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Tableaux D'une Exposition Tableaux d'une exposition ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE RADIO FRANCE HÅKAN HARDENBERGER direction er VENDREDI1 DÉCEMBRE 20H AARON COPLAND Fanfare for the Common Man (5 minutes environ) MAGNUS LINDBERG Ottoni (création française) (13 minutes environ) GUNTHER SCHULLER Symphonie pour cuivres et percussion opus 16 1. Andante – Allegro - Andante 2. Vivace 3. Lento desolato 4. Quasi cadenza - Allegro. (18 minutes environ) – Entracte – MODESTE MOUSSORGSKI ORCHESTRATION D'ELGAR HOWARTH Tableaux d’une exposition Promenade - Gnomus - Promenade - Il Vecchio castello - Promenade - Tuileries - Bydlo - Promenade - Ballet des poussins dans leurs coques - Samuel Goldenberg et Schmuyle - Promenade - Limoges, le marché - Catacombes - Cum mortuis in lingua mortua - La cabane sur des pattes de poule - La Grande Porte de Kiev (35 minutes environ) ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE RADIO FRANCE HÅKAN HARDENBERGER direction Ce concert sera diffusé en direct sur France Musique, également disponible sur francemusique.com AARON COPLAND 1900-1990 d’impôts sur le revenu. » Réponse amusée de Copland : « Je suis entièrement Fanfare for the Common Man d’accord pour honorer le Common Man au moment des déclarations d’impôts sur Composée en 1942. Créée le 12 mars 1943 par l’Orchestre symphonique de Cincinnati dirigé par Eugène le revenu. » Goossens. Manuscrit conservé à la Bibliothèque du Congrès de Washington. Nomenclature : 4 cors, Connaissant un succès immédiat, cette courte page pour cuivres et 3 trompettes, 3 trombones, 1 tuba. percussions (écrite bénévolement) retentira dans le final de saTroisième Symphonie, et sera utilisée d’innombrables fois jusqu’à ce jour. De funérailles en inaugurations politiques, de rencontres sportives en films publicitaires, de musique de recrutement « Ceci est le combat entre un monde esclave et un monde libre. Tout comme militaire au réveille-matin d’astronautes en orbite, de l’Expo 67 au signal du métro aux États-Unis en 1862 nous ne pouvions rester “moitié esclave” et “moitié libre”, de Montréal, des Rolling Stones à Bob Dylan, du jazzman Woody Herman au de même en 1942 le monde doit prendre la décision d’une victoire complète, groupe de rock progressif Emerson, Lake & Palmer, elle sera également reprise au d’une façon ou d’une autre. Tandis que nous entamons les phases finales de ce cinéma par John Williams dans Superman ou Saving Private Ryan (« Il faut sauver combat à mort entre le monde libre et le monde esclave, il est utile de rafraîchir le soldat Ryan »). nos esprits sur la marche vers la liberté du Common Man. » Voilà un extrait d’un Évincé de son poste de vice-président en 1944 en raison de ses convictions discours radiodiffusé le 8 mai 1942, et donné dans la grande salle de bal de l’hôtel progressistes, au profit d’Harry Truman qui sucédera à Roosevelt décédé l’année Commodore à New York par le vice-président Henry A. Wallace sous le titre The suivante, Wallace dénoncera la politique anti-communiste du nouveau président en Century of the Common Man, « Le siècle de l’Homme ordinaire ». Homme ordinaire, évoquant a century of fear (un siècle de peur), deux ans après The Century of the homme du commun, homme du peuple ou homme de la rue, cette appellation de Common Man. Le soutien des communistes américains ruinera sa candidature aux Common Man résonnait plus loin dans le texte : « Certains ont parlé de “siècle élections présidentielles de 1948. Cinq ans plus tard, Aaron Copland devra subir américain”. Je dis que le siècle dans lequel nous entrons – le siècle qui commencera l’interrogatoire du sénateur Joseph McCarthy sur ses sympathies communistes et ses juste après cette guerre – peut être et doit être le siècle du Common Man. » un-American activities (« activités anti-américaines »). Son homosexualité contribua Appelé à soutenir l’effort de guerre par sa musique, Aaron Copland écrivit très probablement à la mise à l’index du compositeur. Pour ses procureurs, une cette année-là un Lincoln Portrait dans lequel de célèbres discours du seizième décennie après the common man, Copland était devenu the communist man. président des États-Unis sont lus par un narrateur soutenu par un orchestre symphonique évoquant l’Americana, autrement dit les grandes heures et les grands François-Xavier Szymczak espaces américains. Cette partition fut créée le 14 mai 1942 par l’Orchestre symphonique de Cincinnati, dont le directeur musical fit de nouveau appel à 4 5 Copland : « Eugène Goossens m’avait écrit fin août à propos d’une idée qu’il voulait concrétiser pour la saison de concerts 1942-1943. Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il avait demandé aux compositeurs britanniques de composer une fanfare qui devait être jouée au début de chaque concert orchestral. Ce fut un tel succès qu’il pensa reproduire l’expérience lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale avec [dix-huit] compositeurs américains. » Goossens lui suggéra plusieurs titres, comme Fanfare pour les Soldats, pour les Marins ou pour les Aviateurs. Finalement, Copland décidera de baptiser l’œuvre Fanfare for the Common Man, fanfare pour cet homme de tous les jours évoqué par Wallace. « Son titre est aussi original que sa musique, écrira Goossens, et je pense que c’est tellement parlant que son exécution mérite une occasion unique. Si cela vous convient, nous la créerons le 12 mars 1943, au moment des déclarations MAGNUS LINDBERG né en 1958 CES ANNÉES-LÀ : POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN : 1941 : Attaques de l’aviation japonaise sur - Arthur Berger, Aaron Copland (traduit Ottoni (création française) la base de Pearl Harbor sur l’île de Hawaii de l’anglais par Marguerite Buchet), Buchet- Composé en 2004-2005. Créé le 16 février 2005 par les cuivres de l’Orchestre symphonique de Chicago (« Une journée d’infamie » pour le président Chastel, 1962. La seule biographie (commanditaire et dédicataire) sous la direction de Cliff Colnot dans le cadre de la série MusicNOW. Roosevelt). Les États-Unis entrent en guerre. en français, hélas datée et incomplète, Nomenclature : 4 cors, 4 trompettes dont 1 trompette piccolo, 3 trombones, 1 tuba. Glenn Miller reçoit son premier disque d’or Copland étant mort en 1990. pour Chattanooga Choo Choo. Benjamin - www.coplandhouse.org : site de la Britten présente aux États-Unis son premier maison de Copland, résidence d’artistes Si pour désigner l’ensemble des cors, trompettes, trombones et autres tubas, opéra, Paul Bunyan, partiellement inspiré au nord de New York la langue française utilise le mot « cuivres » (du latin cuprum, de nombreux gisements du blues. Chostakovitch écrit sa Septième - www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ venant de l’île de Chypre appelée Kypros en grec), l’italien se réfère au laiton Symphonie, évoquant l’effroyable siège de henrywallacefreeworldassoc.htm : (alliage de cuivre et de zinc) appelé ottone. Le pluriel ottoni correspond ainsi à cette Léningrad. Franklin D. Roosevelt entame son Enregistrement et transcription du discours famille instrumentale, autrement dit « les laitons ». Ce qui correspond davantage à troisième mandat de président des États- de Henry Wallace sur The Century of the la réalité organologique, la majeure partie des « cuivres » modernes étant fabriquée Unis. Opération Barbarossa par laquelle Common Man. à partir du laiton, le reste provenant du maillechort (alliage de laiton et de nickel). l’Allemagne nazie envahit son ancienne Lorsque le compositeur finlandais Magnus Lindberg écrivit en 2005 une œuvre pour alliée l’URSS. la section des cuivres de l’Orchestre symphonique de Chicago, il choisit ce vocable 1942 : Début de la bataille de Stalingrad. de la langue de Dante, plus chantant que les brass de Shakespeare (pour nommer Conférence de Wannsee à Berlin mettant ces instruments en anglais, on emploie également le laiton !). au point la « solution finale de la question Dès l’an 2000, Lindberg avait offert à la famille des vents (cuivres et bois) juive ». Décès des musiciens Alexander une partition intitulée Gran Duo, suivie en 2004 d’une Fanfare pour cuivres et Zemlinsky et Felix Weingartner. Roosevelt percussion. Ottoni s’appuie non seulement sur l’excellence des cuivres américains lance le Victory Program en accroissant comme ceux de Chicago, mais rend également hommage à la grande tradition considérablement l’armement américain. des Ottoni de la Renaissance et du Baroque, comme ceux d’Andrea et Giovanni Bing Crosby triomphe avec la chanson Gabrieli à Venise. Déjà dans Corrente I et II (1992), Lindberg citait une œuvre de White Christmas. Décès du guitariste de Purcell, tandis que sa Feria de 1997 s’inspirait de Monteverdi. Dans cet esprit, c’est jazz Charlie Christian. une passacaille qui structure l’ensemble d’Ottoni, et Lindberg retrouve le dialogue 6 7 1943 : Conférence de Téhéran marquant la du concerto grosso baroque entre les solistes (ici les trompettes) du concertino et première rencontre entre Staline, Roosevelt le reste des instruments dans le ripieno. Ce qui n’empêche pas l’émergence de et Churchill. Liquidation du ghetto juif de phrases dans lesquelles des solistes se détachent encore plus distinctement (premier Varsovie par l’armée allemande, après trombone puis première trompette). Dès l’ouverture, les cors posent les fondations son insurrection. Décès de Rachmaninov. harmoniques sur lesquelles les trompettes en sourdine vont imposer la cellule centrale Duke Ellington présente Black, Brown, and de la partition, formée de trois notes descendantes (si, la, fa dièse). Beige au Carnegie Hall de New York pour Neil Fisher du Times soulignait en 2009 que « les contours impeccablement soutenir l’effort de guerre. Leonard Bernstein alignés d’Ottoni possèdent la solidité spatiale de Sibelius ; la brume ensoleillée remplace au pied levé Bruno Walter pour d’un Gabrieli en fête plane au-dessus de l’ascension et du déclin des fanfares de diriger en direct à la radio l’Orchestre trompettes. Mais ce qui appartient entièrement à Lindberg, c’est la façon dont cette philharmonique de New York. logique interne lutte contre d’étonnantes sonorités et des élans féroces, tandis que des micro-motifs sont démêlés, rassemblés, reformés et transformés.
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