slabs could be cut using gang (multiple-blade) saws into desired thicknesses, ready for use Figure 2. Photograph (1985) of weathered flaggy beds of Euclid as sidewalks or steps. bluestone at Lake View Cemetery. 72 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

noted (1889, p. 454) that the quarries in Ulster County, New Garlick’s 1818 advertisement (reprinted in Butler, 1963, York, (the classic early bluestone quarries) were “worked for p. 140) notes that his stone was from Dr. Long’s quarry, upwards of forty years.” which, according to Theodatus Garlick (1869), was along Euclid bluestone was quarried in the early 1800s along Mill Creek where Dr. Long (probably physician David Long) Doan Brook (a quarry locality noted by Prosser, 1912, p. and others had established a stone saw mill “some years be- 361; see also Post, 1930, p. 125), and probably in Cedar fore” (that is, before 1820). The 1880 U.S. Census (Table 1) Glen and vicinity, near today’s border of Cleveland with the records the largest and best-known quarry at this location, inner-ring suburb of Cleveland Heights. This area was then in that of W. H. Caine, as opening in 1865. At the time of the the northern part of Newburgh Township, a large township census, “Ohio Blue Stone” was quarried and dressed here for south of Cleveland known simply as Newburgh (also spelled shipment by rail, principally to Detroit, Michigan. In the “Newburg”). In this region, township names were commonly 1880s, insurance maps (Sanborn, 1886) show that the Caine used without the epithet “township” (Kilbourn, 1833, p. xv). Stone Company used six gang saws at its stone works, located Thus some of the early quarries, such as those along Doan 500 ft (about 152 m) south of Broadway and Miles Street, to Brook, were noted as being in “Newburgh” in older refer- cut the stone at their stone works near the Mill Creek quarry. ences, but are no longer located in that township because of Samples from the Caine quarry were analyzed for crushing its subsequent shrinkage and dismemberment. tests (see Van Horn, 1931, p. 109) as was the Berea Sandstone One of the very first railways in the Cleveland area was from the quarries in Berea, Ohio. The average crushing load the Quarry Railroad operating from 1834 to 1849, which Van Horn recorded for the Berea was 9,980 psi, and that of ran from bluestone quarries at the top of Cedar Hill to East the Euclid was 13,957 psi. 101st Street and then to Cleveland’s Public Square (Post, Thick beds of the Euclid along Euclid Creek in what 1930, map in front of book and p. 124–127). The relatively was then Euclid Township (see Newberry 1873, p. 188) but high position of the bluestone beds in the section facilitat- now is South Euclid first drew attention in the 1860s. Sev- ed transport via gravity and horse-power on this primitive eral quarries (Table 1) (Lake, 1874, p. 121; Flaningam, 1934) railway. (A downtown Cleveland stretch of a horse-powered were opened along or near Euclid Creek. The Euclid was also railway is depicted in an 1874 atlas of Cuyahoga County quarried from about 0.5 to 1 mile (0.8 to 1.6 km) to the west [Lake, 1874]). of Euclid Creek along the easternmost branch of Nine Mile In an 1838 cross section, Whittlesey (1838, plate inserted Creek. The first such quarry in Euclid Township may have between p. 56 and 57) depicted Kingsbury’s quarry, probably been that of Duncan McFarland, which opened in 1867, ac- owned by James Kingsbury (1775–1847), on the bluffs just cording to Flaningam (1934; see also South Euclid Golden south of the then-small town of Cleveland. This quarry was Jubilee Book Committee, 1967, p. 12), along the east bank located in what is now the southeastern part of Cleveland, of Euclid Creek. However, the opening date was reported as then part of Newburgh Township. A possible location for 1876 by the U.S. Census (1880). Kingsbury’s quarry is along Kingsbury Run, near the intersec- By the late 1870s, Read (1879, p. 215) was able to report tion of today’s Woodhill and Kinsman Roads, but the Euclid that “at the Newburg, Kingsbury and East Cleveland quarries has not been mapped as occurring in this area (see Cushing the deposit is … a serviceable stone for walls, window sills, and others, 1931, pl. 1). Whittlesey (1838, p. 57) described etc., and for sawing into flagging stone.” He noted that one the rock now known as the Euclid near the Kingsbury’s quar- firm at East Cleveland (almost certainly one of the quarries ry as being a 25-ft-thick (7.6-m-thick) layer of “fine-grained, in old Euclid listed in Table 1) produced about 50,000 cu- compact, blue sandstone … with ripple marks.” At that time bic ft (1,415.8 cubic m) of flagstone per year, and that stone the Euclid remained unnamed. He noted that “[t]his bed fur- from Newburgh was much used in and outside of Cuyahoga nishes building and flagging stone of a good quality, and is County. Orton (1884, p. 581) described the stone (mistak- extensively quarried for use, and also for exportation. It splits enly under the name “Berea grit,” which also was quarried with the greatest precision.” in the region and sometimes used for flagstone) as being ex- The heart of Newburgh Township (the “town” of New- tensively quarried at Newburgh and Euclid and used “almost burgh on the geological map of Cuyahoga County in New- exclusively for paving the sidewalks of Cleveland and of many berry, 1873; not to be confused with the township itself), other northern cities, especially in the state of Michigan.” now part of southeast Cleveland, was the site of important The town of Bluestone located in Euclid Township, in early quarries. Falls in this area, along Mill Creek, provided what today is South Euclid, became a boomtown of sorts in water power for mills and industry (Ostrowski, 2001), and the 1890s, with five nearby quarries, and a post office, two the Euclid was quarried at places along the stream (Lake, stores, two saloons, a church, and a temperance hall (Flanin- 1874, p. 87; Prosser, 1912, p. 348–349; Bownocker, 1915, gam, 1934; South Euclid Golden Jubilee Book Committee, p. 71–72). Quarrying here began very early. In his memoirs, 1967, p. 12). Competing stone companies operated in this Theodatus Garlick (1869) noted that by 1820 his brother area and railway spurs were put in to move the stone to mar- Abel had been making tombstones from a “fine blue sand- ket. The town appears on the U.S. Geological Survey Euclid, stone” that was subsequently used for sidewalks. Abel Ohio, 1903 15-minute topographic map (and on plate 20 Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 40t h Fo r u m o n t h e Ge o l o g y o f In d u s t r i a l Mi n e r a l s 73

Table 1. Euclid bluestone quarries in operation in Cuyahoga County between June 1, 1879, and May 31, 1880, from 1880 products of industry reports of the census (U. S. Census, 1850–1880).

Mode of Principal Name Location Year opened Stone type transportation market

W. H. Caine Cleveland 1865 Ohio Blue Stone rail Detroit

Euclid Detroit, Milwaukee, Forest City Stone Co.1 1871 Blue Free Stone wagon, rail, and water Buffalo, (now South Euclid) Washington, D.C.

Detroit, Milwaukee, Slawson Meeker & Co. Euclid 1872 Blue Free Stone wagon, rail, and water Buffalo, (now South Euclid) Washington, D.C.

Detroit, Milwaukee, Maxwell & Malone Euclid 1872 Blue Free Stone wagon, rail, and water Buffalo, (now South Euclid) Washington, D.C.

Euclid 2 MacFarland Bros. (now South Euclid) 1876 Blue Free Stone wagon, rail, and water Detroit

Geissendorfus3 & Sherman Independence 1880 Blue Stone wagon and canal Cleveland

1 Produced sawed stone flagging which was exhibited at the 1878 International Exhibition (U.S. Centennial Commission, 1876). 2 Reported as opening in 1867 in Flaningam (1934) and South Euclid Golden Jubilee Book Committee (1967, p. 12). 3 Spelling is difficult to read on original.

in Cushing and others, 1931). Business slowed in the early and others (1931, pls. 2b, 3) illustrated Euclid bluestone 1900s, the Bluestone post office closed in 1910, and the blue- quarries along Euclid Creek. Their quarry photographs re- stone industry in this area closed down by 1920 (Flaningam, cord the quarrying techniques used at that time, including 1934). The appellation “Bluestone” has lived on, however, in drilling and the use of channeling machines to make vertical the roadway named Bluestone Road, which crosses Nine Mile cuts. The quarries along Euclid Creek were somewhat larg- Creek in one old quarry area and extends to the western edge er operations than the bluestone quarries of New York and of what was the Euclid Creek quarry area. Pennsylvania (Bowles, 1939, p. 99). The chief use of stone Euclid bluestone was also quarried in Independence from the South Euclid quarries was for flagstone. and South Park, Ohio, just west of the Cuyahoga River, dur- Euclid bluestone has also been used for the exterior of ing the nineteenth century, beginning at least by 1880 (see some structures, including most of the exterior of the old Table 1). One quarry was known as Independence quarry Euclid City Hall, which is located at 605 East 222nd Street (Prosser, 1912, pl. 46A; see also Miller and others, 1979, p. in Euclid, Ohio. This building was constructed in 1937 as 62–63), and according to Miller and others (1979, p. 63), a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project (Cleveland Theophilus G. Clewell operated another bluestone quarry Press, 1970) but has a cornerstone dated 1938. It may be the along Hemlock Road in Independence. Quarries here are in- largest building faced primarily with Euclid bluestone. The dicated on maps in Lake (1874, p. 185) and Cushing and trim of the building, however, is Berea Sandstone. Squire’s others (1931, pl. 20). Castle, a ruined gatehouse built in the 1890s and now in the The Newburgh and South Euclid quarries were the best North Chagrin Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks, known of the Euclid bluestone quarries and were in opera- has a stone marker stating that “much of the castle’s exte- tion into the twentieth century. Photos of bluestone quar- rior was constructed with Euclid bluestone” (see also Paler- ries in South Euclid can be found in Ohio Geological Survey mo, 1979, p. 56; and Carey, 2006), but it is fashioned from (Prosser, 1912, pl. 42) and U.S. Geological Survey (Cushing Berea Sandstone (misidentifying stone types in nongeologi- and others, 1931) publications published in the first decades cal publications and signage is not unusual). The Euclid has of the twentieth century. Prosser (1912) recorded measure- also probably been used for parts (“trimmings such as string ments of the Euclid at one of the Maxville and Rolf quarries courses, sills, mullions, columns, capitals, and corbels”) of the (p. 368–369) at Euclid Creek and the nearby Malone Stone historic Healy Building (built in 1877–79; Durkin, 1963, Company quarry (p. 372) along Nine Mile Creek. Cushing p. 103–109) on the campus of Georgetown University, the 74 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

exterior of which was completed in 1879 (Washington Post, 1879, noted as “Euclid, Ohio, stone of a light neutral gray”; and American Architect and Building News, 1880, noted as “bluish gray Ohio freestone”) (Historic American Buildings Survey, after 1933). Euclid bluestone also was quarried for local uses. In the early part of the twentieth century, John D. Rockefeller— millionaire, robber baron, founder of Standard Oil, and ever the thrifty one—had stone quarried from his country estate, along a branch of Dugway Brook in Cleveland Heights, for small bridges and other structures he had built on his prop- erty, which straddled the Cleveland Heights-East Cleveland boundary. The quarry and quarry area were delineated and described by landscape architect A. D. Taylor (1938, for example, p. 34, p. 76, map on p. 59, photo on p. 88) in devel- Figure 4. Photograph (2001) of Egyptian revival building con- opment plans for a park on land donated by the Rockefeller structed of Euclid bluestone at Lake View Cemetery. family. This park is now known as Forest Hill Park. Taylor intended that the quarry locale become a picnic area (1938, quarry here was active until the mid-1930s. It has not been p. 76, photo and drawing on p. 88). This quarry has been filled in, and part of the old quarry floor and quarry walls partly filled in, but its remains still exist in the upper, Cleve- remain. The quarry is part of geological walks periodically land Heights part of the park near Monticello Blvd. Portions sponsored by the cemetery (see Hannibal, 2007). of the quarry walls are still visible. Most of the major Euclid bluestone quarries were closed Euclid bluestone was also quarried (fig. 3) along another by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries owing to branch of Dugway Brook, in the Cleveland Heights section of lessened demand. Sandstone, especially bluestone, was once Lake View Cemetery, a grand garden-style cemetery founded so highly desired for sidewalks that city ordinances demanded in 1869. The location of this quarry is indicated in the 1874 that sandstone be used. But concrete, a much less expensive atlas (Lake, 1874, p. 107) and the 1903 U.S. Geological Sur- material, came into wide use in the twentieth century and vey 15-minute Euclid topographic map. Bluestone from the most of the old quarries closed over a period of a few decades. cemetery quarry was used to construct buildings in the cem- The South Euclid Stone and Supply Company, however, contin- etery (fig. 4), a massive wall on the western (Mayfield Road) ued to operate a quarry into the 1940s (Palermo, 1979, p. 56). side of the cemetery, and steps leading to the top of small The old historic South Euclid quarries have been filled hills, as well as other structures. Quarrymen worked with in, entirely or in part. Only traces remain of the old quar- picks, iron bars, and other hand tools, and used dynamite. ries aside from abandoned quarry blocks and a few partially Little stone was wasted; at least during part of the twentieth exposed quarry walls. There is little evidence, for example, of century, a stone crusher, positioned on a basal layer of Euclid the quarry that was once at what is now South Euclid Quar- bluestone flooring the quarry, was used to crush scraps which ry Park. Much of the quarry area along Euclid Creek was were then used as foundations for cemetery monuments. The changed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, but some effort was made to preserve original quarry stones (Persche, 1939, p. 45). Still, evidence for quarrying along this namesake section along Euclid Creek, in the Euclid Creek Res- ervation of the Cleveland Metroparks, is subtle. A metal loop embedded in a block of bluestone, and pieces of quarried stone strewn about in places are the most readily identifiable remnants of the old quarry operations.

Boyas Quarry: The Last Euclid Quarry

The only substantial Euclid bluestone quarry that has operated in recent decades is the Boyas quarry (fig. 5) (Wolfe, 2002, p. 66, and accompanying Mineral Industries of Ohio map, location number 595), a quarry located on the eastern flank of the Cuyahoga River Valley in Valley View, Indepen- Figure 3. Photograph of old Euclid bluestone quarry (locality 4 dence Township. The location is very close to the western on Figure 1) and quarry workers at Lake View Cemetery. (Photo border of Garfield Heights. The quarry stretches several courtesy of Lake View Cemetery Association Archives.) hundred yards (meters) northwestward from Rockside Road Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 40t h Fo r u m o n t h e Ge o l o g y o f In d u s t r i a l Mi n e r a l s 75

toward I-480. The locality is not far from the classic Granger Road (Highway 17) cut of Pepper and others (1954, fig. 53), and Szmuc (1970, fig. 6), which is now poorly exposed. The Boyas quarry was opened in the 1970s. The Euclid there is about 18 ft (5.5 m) thick (with some lateral variability). The sandstone beds vary in thickness, from about 6.7 in (17 cm) to up to about 3.3 ft (1 m). Thin shale partings commonly separate sandstone beds. The basal sandstone beds retain more or less constant lateral thickness, about 11.5 ft (3.5 m), across the cut face of the quarry (figs. 5–7). The Euclid at the Boyas quarry exhibits many classic sedimentary structures, including ball-and-pillow structures (fig. 7), flame structures (figs. 8–9), convoluted bedding, and various sole markings including flute casts. It also contains shale pebbles, pyrite nodules, and large, oblate (up to about 16.5 in [42 cm] high by 39 in [98 cm] horizontal diameter), concretionlike structures. Van Horn (1931, p. 108) noted con- cretions in the Euclid at Newburg.) Wave ripples occur spo- radically in the main sandstone sequence and are common in the flaggy beds of sandstone above (fig. 7). These sedimentary features also occur at other sites where the Euclid crops out (see Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, fig. 46). The quarrying techniques used at the Boyas quarry are unusual, contrasting with those used in quarrying the Eu- clid bluestone during the early and middle twentieth century. At this quarry, workers first removed the overlying gray and red shales of the Bedford Formation and then used a load- er to scoop up a large iron wrecking ball and drop it onto an exposed layer of bluestone. If properly done, the iron ball (fig. 10) cracked the rock and did not roll. The rock layers broke naturally into large blocks that were easily pulled away from the edge of the outcrop using an excavator. The stone Figure 5. Photograph (2001) of the Bedford Formation, includ- broke into roughly cubic blocks because the Euclid’s horizon- ing Euclid bluestone, exposed in the Boyas quarry (locality 2 on tal bedding and vertical joint sets occur nearly at right angles. Figure 1). Upper third of the section seen is composed of gray Berkey (1908, p. 150) noted similar jointing in New York shale; most of remainder is Euclid bluestone. Measuring staff is bluestone. These rough, broken rock faces commonly exhibit marked in decimeter increments. The two thick beds of sandstone are about 3.3 ft (1 m) thick. plume structures—feather patterns that develop along joint faces. Stone from the Boyas quarry can be seen at localities all all cemented with silica. They also found it to have interstitial around Cleveland. The stone is used for shore armoring along calcite and framboidal pyrite. much of the Cleveland shoreline. It has also been used extensively for ornamental stone at places such as the Cleveland Analysis. The following description is based on X-ray Metroparks Zoo. diffraction and petrographic analyses. The Euclid bluestone from the Boyas quarry is a very fine grained (<125 μ) dolo- Composition of the Stone at the Boyas Quarry mitic micaceous quartz sandstone. Fresh samples typically are nonfissile, dense (2.45–2.75, n = 8), and light-gray in color Previous Descriptions. Pashin and Ettensohn (1995, (Munsell rock-color chart). Thin sections of fresh Euclid re- p. 16) determined the Bedford-Berea siltstone (that is, the Eu- veal abundant detrital quartz, albite (±microcline), muscovite, clid) to be composed of monocrystalline quartz, with some chlorite (±biotite), and accessory minerals (zircon, apatite, and mica and a clay-mica matrix. They found it to be cemented magnetite), all enclosed in a ferroan-dolomite matrix (figs. mainly by quartz, with lesser ferroan calcite and framboidal 11–13). marcasite. The Corps of Engineers (T. Stransky, oral commun., The matrix, in hand sample and plane-polarized light, 1981) found samples of the Euclid from the Boyas quarry to closely resembles the clay matrix of a classic graywacke. Un- be composed of subangular quartz and some lithic particles, der plane-polarized light the matrix appears as a very fine 76 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

Figure 6. Illustration showing section of rocks exposed at Boyas quarry. The column reflects NW (left side of section)/SE (right side of section) variation in the quarry. The lower sandstone layers are more uniform in thickness than the upper layers.

grained dark-brown (nearly opaque) filling. Under crossed- minute brown rhombs, and X-ray diffraction analysis of both polarized light at low magnification (fig. 12), the matrix has untreated and acid-etched samples confirms this material as a distinct “poikilitic” mottled texture, but does not show car- dolomite. Using the Delesse Principle (Delesse, 1848) of line bonate twinning. In one sample, we observed disseminated counting (as noted in Galehouse, 1971, p. 385), which can Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 40t h Fo r u m o n t h e Ge o l o g y o f In d u s t r i a l Mi n e r a l s 77

Figure 7. Photograph (2001) of Euclid bluestone exposure at Figure 10. Photograph (2001) showing a large iron ball that was Boyas quarry in Valley View. Sandstone beds of various thick- used to break stone layers at Boyas quarry. The ball is about nesses, separated by thin shale partings, can be seen. Vertical 2.3 ft (about 7 decimeters) in diameter. The broken pieces are and subvertical joints are also present. Also note the ball-and- Euclid bluestone. The quarry wall is visible in the background. pillow structures in the layer just a few inches beneath the feet of two geologists. be applied to printed photomicrographs of acid-etched thin sections, the dolomite accounts for roughly 25 percent by volume of this rock, clearly placing it in the “wacke” sandstone classification according to Pettijohn and others (1987, p. 144). Furthermore, this classification scheme does not count the abundant detrital micas as framework grains for determin- ing classification. Framework grains are dominantly quartz, which are very angular to sub-angular, sub-prismoidal to sub-discoidal (following Powers, 1989, sheet 30.1), and range from 60 to 100 microns in length. There is a strong preferred alignment of inequant grains parallel to bedding, resulting in a “sedimentary” fabric that facilitates horizontal cleaving. Similar planes of splitting have been called “reeds” in the New York bluestone area (Dickinson, 1903, p. 7; Bowles, 1917, p. 94–95) and are generally known as “rifts” in the dimension stone indus- Figure 8. Photograph (2001) of a large (33.5 by 31 inches [85 try (Merrill, 1891, p. 436). Most quartz grains in the Euclid by 80 cm]) quarried block of Euclid bluestone at Boyas quarry bluestone are monocrystalline with either unit extinction or showing flame structures as seen from below. weak undulatory extinction. Feldspar grains typically show albite-twinning (rarely “tartan” microcline twinning) and have abundant inclusions. The feldspar grains show signs of de- composition. Mica grains, predominantly clear muscovite, lie in the plane of bedding, and are commonly bent around adjacent framework grains, which most likely were pressed into the mica during compaction and burial. Most framework grains, when touching, commonly show impinging or embayed contacts. The quartz grains are rarely sutured, and only one grain was observed with an overgrowth. The angularity of the quartz, the presence of feldspar, and abundant mica grains suggest that this material was not in transit very long. Although not well sorted by composition (namely, it is an immature sandstone according to the termi- nology of Tucker, 2001, p. 20), the grains are uniform in size. Sorting such as this is typical of deep-water graywackes that Figure 9. Photograph showing flame structure consisting of wa- are carried long distances and deposited far from their source ter-laden clays injected upwards into the overlying sand. The in one swift event such as a low-density turbidity currents or photo is of a back-lit thin section 1 inch (2.5 cm) in height. gravity slumps (Shelley, 1985). 78 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

Etched void space

Figure 11. Photomicrograph in plane-polarized light of typical Euclid bluestone from the Boyas quarry. Patchy carbonate ma- Quartz Chlorite trix is visible surrounding grains, mostly quartz. Figure 13. Photomicrograph of the Euclid bluestone from the Boyas quarry at higher magnification, showing abundant voids surrounding framework grains in the acid‑etched rock.

be seen on structures made of Euclid bluestone, including sidewalks and the old Euclid City Hall building.

Comparison to Other Bluestones

The well-known bluestones (flagstones) of New York State (Hudson River Valley and south and central New York) and adjacent areas of northern Pennsylvania are Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Catskill wedge deposits (Krajewski and Williams, 1971; Albanese and Kelly, 1991). These deposits, including the Walton and Slide Mountain formations (Frasnian) of New York, are proximal portions of the Catskill wedge. Since at least the time of Julien (1879, p. 372; also quoted in Merrill, 1889, p. 454; 1891, p. 270), the New York flagstones have been classi- Figure 12. Photomicrograph in plane-polarized light of Euclid fied as graywackes. Recent workers have retained this litho- bluestone from the Boyas quarry. The left side has been etched logic classification with some modifications for Pennsylvania with hydrochloric acid, removing the carbonate matrix from that and New York bluestones. Using Krynine’s classification, Kra- side. jewski and Williams (1971, fig. 33) have classified Pennsylva- nia bluestone as a low-rank graywacke. Albanese and Kelly Pyrite. Pyrite is common in the Euclid, which has pre- (1991, p. 192–193), using the Krynine classification, classi- vented its widespread use for building exteriors, unlike the fied New York bluestone as a low-rank graywacke and, in the Berea Sandstone, which has been used extensively for the ex- Pettijohn system, as a sub-graywacke. More recently, Alba- terior of buildings. When exposed to the atmosphere, the py- nese and Kelly (1995, p. 26) described the New York blue- rite blebs in the Euclid decay, turning black. Iron and sulfur stones as “moderately well sorted, fine to very fine sandstone leaches into the surrounding rock, forming a reddish-brown composed of quartz with subordinate rock fragments and to yellowish spot or streak. John Newberry (1873, p. 188) feldspar grains in a matrix of detrital and recrystallized clay noted this, writing that the bluestone was a “fine, compact, minerals cemented by quartz with small amounts of calcite.” and serviceable stone, but it contains considerable iron in the Flagstones are chosen because of their ability to resist condition of sulfide.” Read (1879, p. 215) observed that this weathering. They are compact and relatively impermeable stone “requires … careful selection to exclude that containing (Julien, 1879, p. 372). Traditional bluestones of New York iron sulfide, which by oxidation will color and disintegrate State, which have also been called graywacke, contain chlorite the stone.” And Merrill (1889, p. 458) noted it to be safe only and other minerals that make them less permeable and more for “bridge work and foundations or flagging, for which last durable, what Berkey (1908, p. 154) in his analysis of New purpose it is eminently suited.” Such pyrite-related spots can York bluestones called incipient metamorphism. Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 40t h Fo r u m o n t h e Ge o l o g y o f In d u s t r i a l Mi n e r a l s 79

Krajewski and Williams (1971, p. 152) noted that the study of the Bedford Formation and Berea Sandstone. These resistance of Pennsylvania flagstone was due to “the character workers determined (1995, p. 45) that the unit consists of and higher percentages of secondary, fibrous clay minerals” localized, storm-related deposits that accumulated on a shelf when compared to lesser resistance of samples of Tennessee margin. Analysis of detrital micas from the Bedford Forma- flagstone. Their sodium-sulfate soundness testing (p. 129) tion by Aronson and Lewis (1994) and Lux and Wells (1994) showed that permeability was the major factor in the amount identified an Appalachian, Acadian Orogeny, source area. of resistance to weathering. The angularity of the quartz and the abundance of de- The Euclid is similar in overall composition to the New trital mica grains suggest short transit time, possibly along York bluestones. However, the Euclid differs from these other an outer delta slope (Shelley, 1985, p. 25, 249). Although bluestones in being generally finer-grained and having do- not well sorted compositionally (namely, it is an immature lomitic cement. Sandstones of the southern Appalachians, sandstone in the sense of Tucker, 2001, p. 20), the silicate- however, can have ferroan dolomite/ankerite cement (Millik- framework grains are uniform in size, which is typical of en, 1998). The interlocking dolomitic cement of the Euclid deepwater graywackes that were deposited via a low-density strengthens the rock and makes it denser, helping to give the turbidity current or gravity-slump mechanism (Shelley, 1985, Euclid bluestone its durability. p. 249; Tucker, 2001, p. 84). That is, the sorting is typical of sands carried long distances and deposited far from their Depositional Environment of the Euclid source in one swift event. Convoluted bedding is suggestive of motion, and load casts, ball-and-pillow structures, and The Euclid is part of a generally coarsening-upward se- flame structures are indicative of rapid loading (Tucker, 2001, quence of Upper Devonian (Famennian) rocks (Ohio Shale p. 35–36). through Berea Sandstone) that were deposited in a foreland We interpret the beds in the Euclid to have been de- basin to the west of the Acadian Mountains. The deposits posited from long-range but swiftly traveling storm events are distal Catskill wedge/distal Appalachian Basin deposits. that brought material from the mouth of one or more large The Euclid was deposited at the beginning of an episode of rivers that were eroding rising metamorphic terrains to the regional shoaling, which is a relative lowering of sea level, and northeast. This is consistent with the interpretation by Pa- it was deposited on top of fine-grained muds and silts of the shin and Ettensohn (1995, p. 45). Our interpretation of the lower part of the Bedford Formation. Euclid sandstone as a turbidite “wacke” is consistent with The New York and Pennsylvania bluestones (Frasnian) classic studies of graywackes as flysch arenites (Crook, 1974). have been interpreted as originating as much shallower, more Furthermore, the abundance of syndepositional sedimentary proximal Catskill-facies rocks, as offshore bars and tidal channel structures—sole marks, flute casts, ripple marks, and convo- deposits (Krajewski and Williams, 1971; Albanese and Kelly, lute bedding—seen in outcrops suggests gravity-flow mecha- 1991). The slightly younger Euclid bluestone (Famennian) is a distal Catskill wedge deposit composed of finer material than the more proximal New York and Pennsylvania bluestones. The Euclid bluestone shows evidence of rapid transport and deposition. Wave ripples and hummocky strata are common sedimentary structures of the Euclid. Both structures are known to be associated with deposition during periods of sig- nificant storming. Other structures also found in the Euclid include current ripples and groove casts, structures common in turbidity currents, as well as flame structures (figs. 8 and 9), which are indicative of rapid loading. Additionally, the Euclid tends to be massive, having thick beds that lack inter- nal sedimentary structures such as graded bedding and cross beds, indicative of quick, punctuated deposition. Various scenarios have been proposed for deposition of the Euclid bluestone and the underlying and overlying rocks of the Bedford Formation. In a now classic study, Pepper and others (1954, p. 102, fig. 13B, and reiterated by Szmuc, 1970, p. 30) interpreted the Euclid bluestone to be an offshore barrier-bar complex. Coogan and others (1981, p. 133) interpreted the unit as representing rapidly emplaced distal bars that developed on a slope break. The latest work on the Figure 14. Lower hemispherical plot showing the trends of 16 depositional environment of the Euclid is that of Jack Pashin ripple crests collected from several inch-thick beds near the top and Frank Ettensohn (1995) who studied it as part of a larger of the Euclid at the southeast end of the Boyas quarry. 80 In d i a n a Ge o l o g i c a l Su r v e y Oc c a s i o n a l Pa p e r 67

nisms such as turbidity currents. Paleocurrent directions from Carey, A., 2006, What’s the deal with … Squire’s Castle: Plain Deal- ripple marks at the Boyas quarry indicate that transport was er, March 20, p. A2. from northeast to southwest (S48W, n = 16) (fig. 14), which Cleveland Press, 1970, City Hall is landmark but new one is planned: is in general agreement with the measurements of Pashin and Cleveland Press Classified Advertising Supplement, June 8, p. 16. Coogan, A. H., Heimlich, R. A., Malcuit, R. J., Bork, K. B., and Lewis, Ettensohn (1995, fig. 16) in this part of Cuyahoga County. T. L., 1981, Early Mississippian deltaic sedimentation in cental and Pashin and Ettensohn, however, show a wide range of direc- northeastern Ohio, in Roberts, T. G., ed., Geological Society of tions over the outcrop area of the siltstone and gray shale America Cincinnati ‘81 Field Trip Guidebooks, v. 1, Stratigraphy, lithofacies of the Bedford-Berea sequence. sedimentology: Falls Church, Va., American Geological Institute, p. 113–152. Acknowledgments Crook, K. A. W., 1974, Lithogenesis and geotectonics–the significance of compositional variations in flysch, in Dott, R. H., Jr., We thank the Boyas Company for access to their quarry, and Shaver, R. H., Modern and ancient geosynclinal sedimenta- Claire Sturm for help in the field, and Greg Petusky for print- tion: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spe- cial Publication 19, p. 304–310. ing most of the photos. Benjamin Scherzer’s and Claire Sturm’s Cushing, H. P., Leverett, F., and Van Horn, F. 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