European Public Service Broadcasting Online
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UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI, COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CENTRE (CRC) European Public Service Broadcasting Online Services and Regulation JockumHildén,M.Soc.Sci. 30November2013 ThisstudyiscommissionedbytheFinnishBroadcastingCompanyǡYle.Theresearch wascarriedoutfromAugusttoNovember2013. Table of Contents PublicServiceBroadcasters.......................................................................................1 ListofAbbreviations.....................................................................................................3 Foreword..........................................................................................................................4 Executivesummary.......................................................................................................5 ͳIntroduction...............................................................................................................11 ʹPre-evaluationofnewservices.............................................................................15 2.1TheCommission’sexantetest...................................................................................16 2.2Legalbasisofthepublicvaluetest...........................................................................18 2.3Institutionalresponsibility.........................................................................................24 2.4Themarketimpactassessment.................................................................................31 2.5Thequestionofnewservices.....................................................................................36 ͵Coreonlineactivities...............................................................................................38 3.1Newsreporting...............................................................................................................38 3.2On-demandservices.....................................................................................................41 3.3Livestreaming................................................................................................................45 3.4Negativelistsofservices..............................................................................................48 ͶAddedvalue:Supplementaryservices...............................................................50 4.1Applications....................................................................................................................50 4.2Socialnetworks..............................................................................................................52 4.3Onlinearchives..............................................................................................................54 4.4Educationalwebsites....................................................................................................57 ͷAlternativesourcesofincome..............................................................................59 5.1Commercialon-demandservices..............................................................................59 5.2Webshops........................................................................................................................61 5.3Onlineadvertising.........................................................................................................63 Concludingremarks................................................................................................66 References.....................................................................................................................70 Public Service Broadcasters ARD German National Broadcasting www.ard.de BBC British Broadcasting Corporation www.bbc.co.uk BNR Bulgarian National Radio www.bnr.bg BNT Bulgarian National Television www.bnt.bg Channel 4 Channel 4, UK www.channel4.com ýro Czech Radio www.rozhlas.cz ýT Czech Television www.ceskatelevize.cz CyBC Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation www.cybc.com.cy DLR Deutschlandradio www.dradio.de DR Denmark's Radio www.dr.dk ERR Estonian Public Broadcasting www.err.ee ERSL Radio 100,7, Luxembourg www.100komma7.lu ERT Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation, www.ertopen.com Greece France France Televisions www.francetv.fr Televisions HRT Croatian Radiotelevision www.hrt.hr HU/MTV Hungarian Television www.mtv.hu LR Latvian Radio www.latvijasradio.lv LRT Lithuanian National Radio and Television www.lrt.lt LTV Latvian Television www.ltv.lv MR Hungarian Radio www.radio.hu MT/PBS Malta Public Broadcasting Services www.pbs.com.mt NPO Netherlands Public Broadcasting www.npo.nl 1 NRK Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation www.nrk.no ORF Austrian Broadcasting www.orf.at PR Polish Radio www.polskieradio.pl Radio France Radio France www.radiofrance.fr RAI Italian Radio-Television www.rai.it ROR Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company www.srr.ro RTBF French language Radio and Television of www.rtbf.be Belgium RTÉ Radio and Television of Ireland www.rte.ie RTP Radio and Television of Portugal www.rtp.pt RTVE Spanish Radio and Television Corporation www.rtve.es RTVS Radio and Television of Slovakia www.rtvs.sk RTVSLO Radio-Television Slovenia www.rtvslo.si RÚV Iceland’s National Broadcasting Service www.ruv.is SR Swedish Radio www.sr.se SRG SSR Swiss Broadcasting Corporation www.srgssr.ch SRTV Romanian Television www.tvr.ro SVT Swedish Television www.svt.se TG4 TG4, Ireland www.tg4.ie TVP Polish Television tvp.pl TV 2 Denmark’s TV 2 tv2.dk UR Swedish Educational Broadcasting www.ur.se Company UR VRT Flemish Radio and Television Network www.vrt.be Yle Finnish Broadcasting Company www.yle.fi ZDF Second German Television www.zdf.de 2 List of Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface DG Directorate-General DRM Digital Rights Management EBU European Broadcasting Union EC European Commission EEA European Economic Area EEAA European Economic Area Agreement EFTA European Free Trade Association EME Encrypted Media Extension ESA EFTA Surveillance Authority EU European Union HTML Hypertext Markup Language Ofcom Office of Communications, UK PSB Public Service Broadcaster PSM Public Service Media PVT Public Value Test RTR Austrian Regulatory Authority for Broadcasting and Telecommunications SCPP Société Civile des Producteurs Phonographiques VOD Video On Demand 3 Foreword The aim of this report is to provide a brief overview of how different European public service broadcasters (PSBs) have engaged in online activities. This report will focus on highlighting the similarities and differences of the online services provided and how political and economic considerations have shaped their development. The study is limited to 46 PSBs from the European Union (EU) as well as the European Economic Area (EEA). A combination of sources were used for this study: interviews with various European researchers; a survey to select public service media (PSM); analysis of documents, such as legislation, reports and annual reports of PSBs; and academic articles. Information on the online services was gathered between August and September 2013, and thus some services might have been added, changed or retracted since then. The report could not have been completed without the help and feedback of numerous researchers and policy experts. Our gratitude is expressed towards the representatives of the PSBs that partook in the survey: Cecilia Roos from SR, Jocke Norberg from Swedish Television, Sarah Kopse from SRG SRR, Bjarni Guðmundsson from RUV, Josef Lusser from ORF, Dr Hans-Martin Schmidt from ARD, Pascal Albrechtskirchinger and Jürgen Kleinknecht from ZDF and Per Helge Sørensen from DR. Additionally, we would like to thank Professor Josef Trappel and Professor Hannes Haas for explaining the Austrian pre-evaluation process, Professor Karen Donders for clarifying the ex ante procedure in the Netherlands, Dr Michal Glowacki and Professor Beata Klimkiewicz for informing us of recent developments in Poland, Christian S. Nissen for insights regarding the Danish media landscape, Dr Laura Berges Saura for information about the current challenges of the Spanish broadcaster RTVE, Marit Ingves for providing information about the state of online archives and Dr Natascha Just for advising us on the legislation of online services in Switzerland. Special thanks go to Marina Österlund-Karinkanta from Yle for her invaluable assistance and Professor Hannu Nieminen for his insightful comments. The project was directed by Finnish Academy Research Fellow Juha Herkman. 4 Executive summary The aim with this report is to map what online services European public service broadcasters (PSBs) provide, and how both EU and national legislation affect the online activities. To this end, the services of 46 European PSBs have been examined, of which the public service broadcasters of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the UK and France were chosen for closer inspection. The pre-screening of new services: the ex ante test On the EU level, PSBs have been affected by state aid rules and the inclusion of pre- screening of new services in a European Commission Communication from 2009. The so-called ex ante test requires that PSBs test a) the public value of a new service and b) its impact on relevant markets. If a service is to be accepted, the public value pros must outweigh the market impact cons. Eleven countries1 have introduced the ex ante test and Belgium (Wallonia), Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Poland are likely to implement the test in the near future. Since the Communication is soft law and national implementation is not formally required, the legal bases for